LEARN ENGLISH FOR LEARN ENGLISH FOR SCIENCESCIENCE

PRESENTEDPRESENTED

BYBYDR. SHADIA YOUSEF DR. SHADIA YOUSEF

BANJARBANJAR

TWO VITAL ELEMENTSTWO VITAL ELEMENTS

WORDSWORDS WORD STUDYWORD STUDY:

1.1. VitalVital: very important.2.2. ConcentratingConcentrating: making stronger.3.3. PressurePressure: the force of a substance on another.

•WaterWater is vital to life.

•ConcentratingConcentrating the sun’s rays through a lens on mercuric oxide produces oxygen.

•Air turns into liquid under great pressurepressure.

•Liquid air is graduallygradually warmed up.•Each substance evaporatesevaporates at a different temperature.•Electrical energyenergy drives machines. •Carbon dioxide (CO2) contains one atomatom of carbon and two of oxygen.•The chemical symbol for a compound shows how many atomsatoms a moleculemolecule contains.

1.1. GraduallyGradually: little by little.

2.2. EvaporatesEvaporates: turns into vapour.

3.3. EnergyEnergy: power needed to do work.

4.4. AtomsAtoms: the smallest particles of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.

5.5. MoleculesMolecules: the smallest particles of a substance which can exist on their own.

WORD BULDINGWORD BULDING

MouthfulMouth

Handful

Glassful

Spoonful

hand

Glass

Spoon

NOUNSNOUNS

UsefullyUsefulUse

PowerfullyPowerfulPower

CarefullyCarefulCare

ColourfullyColourfulColourADVERBADVERBADJECTIVEADJECTIVENOUNNOUN

1. Using adjectives and nouns:Using adjectives and nouns:

a) Some chemical compounds are dangerous; they must be handled carefullycarefully.

b) The doctor told him to take a spoonfulspoonful of medicine every day.

c) Some butterflies are plain but the most beautiful ones are very colourfulcolourful.

d) A pocket computer is very usefuluseful for making difficult calculations.

e) The engines of a spaceship are very powerfulpowerful.

Odourless Odour

TastelessTaste

UselessUse

PowerlessPower

CarelessCare

ColourlessColour

Opposites of the adjectives Nouns

Opposites of the adjectives

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: 1. ANSWERS:1. ANSWERS:

a) About 20% of the volume of the atmosphere is oxygen.b) About nine tenths of the weight of water is oxygen.c) Liquid oxygen evaporates at –183°C.d) Liquid oxygen is stored in cylinders at a pressure of 136

atmospheres.e) Priestly made oxygen by concentrating the sun’s rays

through a lens on a mercuric oxide.f) Priestly’s method of producing oxygen is not used in

industry because it produces only small quantities.

2. Making questionsMaking questions:

a) How much of the weight of the human body is water?b) How much of the weight of the human body is carbon?c) At what temperature does water freeze?d) At what temperature does water boil?e) How is air turned into liquid?f) Why are there are more carbon compounds than other

compounds?

a) About 65%.b) About 18%.c) At 0°C.d) At 100°Ce) By putting it into containers under great pressure.f) Because carbon atoms form large molecules and combine

with most other elements.

SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHSSENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS

1. THE PAST PERFECT AND THE PASSIVETHE PAST PERFECT AND THE PASSIVE

a) Simple computers had been usedhad been used for a long time before the electromagnetic computer was invented.

b) There had beenhad been systems of classification for many years before Linnaeus introduced his system.

c) Natural waterfalls had been usedhad been used for a long time to produce hydroelectric power before dams were built for this purpose.

d) All the apparatus had been preparedhad been prepared before the experiment began.

2. Using after2. Using after:

a) After a water plant had been put in a beaker of water, it was put in the sunlight.

b) After the beaker had been put in sunlight, a glass funnel was placed over the plant.

c) After the glass funnel had been placed over the plant, a test tube full of water was put over the funnel.

d) After the test tube had been put over the funnel, the beaker was left in the sun for a few days.

e) After the beaker had been left in the sun for a few days, gas was produced in the upper part of the test tube.

f) After the gas had been produced, it was tested and found to be oxygen.

3. 3. Finishing Professor Cook’s reportFinishing Professor Cook’s report:

He said He said he had analysedhe had analysed it it and testedand tested it. He it. He told me it told me it had never been producedhad never been produced before. before. He told me He told me he had writtenhe had written a report about it a report about it and and had senthad sent it to me by express post. it to me by express post.

4. . Shortening sentences:Shortening sentences:

a) A dredger is a ship used to lift silt from the bed of a river.

b) Hydro-electricity is power produced by water.c) The measurements used in Britain and the U.S.A are

different from those used in the rest of the world.d) The system of classification Linnaeus developed was

based on Latin names.e) Diamond is the hardest natural substance known.f) Mercuric oxide is the compound Priestly used to

produce oxygen.g) Ammonium chloride (NH4CL), commonly known as

salammoniac, solidifies at 0°F.