Two Themes of World Two Themes of World IssuesIssues

PSS World IssuesPSS World Issues

Mr. KuypersMr. Kuypers

Semester II, 2012Semester II, 2012

Two main themes of World IssuesTwo main themes of World Issues

Globalization:Globalization:• The “shrinking” of The “shrinking” of

our worldour world

Sustainability:Sustainability:• Development that Development that

meets the needs of meets the needs of the present without the present without compromising the compromising the ability of future ability of future generations to meet generations to meet their own needstheir own needs

Theme #1: GlobalizationTheme #1: Globalization

The world is becoming increasingly The world is becoming increasingly interconnected, and issues that interconnected, and issues that affect one region often create an affect one region often create an impact on a global scale.impact on a global scale.

This is the second major era of This is the second major era of globalization: the first occurring globalization: the first occurring prior to World War One.prior to World War One.

There are many examples of There are many examples of globalization:globalization:

Financial GlobalizationFinancial Globalization

The world’s stock markets are becoming The world’s stock markets are becoming increasingly interconnected. Decisions increasingly interconnected. Decisions made in many financial centres have made in many financial centres have major impacts on others.major impacts on others.

Economic GlobalizationEconomic Globalization

Multi-national corporations are Multi-national corporations are becoming replaced by becoming replaced by “transnational's”“transnational's”

Free trade is becoming a common Free trade is becoming a common ideas throughout the world, with ideas throughout the world, with many agreements being made many agreements being made between nations and regions.between nations and regions.

Technological GlobalizationTechnological Globalization

Growth of communication and Growth of communication and computer technology is making it computer technology is making it very easy to connect to other regions very easy to connect to other regions of the world… instantly.of the world… instantly.

Political GlobalizationPolitical Globalization

Countries are Countries are becoming much becoming much more more interdependent, interdependent, and are beginning and are beginning to adopt more to adopt more uniform policies.uniform policies.

Cultural GlobalizationCultural Globalization

There is a gradual harmonization of There is a gradual harmonization of the world’s cultures at the expense the world’s cultures at the expense of distinctly different local cultures. of distinctly different local cultures.

Ecological GlobalizationEcological Globalization

We are becoming increasingly aware that We are becoming increasingly aware that environmental actions in some parts of the environmental actions in some parts of the world are impacting our global world are impacting our global environmentenvironment

As such, regional and global As such, regional and global environmental action is increasingly taking environmental action is increasingly taking placeplace

Examples: Montreal Protocol; Rio Earth Examples: Montreal Protocol; Rio Earth Summit; Kyoto Protocol; Bali Conference; Summit; Kyoto Protocol; Bali Conference; Copenhagen Conference (all UN Copenhagen Conference (all UN sponsored)sponsored)

Sociological GlobalizationSociological Globalization

The idea that single world society The idea that single world society with common attitudes and with common attitudes and behaviours should emergebehaviours should emerge

Geographical Globalization

The concept that we as humans have more of a “global” outlook when making decisions or living our lives, instead of a particular local or national outlook.

Globalization Issue: Conflict - The Globalization Issue: Conflict - The Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Golden Arches Theory of Conflict

PreventionPrevention Journalist Thomas Friedman created Journalist Thomas Friedman created

a theory that no two nations that a theory that no two nations that have a McDonald’s will ever go to have a McDonald’s will ever go to war with each other. war with each other.

He has further changed this theory to He has further changed this theory to no two nations that are a part of the no two nations that are a part of the Dell Computers supply chain will ever Dell Computers supply chain will ever go to war with each other.go to war with each other.

SustainabilitySustainability

When we look at sustainability, we When we look at sustainability, we focus on what we take from our focus on what we take from our environment to support our lifestylesenvironment to support our lifestyles

There are a few important terms we There are a few important terms we must knowmust know

Key TermsKey Terms

Total Stock – Total Stock – material components of material components of the environmentthe environment

ResourceResource – Anything that is useful to – Anything that is useful to humanshumans

Two types of resources are: Two types of resources are: • RenewableRenewable• Non-renewableNon-renewable

Factors for extractionFactors for extraction

However, three conditions must exist However, three conditions must exist before a resource is exploited:before a resource is exploited:• The technology must existThe technology must exist• The return on investment must be The return on investment must be

greater than the cost of developing the greater than the cost of developing the resourceresource

• It must be culturally acceptableIt must be culturally acceptable

Ways of Monitoring SustainabilityWays of Monitoring Sustainability

Earth Overshoot Day Ecological Footprints of Nations

HomeworkHomework

1. a) Briefly describe the 1. a) Briefly describe the expansionist expansionist world view and the world view and the ecological ecological world world view (p. 35)view (p. 35)

b) Which world view do you b) Which world view do you support & why.support & why.

Classifying CountriesClassifying Countries There are over 190 independent states in There are over 190 independent states in

the world:the world:• UN recognizes 193 (newest member = South UN recognizes 193 (newest member = South

Sudan) - Sudan) - UN list of member nations & year of membership

• US Department of State recognizes 195 US Department of State recognizes 195 (Kosovo, Vatican City) – (Kosovo, Vatican City) – U.S. Department of State List of Independent States

• Many places under conflict and are not Many places under conflict and are not acknowledged as separate political entities acknowledged as separate political entities (Greenland, Western Sahara, Palestine, (Greenland, Western Sahara, Palestine, Taiwan), so the number could be over 200 Taiwan), so the number could be over 200 (Coca Cola states it sells pop in over 200 (Coca Cola states it sells pop in over 200 nations!)nations!)

Classifying CountriesClassifying Countries

A country’s level of development can A country’s level of development can be measured in three main ways:be measured in three main ways:• Social Development (level of education, Social Development (level of education,

health care, life expectancy)health care, life expectancy)• Economic Development (material wealth Economic Development (material wealth

and trade)and trade)• Political Maturity (democracy, low level Political Maturity (democracy, low level

of corruption, functioning and fair of corruption, functioning and fair election system, rule of law)election system, rule of law)

Two-World ModelTwo-World Model

Many forms of classification can be Many forms of classification can be used, including the common used, including the common Developed/Developing, or Developed/Developing, or Developed/UnderdevelopedDeveloped/Underdeveloped

Two world modelTwo world model

There is also the north/south divide; this There is also the north/south divide; this idea has its roots in the idea has its roots in the developed/developing idea; it is based on developed/developing idea; it is based on the concept that when viewing a map of the concept that when viewing a map of the world, most developed nations are the world, most developed nations are found in the north.found in the north.

This can be better described as developed This can be better described as developed nations being situated in nations being situated in temperate temperate areas, areas, while developing nations are situated in while developing nations are situated in tropical tropical regions. regions.

Two-world modelTwo-world model

Two-world modelTwo-world model

However this is far too broad, as However this is far too broad, as nations are constantly changing, and nations are constantly changing, and there are major differences between there are major differences between many developing nations in terms of many developing nations in terms of economic, social and political economic, social and political development.development.

First/Second/Third WorldFirst/Second/Third World

After WWII, this concept emerged, with the After WWII, this concept emerged, with the following groupings:following groupings:• First World nations are the developed, First World nations are the developed,

capitalist countries (Canada, the US, Japan)capitalist countries (Canada, the US, Japan)• Second World nations are the communist Second World nations are the communist

countries (USSR, Poland, Hungary)countries (USSR, Poland, Hungary)• Third World Nations are those that do not have Third World Nations are those that do not have

neither the economic development of a First neither the economic development of a First World nation, nor the social development of a World nation, nor the social development of a Second World nation.Second World nation.

First/Second/Third WorldFirst/Second/Third World

Five-World ModelFive-World Model

Your textbook focuses on a Five-Your textbook focuses on a Five-World model, which includes:World model, which includes:• First World – those with the highest level First World – those with the highest level

of social & economic development of social & economic development (OECD)(OECD)

• Second World – those that are/were Second World – those that are/were communist; have high social communist; have high social development, yet low economic development, yet low economic developmentdevelopment

Five-World ModelFive-World Model

• Third World – Those nations that are well Third World – Those nations that are well advanced in the transition to developmentadvanced in the transition to development

• Fourth World – Those countries that are in the Fourth World – Those countries that are in the early stages of transition towards being early stages of transition towards being developeddeveloped

• Fifth World – nations that show little evidence Fifth World – nations that show little evidence for starting the transition towards developmentfor starting the transition towards development

p. 22 of your textbook shows a map of this modelp. 22 of your textbook shows a map of this model

Five-World Model: Economic, Five-World Model: Economic, Social or Political?Social or Political?

Natural Increase in population per 1000 Natural Increase in population per 1000 Infant mortality per 1000 birthsInfant mortality per 1000 births Literacy percentageLiteracy percentage Per capita GDP $USPer capita GDP $US Percentage of GDP from agriculturePercentage of GDP from agriculture Motor vehicles per 1000 peopleMotor vehicles per 1000 people Per capita electricity use, kWhPer capita electricity use, kWh Number of phone lines per 1000 peopleNumber of phone lines per 1000 people

Five-World Model: Economic, Five-World Model: Economic, Social or Political?Social or Political?

Oil consumption per capitaOil consumption per capita Visiting tourists as a percentage of Visiting tourists as a percentage of

populationpopulation Number of McDonald’s locations per Number of McDonald’s locations per

million peoplemillion people Internet users per 100,000 peopleInternet users per 100,000 people

Grouping the World’s Nations: A Grouping the World’s Nations: A Better Way?Better Way?

Grouping the World’s NationsGrouping the World’s Nations

Groups of Nations in a Globalized

World

(More Globalized) Core

(Less Globalized)Periphery

Near-Core (Periphery)

Far PeripheryOld Core New Core

Grouping Nations in a Globalized World

Create your own organizer and group nations we discuss in this course under the groupings of Old Core, New Core, Near Core, and Far Periphery.

Three Other Important Ways:Three Other Important Ways:

There are other ways to compare There are other ways to compare nations of the world: three such nations of the world: three such ways include:ways include:• The Human Development IndexThe Human Development Index• Freedom HouseFreedom House• Transparency InternationalTransparency International

Human Development Index

High██ 0.950 and over██ 0.900–0.949██ 0.850–0.899██ 0.800–0.849

Medium██ 0.750–0.799██ 0.700–0.749██ 0.650–0.699██ 0.600–0.649██ 0.550–0.599██ 0.500–0.549

Low██ 0.450–0.499██ 0.400–0.449██ 0.350–0.399██ under 0.350██ not available

Freedom House

Transparency International

Analysis of Classifications Read through the Handouts provided and Read through the Handouts provided and

answer the following:answer the following:• What does each of the following means of What does each of the following means of

classifying our world focus on?classifying our world focus on?• What are some of the criteria they use to What are some of the criteria they use to

create their rankings?create their rankings?• Where does Canada rank?Where does Canada rank?• What advantages and disadvantages does What advantages and disadvantages does

each have with regards to evaluating the each have with regards to evaluating the development of nations?development of nations?

• Why would some nations rank high on one Why would some nations rank high on one index and low on another? Include 1-2 specific index and low on another? Include 1-2 specific examples.examples.

Different Views of Our WorldDifferent Views of Our World

Spaceship Earth ConceptSpaceship Earth Concept Gaia HypothesisGaia Hypothesis Limits-to-Growth ThesisLimits-to-Growth Thesis Cornucopian ThesisCornucopian Thesis

Read pages #40-41 & explain each of Read pages #40-41 & explain each of the Views of the World Todaythe Views of the World Today