Two suffragettes.

The Progressive Era

Amid great political and social change, women gain a larger public role and lead the call for reform. President Theodore Roosevelt dubs his reform policies a Square Deal.

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The Progressive Era

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

The Origins of Progressivism

Women in Public Life

Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

Progressivism Under Taft

SECTION 5 Wilson’s New Freedom

Section 1

The Origins of ProgressivismPolitical, economic, and social change in late 19th century America leads to broad progressive reforms.

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• Journal: Pre Question: What needs improvements or reforms in today’s society? Are there ways we could make our citizens lives better? Think of three improvements you would want for Americans. (examples: more teachers for smaller class sizes, laptops to each student etc.)

(After class response show “Old America” Power point” for warmup) with details on three pictures

Four Goals of Progressivism

Concerns of Progressives• Early 1900s, middle-class reformers address

problems of 1890s• Different reform efforts collectively called

progressive movement• Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity,

correct injustice by:- protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement- creating economic reform, fostering efficiency

The Origins of Progressivism1SECTION

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Continued . . .

1. Protecting Social Welfare• Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other

reform groups• Florence Kelley, political activist, advocate for

women, children- helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women’s hours

1SECTION

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continued Four Goals of Progressivism

2. Promoting Moral Improvement• Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving

own behavior• Prohibition—banning of alcoholic drinks• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads

prohibition crusadeImage

Continued . . .

Florence Kelley (September 12, 1859 – February 17, 1932) was an American social and political reformer. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today.

Bonus fact: In 1909 Kelley helped create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

WCTU

continued Four Goals of Progressivism

3. Creating Economic Reform• 1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism;

many become socialists• Muckrakers—journalists who expose corruption

in politics, business

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4. Fostering Efficiency• Many use experts, science to make society,

workplace more efficient• Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists’ data in trial • Scientific management—time and motion studies

applied to workplace• Assembly lines speed up production, make people

work like machines- cause high worker turnover

Cleaning Up Local Government

Reforming Local Government• Reformers try to make government efficient,

responsive to voters• Some cities adopt government by commission

of experts • Many use council-manager: people elect council

that appoints manager

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Reform Mayors• Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit

fares, corruption • Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights

corrupt utility companies

Reform at the State Level

Reform Governors• Governors push states to pass laws to regulate

large businesses• Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then

senator of Wisconsin- attacks big business

1SECTION

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Protecting Working Children• Child workers get lower wages, small hands handle

small parts better- families need children’s wages

• National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of harsh conditions

• Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages• Groups press government to ban child labor,

cut hours Continued . . .

Chart

continued Reform at the State Level

Efforts to Limit Working Hours• Muller v. Oregon—Court upholds limiting women

to 10-hour workday• Bunting v. Oregon—upholds 10-hour workday

for men• Reformers win workers’ compensation for families

of injured, killed

1SECTION

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Continued . . .

continued Reform at the State Level

Reforming Elections• Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative,

referendum, recall• Initiative—bill proposed by people, not

lawmakers, put on ballots• Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if

initiative becomes law• Recall—voters remove elected official through

early election • Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to

choose candidates

1SECTION

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Direct Election of Senators• Seventeenth Amendment permits popular

election of senators

Image

Section 1 review: Think like a teacher! In groups of two or three write down 5 questions the Teacher will DEFINITELY include on a quiz or test and include the answers! Be ready to quiz the class and read your teacher’s mind!

Section 2

Women in Public LifeAs a result of social and economic change, many women enter public life as workers and reformers.

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Women in the Work Force

Changing Patterns of Living• Only middle-, upper-class women can devote

selves to home, family• Poor women usually have to work for wages

outside home

Women in Public Life2SECTION

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Farm Women• On Southern, Midwestern farms, women’s roles

same as before• Perform household tasks, raise livestock, help

with crops

Continued . . .

Image

continued Women in the Work Force

Women in Industry• After 1900, 1 in 5 women hold jobs; 25% in

manufacturing• 50% industrial workers in garment trade; earn half

of men’s wages• Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high

school education• Business schools train bookkeepers,

stenographers, typists

2SECTION

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Domestic Workers• In 1870, 70% of employed women do domestic

work• Many African-American, immigrant women do

domestic labor- married immigrants take in piecework, boarders

Women Lead Reform

Women Get Involved• Many female industrial workers seek to reform

working conditions• Women form cultural clubs, sometimes become

reform groups

2SECTION

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Women in Higher Education• Many women active in public life have attended

new women’s colleges• 50% college-educated women never marry;

many work on social reforms

Continued . . .

Image

Map

continued Women Lead Reform

Women and Reform• Women reformers target workplace, housing,

education, food, drugs• National Association of Colored Women (NACW)—

child care, education• Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman

Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)- works for woman suffrage, or right to vote

2SECTION

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A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage• 1. Convince state legislatures to give women right

to vote• 2. Test 14th Amendment—states lose

representation if deny men vote• 3. Push for constitutional amendment to give

women the vote

Web for women! Create your own Web of women’s issues and key people from this section….Link specific web strands between specific people and the groups or reforms they helped. Include at least 10 details in your web…Possible alternate activity: women’s suffrage poster or flag! (baby shields, big hats and long dresses on the march!

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Section 3

Teddy Roosevelt’s Square DealAs president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms.

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A Rough-Riding President

Roosevelt’s Rise• Theodore Roosevelt has sickly childhood, drives

self in athletics• Is ambitious, rises through New York politics to

become governor• NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for

vice-president

Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal3SECTION

The Modern Presidency• President McKinley shot; Roosevelt becomes president

at 42• His leadership, publicity campaigns help create modern

presidency• Supports federal government role when states do not

solve problems- Square Deal—Roosevelt’s progressive reforms

Image

10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt10. First to leave the countryRoosevelt was the first president to travel outside of the continental United States while in office. In 1906, he traveled to Panama.9. Church and StateAlthough Roosevelt had been a Sunday school teacher, he believed strongly in the separation of Church and State. While taking the oath of office during his inauguration after McKinley’s assassination, he did not swear on the Bible.When the $20 gold coin was designed in 1907, the words “In God We Trust” were not present. In a letter written by Roosevelt, he said it was irreverent to have the words printed on the coins because the money was used to buy worldly goods and services. After public outcry, Congress passed legislation requiring “In God We Trust” be restored to all U.S. coins which it had been previously printed on.8. Nobel Peace PrizeIn 1906, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role of negotiator in the Russo-Japanese War. He was the first American to win the Nobel Prize.7. A multitasking homeschoolerRoosevelt’s education was mostly homeschooling by his parents and tutors. He was an avid reader and developed a photographic memory. It is said he was a great multitasker, able to dictate letters and memos to two separate secretaries while browsing through a book at the same time.6. Just call me TRPresident Roosevelt was the first president to be commonly known by his initials.5. Boxing injuryRoosevelt was blind in his left eye, the result of a boxing injury he sustained while in office.4. Skinny-dipperRoosevelt was known to go skinny-dipping in the Potomac River during the wintertime.3. First in flightOn October 11, 1910, Roosevelt took a four minute flight in a plane built by the Wright brothers, making him the first president to fly in an airplane.2. Youngest PresidentTheodore Roosevelt was the youngest president, assuming the office at the age of 42 after President McKinley was assassinated. John F. Kennedy was the youngest president to be elected to office. He was 43 when he became president.1. You can’t kill a Bull MooseOn October 14, 1912, Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin when a local saloon-keeper shot him. The bullet lodged in his chest after passing through a jacket pocket containing his steel eyeglass case and a copy of his 50 page speech which had been folded in half. Being an anatomist, Roosevelt concluded that since he wasn’t coughing blood the bullet had not penetrated the chest wall into his lung. He declined immediate treatment and gave his 90 minute speech with blood seeping from the wound into his shirt. “Ladies and gentlemen, I don’t know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot,” Roosevelt said, “but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose.”

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Using Federal Power

Trustbusting• By 1900, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries• Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest

- breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act

3SECTION

1902 Coal Strike• Coal reserves low; forces miners, operators to

accept arbitration• Sets principle of federal intervention when strike

threatens public

Continued . . .

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3SECTION

Railroad Regulation• Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control

abuses- Elkins Act—stops rebates, sudden rate changes- Hepburn Act—limits passes, ICC to set maximum rates

continued Using Federal Power

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Health and the Environment

Regulating Foods and Drugs• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle—unsanitary

conditions in meatpacking• Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up

Sinclair’s account• Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act:

- dictates sanitary requirements- creates federal meat inspection program

3SECTION

Pure Food and Drug Act• Food, drug advertisements make false claims;

medicines often unsafe• Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of

contaminated food, medicine- requires truth in labeling

Continued . . .

The Jungle: pics and VLA activity: Die role double 6s for details on “Upton Sinclair and The Jungle” VLA from United streaming….

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continued Health and the Environment

Conservation and Natural Resources• 1887, U.S. Forest Bureau established, manages

45 million acres• Private interests exploit natural environment

3SECTION

Conservation Measures• Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries,

national parks• Believes conservation part preservation, part

development for public

Map

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Roosevelt and Civil Rights

Civil Rights at the Turn of the 20th Century• Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African

Americans• Supports individual African Americans in civil

service- invites Booker T. Washington to White House

• NAACP—National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- goal is full equality among races

• Founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois and black, white reformers

3SECTION

Image

….

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxpnb7ZxHFU

Show TR VLA and get 10plus details for section review project in next slide

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr3g3j5CegE

Group Review Activity: In your groups of 2 or 3 Collaborate and create an mini movie poster as if you were creating a full page ad for an upcoming TV miniseries featuring aspects of 1950s. Cover information from this section. Could cover: Life of Teddy Roosevelt and his accomplishments, food and Drug reforms, etc… Get Creative!! Include at least 6 key details for your miniseries

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Section 4

Progressivism Under TaftTaft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform leads to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats.

Journal/Group Survey: Would any of you ever seriously want to run for the office of president of the United States? Why or why not? Positives and negatives of the job?

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Taft Becomes President

Taft Stumbles• 1908, Republican William Howard Taft wins with

Roosevelt’s support• Has cautiously progressive agenda; gets little credit

for successes• Does not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public

opinion

Progressivism under Taft4SECTION

Continued . . .

Interesting Facts About William Taft 10. Play ball!Taft was the first president to throw the first ball of baseball season, beginning a tradition that continues today. The game was a 1910 game between the Washington Senators and the Philadelphia Athletics. The Senators won 3-0. 9. Tone deafTaft was tone deaf and had to be nudged whenever the national anthem was played. 8. First to own a carTaft was the first president to own a car. He converted the stables into a garage. 7. Last to have a cowTaft was the last president to keep a cow at the White House to provide fresh milk. Her the name was Pauline. 6. The loneliest placeOnce, when commenting about the White House, Taft called it “loneliest place in the world”. 5. A new courthouseTaft successfully argued for the construction of the U.S. Supreme Court building. He felt that the Supreme Court should distance itself from Congress since it was a separate branch of the government. Prior to then, the Supreme Court heard cases in the Capitol building. 4. A big manAt over 330 pounds, Taft was the heaviest president. Once, he got stuck in the White House bath tub and required six aides to pull him free. The tub was replaced with a new one large enough to hold four men. 3. First in ArlingtonWilliam Taft was the first president to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. President John Kennedy is the only other president to be buried there. 2. Chief Justice TaftTaft is the only president to ever serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, making him the only person to have ever lead both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government. Taft considered his time as Chief Justice to be the highest point of his career, higher than that of being president. 1. The only president to swearTaft is the only former president to ever have sworn in a president. While serving as Chief Justice, Taft administered the Oath of Office to President Calvin Coolidge in 1925 and President Herbert Hoover in 1929.

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4SECTION

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff• Taft signs Payne-Aldrich Tariff—compromise bill,

moderate tariffs• Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs,

progressivism

continued Taft Becomes President

Disputing Public Lands• Conservationists angry Richard A. Ballinger named

interior secretary- Ballinger puts reserved lands in public domain

• Interior official protests action, is fired, writes magazine exposé

• Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service - testifies against Ballinger- is fired by Taft

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4SECTION

Problems within the Party• Republicans split over Taft’s support of House

Speaker Joseph Cannon• Cannon weakens progressive agenda; progressives

ally with Democrats• 1910 midterm elections, Democrats get control of

House

The Republican Party Splits

Continued . . .

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4SECTION

The Bull Moose Party• 1912 convention, Taft people outmaneuver

Roosevelt’s for nomination• Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate

Roosevelt, call for:- more voter participation in government- woman suffrage- labor legislation, business controls

• Runs against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform governor of NJ

continued The Republican Party Splits

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4SECTION

The Election• Wilson endorses progressive platform called the

New Freedom- wants stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, lower tariffs- calls all monopolies evil

• Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all monopolies bad

• Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to end capitalism

• Wilson wins great electoral victory; gets majority in Congress

Democrats Win in 1912

Chart

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBaFgoiiFhQ

Memory game at super speed! List as many details as you can recall from the above briefing on president Taft!

Section Review: Enter a state of Venn……Compare Taft to Teddy Roosevelt (from section 2 in a Venn Diagram… How were they similar? What different issues did each face? What different accomplishments did each achieve?

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Section 5

Wilson’s New FreedomWoodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader.

Group Survey Question: Should everyone in a town have to pay taxes in order to fund (pay for) the local schools even if many homeowners don’t have children in the local

schools? Why or why not?

What about income taxes on all to pay for the military or repair of highways (even if someone is against war or never drives?

Wilson Wins Financial Reforms

Wilson’s Background• Wilson was lawyer, professor, president of Princeton,

NJ governor• As president, focuses on trusts, tariffs, high finance

Wilson’s New Freedom5SECTION

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Two Key Antitrust Measures• Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying

stock to form monopoly• Ends injunctions against strikers unless threaten

irreparable damage• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—new

“watchdog” agency- investigates regulatory violations- ends unfair business practices

Continued . . .

Image

A New Tax System• Wilson pushes for Underwood Act to substantially

reduce tariffs• Sets precedent of giving State of the Union

message in person• His use of bully pulpit leads to passage

5SECTION

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continued Wilson Wins Financial Reforms

Federal Income Tax• Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal

income tax

Federal Reserve System• Federal Reserve System—private banking

system under federal control• Nation divided into 12 districts; central bank in

each district

Local Suffrage Battles• College-educated women spread suffrage

message to working-class • Go door-to-door, take trolley tours, give speeches

at stops- some adopt bold tactics of British suffragists

5SECTION

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Women Win Suffrage

Catt and the National Movement• Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA,

stresses organization, lobbying• National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures

for suffrage amendment• Work of patriotic women in war effort influences

politicians• 1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women

right to vote

Image

Wilson and Civil Rights• As candidate, wins support of NAACP for favoring

civil rights• As president, opposes antilynching legislation• Appoints fellow white Southerners to cabinet who

extend segregation• NAACP feels betrayed; Wilson self-defense

widens rift

5SECTION

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The Limits of Progressivism

The Twilight of Progressivism• Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans;

reform efforts stall

Time for that dastardly memory game kids! (you juts don’t see the word dastardly anymore)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XDeQfIbnAc&feature=relmfu

After the VLA: Recall and list as many details on President Wilson as possible in the time allotted….

Review game on chapter 17 after this on My not so smart board…

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