TWO QUOTES FOR TODAY….

The 21st century has opened and will close with two puzzles about the rise of Asia. Today, the puzzle is why Asian societies, long in the doldrums, are now successful. At the century's close, by contrast, historians will want to know why Asian societies succeeded so late, taking centuries to catch up with a Europe that they had outperformed for millenniums…. Centuries of European colonial rule had progressively reduced Asian self-confidence. -- Mahbubani, TIME

[T]he Asian bureaucracy, notably in China and India, remained the bastion of intellectual culture, civilization, and tradition. But it was also the inward-looking, self- satisfied complacency of Asian bureaucracy, combined with the corruption and profligacy of the ruling elites, that grossly underestimated the technological ascendancy of the West…. More than anything else, it was the humiliation caused by colonization and war that drove home the realization that Asian institutions had to change everything even down to the core values.

-- “The Asian Network Economy in the 21st Century”, by Andrew Sheng http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEASTASIAPACIFIC/Resources/226262-1158262834989/

EA_Visions_15.pdf

IS THE PAST PROLOGUE?

NORTHEAST ASIA: The Chinese Heartland

China as the “mother ship”: culture, rice

SOUTHEAST ASIASino-Indic collision in Vietnam

Indian reachEthnic shatterbelt

OLD TRADITIONS, NEW STATESProblems Of History, Problems Of Colonialism

“History never repeats itself, but it rhymes”

CHINA: THREE PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

CONFUCIANISMLEGALISMDAOISM

POLITICALWARRING STATES ORIGIN

CONFUCIAN/MENCIAN DISCOURSEBUT

LEGALIST PRACTICE

CONFUCIANISM - SELF-CULTIVATION and “REN” “The 4 Books” Benevolent RuleAttention to “Rites” If things properly ordered, peace and harmony Filial piety - family as key “5 Relationships” - based on “Ren” Ruler/Subject Husband/Wife Parent/child (son) Elder brother/younger brother FriendsNEO-CONFUCIANISM : METAPHYSICS

DAOISM

MysticalNon-linear Dao De Jing Lao Zi Zhuang Zi“Wu-Wei”Yin-yang

And the search for immortality

LEGALISM:

Punitive lawLow trustHobbesianThe First EmperorLi Ssu

The basis of Chinese concepts of power

RELIGION & WORLD VIEW

Cyclical change the only constant: the yin & the yangSyncretism

NATURE-BASEDSHINTO

POPULAR DAOISM: local gods and festivalsANIMISM

BUDDHISM - A LATE ARRIVALHINAYANA - “LESSER VEHICLE”

MAHAYANA - “GREATER VEHICLE”

ISLAM - AN EVEN LATER ARRIVAL

CHRISTIANITY - AN INTERESTING HISTORY

EAST ASIA - A HIERARCHY

CHINA: AT THE CENTER

Son Of Heaven, Tian-Xia Tradition

JAPAN: POOR, FRACTURED AND ISOLATED

KOREA: BUFFETED BUT PROUD

SOUTHEAST ASIA: TRIBUTARY STATES

THE SWINGS OF HISTORY

MID-18TH CENTURY: GROWING CONNECTIONSCANTON SYSTEM

MID-19TH CENTURY: THE BEGINNING OF THE ENDOPIUM WAR, TAIPINGS, SELF-STRENGTHENERS, MEIJI

LATE 19TH CENTURY: CHINA COLLAPSES, JAPAN RISES, COLONIALISM IN SEA

EARLY 20TH CENTURY: CONFLICTCHINA MISERY: 1911, WARLORDS, KMT, CCP JAPAN ADVANCES: MANCHUKUO, “GEACPS”

WWII

MID 20TH CENTURY: REMAKING THE ASIAN ORDERTAIWAN, COLD WAR/KOREA,”TIGERS”

LATE 20TH CENTURY: ASIAN GROWTH

MING-QING CHINA

Dynastic cycleThe gentryClans

The Qing as non-Han rulers

The Qing as a high point of traditional China:Extent of territory, size of population

Strong state Strong economy: trade with the world

EARLY WESTERN CONTACT! (but don’t forget the Silk Road!)

A large demand for Asian goods But little demand for Western goods

The PortugueseMaritime trade

1557 – Macau

The Dutch – VOC – Indonesia, Japan

Missionaries: Jesuits in Japan, China Xavier in Japan Ricci in China

The Spanish - Philippines (1571)

Portugeuse (blue) and Spanish (white) trade routes

And then the Dutch and the English….

REACTION:

CLOSING OF JAPANPersecution of Christians

THE RITES CONTROVERSY IN CHINA Jesuits vs Dominicans At issue: ConfucianismAt larger issue: who rules - the Pope or the Emperor1724 - Christianity (Catholicism) proscribed

Modern echoes…..

Schirokauer, Brief History of Chinese & Japanese Civilizations

AAIIYAA! GUEI!!!

“OPENING CHINA” - PART I

The Macartney Mission - 1793

Qianlong: “As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures”

COMING UP? - A “CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS”?

BUT TRADE IN CHINA CONTINUED….

The Canton system (1760-1842)

Follows an earlier patternSequester the foreigners,

require dealings through co-hongs

Unequal tax system

It worked well enough but was unsustainable….

OPENING CHINA - PART II

The Opium War - still an issue in Asia

Lin Zexiu

Hong Kong

Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) 1842

THE TREATY SYSTEM (Nanjing & The Bogue)

“Unequal”Indemnities Treaty Ports -MFN -

Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, ShanghaiFreedom for missionariesExtra-territoriality

ALL THIS COINCIDES WITH ONE CRISIS AND CAUSES ANOTHER

INTERNAL DECAY -

Over populationCorruptionPeasant rebellions

CULTURAL -

“How could this happen to us?”Impact of foreign ideas

THE TAIPING REBELLION - 1850-1864

Hong Xiuquan Proto-Nationalist?Proto-Communist?Anti-Confucian

Capital: Nanjing

Defeat by The Self-Strengtheners

Schirokauer, Brief History of Chinese & Japanese Civilizations

THE SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT

WESTERN TOOLS, CHINESE THOUGHT

“TI-YONG”

“CHINESE LEARNING AS THE BASEWESTERN LEARNING FOR USE”

First “modern” militaries - had consequences

FOCUS ON INTERNAL AFFAIRS

THE “SELF-STRENGTHENERS”

“The situation today [is like the diseases of the human body]…Both the Taipings and Nien bandits…constitute an organic disease. Russia…aiming to nibble away our territory like a silk worm, may be considered a threat to our bosom. As to England, her purpose is to trade, but she acts violently without regard to human decency…she [is] an affliction of our limbs. Therefore, we should suppress the Taipings and Nien bandits first, get the Russians under control next, and attend to the British last.”

Schirokauer, p. 170

Schirokauer, Brief History of Chinese & Japanese Civilizations

CONTINUED WESTERN AGGRESSION

Treaty of TianjinDestruction of the Summer PalaceRussian gains along the Amur

CONTINUED IMPERIAL DECAYCiXi

ATTEMPTS TO DEAL WITH THE CRISISEducation reform“State capitalism”

MEANWHILE…

JAPAN IS FORCED TO OPEN ITS BORDERS

THE OPIUM WARJAPAN A WAY STATION PERRY – THE BLACK SHIPS – 1853IMPOSITION OF UNEQUAL TREATIES

REACTION:

THE SHOGONATE LEANS TOWARD ACCOMMODATION

SAMURAI IN THE REGIONS OPPOSE, URGE RESISTANCE

“SONNO JOI” - 1860“REVERE THE EMPEROR, EXPEL THE FOREIGNERS”

THUS, THE MEIJI RESTORATION - 1868

AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE “TRADITION”, LEADS TO MODERNIZATION

WHY? LEADERS REALIZE THAT WITHOUT MODERNIZATION, JAPAN WILL GO THE WAY OF CHINA

“THE CHARTER OATH”GOVERNMENT CENTRALIZATION“NEW” JAPANESE ARMY

FOREIGN VISITS

THE ROOTS OF “TECHNO-NATIONALISM”?

INTENSE INTEREST IN “THE WEST”

“PROGRESS”

“REASON”

“SOCIAL DARWINISM”

“REALISM” IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS

CONCERN OVER “JAPANESE UNIQUENESS”,

“NATIONAL ESSENCE”

JAPAN’S “ASIAN MISSION”

RISE OF JAPAN

MEIJI1895 - SINO-JAPANESE WAR

KOREA, TAIWAN

1905 - RUSSO-JAPANESE WARKOREA AS JAPANESE COLONYMILITARISM (THE WESTERN MODEL)EYES ON MANCHURIAMILITARISTS IN CONTROL

THE WAR TO COME“Asia for Asians”“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

BUT CONTINUED FAILURE IN CHINA

Continued defeats - Sino-Japanese War of 1895Shimonoseki

“Scramble for concessions”

Yan Fu - “Wealth and Power”

“We thought that of all the human race none was nobler than we. And then one day from tens and thousands of miles away came island barbarians…they attacked our coasts…and alarmed our Emperor. …the only reason we did not devour their flesh and sleep on their hides was that we had not the power”

--- Schirakauer 195

“THE OPENING” OF CHINA BROUGHT

Economic disruptionPolitical difficulties

Opium War, unequal treaties, TaipingsRise of anti-Manchu “nationalism”

Crisis of confidenceHalf-way measures

Self-Strengthening - “Ti-Yong”Modernization steps

Aim: To save the regimeResult: Undermined the regime

CHINA AS VICTIM: THE CENTURY OF HUMILIATION