Two Centu riesAn Outline HistoryFrench Revolution0950-1953)

]. ]. Cosgrove, B.A.

of the period from theto the Korean War

and

J. K. Kreiss, ·M.A., M.Ed., (Washington University)

Fulbright Scholar from Shoreline High School, Seattle (1965)

WHITCOMBE & TOMBS PTY. LID.

Contents

Chapter 1 EUROPE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYPalitical boundaries. Absolute government. The social c1asses-

inequality. Mercantilism and overseas empires. Secondary industryand population increase. Growth of discontent. An "Age ofReason"--physiocrats, rationalists, scientists. The French philoso-phers, and the principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

Chapter 2 THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONCauses. Summoning of the Estates-General. National Assembly

(i789-91). Constitution of 1791. Legislative Assembly (1791-2).Beginning of the Revolutionary Wars. Suspension of Louis XVI.National Convention (1792-95).First French Republic (1792-1804).Committee of Public Safety. "Reign of Terror." ThermidorianReaction. Constitution of the Year 111. The "whiff of grapeshot".

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Chapter 3 NAPOLEON lAND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE 40Tbe I;>irectory.Napoleon's Italian and Egyptian campaigns. The

Consulate (1799-1804).Napoleon's French Empire. The Continental System. Fall of

Napoleon. His imponance. Influence of the French Revolution.

Chapter 4 REPRESSION TEMPORARIL Y TRIUMPHS OVERLIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM 5-7

Prince Mettemich. Principles of Mettemichism. Congress ofVienna (1814-15).Concert 0/Europe. The Holy Alliance.Challengeto the Mettemich System. Its decline. The significance ofMettemich's attempt at intemationalism.

Chapter 5 THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTIONOrigins in England. Progress in agriculture. Steam power,

manufaeturing, and mining. Changes in transpon and communica-tion. Spread of the Revolution. Growth of population and urbanlife. Early effects of the changes. Advances in medical science.Overseas migration.

The Economic Revolution in France and Germany.Results of the Economic Revolution. Intellectual aspects.Darwinism. Tbe Church and the State in conflict. Education.Isambard Bronel.

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. Chapter 6 THE TRIUMPH OF LIBERALISM IN GREAT BRITAIN 106Conditions in Great Britain in 1815. Repression. The coming of

reforms. First Reform Bill (1832). Chanism. Second ReformBill (1867).

Chapter 7 LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM IN EUROPE 122In France. Bourbon Restoration. "July Revolution" (1830).

The Liberal Monarchy.In Italy. The Carbonari. Joseph Mazzini.In Germany. The Gennan Confederation. Carlsbad Decrees

(1819). The Zollverein.

Chapter 8 THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848France. "Febroary Revolution". Second French Republic.Revolts in Italy. Charles Alben. The Roman Republic.Germany. Frankfun Parliament. The Counter Revolution.The Austrian Empire. Failure of liberal and national revolts.Features of the Revolutions of 1848. Reasons for their failure.

Chapter'9 THE RESURGENCE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE 143Italian unifieation. Cavour. Italian War ofLiberation. Unifieation

of Germany. Bismarck. Austro-Prussian War (1866). FranarPrussian War (1870-71). Napoleon III and the Second FrenehEmpire (1852-70).Disastrous foreign policy.The "Liberal Empire."

Chapter 10 THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE, 1871-1914 161Democracy in the United Kingdom. Third Reform Bill (1884).

Conservatives and Liberals. Disraeli and Gladstone. The suffragettes.The Third Republie in Franee. Constitutional erises.A simulation of demoeracy in Germany. The Kulturkampf.

Bismarek's poliey. William II's aggressiveness.Politieal weaknesses in Italy. Colonial expansion.The negation of democracy in Russia. Crimean War (1854-56).

Repression. Emaneipation of serfs. Industrialism. The dumas andtheir failure.

Chapter 11 THE GROWTH OF TRADE UNIONISM 196Origins of trade unions in England. Grand National Consolidated

Trades Union (1833). Co-operative movement. Revival of tradeunionism--(i) "new model" unions; (ii) the "new unionism".British Labour Party. Trade unionism on the Continent. Importaneeof trade unions.

Chapter 12 SOCIALISMOrigins. From Utopian to radical socialism.Marxism. Karl MarK,

Importanee of Marxism. Socialism in Great Britain and Germany.Socialism and internationalism.

Chapter 13 THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE STATENature of the State. Regulating industrial eonditions. General

welfare of the citizen. The Welfare State.

Chapter 14 EUROPE "OPENS THE noOR" INTO ASIACauses and results of European colonial expansion.Imperialism in India. The Mutiny. Indian nationalism.

The Opening of China. China's weaknesses. Dismemberment.Refusal to modernise. Fall of the Manehus. Republie (1912).

The Rise of japan. The Meiji. Industrialisation. Expansion byforce. Sino-japanese and Russo-japanese wars.

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Chapter 15 THE U.S.A. TO THE END OF WORLD WAR I 271Colonial development. War of Independenee (1775-83). The

Constitution. Westward expansion. Nationalism, sectionalism,manifest destiny. Civil War (1861-65), and the reconstruetion.The U.S.A., a great industrial Power. Imperialism and the "SquareDeal". Foreign poliey, 1823-1939.

Chapter 16 THE WAR TO END ALL WARSInternational background. Course of the War. Reasons for the

Allied vietory. Peaee settlements (1919-20). Weaknesses of thesettlements. General effeets of the War.

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Chapter 17 THE RUSSIANREVOLUTION ANDTHE CONSOLIDA-TION OF COMMUNISM 332

The Revolutions of 1917-Mareh Revolution; Bolshevik Revolu-tion. The Counter-revolution. New Eeonomie Policy. Formationof the Soviet Union. A totalitarian state. Consolidation underStalin. Russian foreign policy.

Chapter 18 THE RISE OF TOTALITARIANISMIn Italy. Rise of the Faseists. Mussolini. Organising the Fascist

355

Chapter 18 THE RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM (cont'd).society. Corporate State. DomeSlic policy. Lateran Accord, 1929.Fascist foreign policy.

In Germany. Weimar Republic (1919-33). The Depression.Reasons for the rise of the Nazis. Hider and the Nazi Party. NaziThird Reich (1934-45). Aggressive foreign policy. '

Chapter 19 TWO DEMOCRACIES BETWEEN THE WARS 395Great Britain. Post-war problems and the Depression. Reasons

for Britain's stability.France. Wartime devastation and post-war problems. Political

instability. Recovery under the Second National Bloc. The "PopularFront". The search for security.

Chapter 20 SOME ASPECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY SINCEWORLD WAR I 415

The Depression. Roosevelt's "New Deal". World War II andits aftermath. Aglobal policy. Ci vii Rights issue.

Chapter 21 NATIONALISM IN TWO ASIAN COUNTRIESChina. Disintegration after 1916. China and World War I.

The Washington Conference. The Kuomintang and the rise ofnationalism. Mao Tse-tung and the "Long March". The conquestof Manchuria. The war against the Communists. Sino-JapaneseWar (1937-45). Triumph of Chinese Communism. The ChinesePeople's Republic, 1949.

Japan. Effects of World War I. Japanese trends. The rise ofmilitarism and aggression. Imperialist goals. American antagonism.World War 11and the Far East. Post-War Japan. The Korean War,1950-53.

Chapter 22 THE SECOND WORLD WARNature ofthe conflict. The drift to war. Causes ofWorid War 11,

and its course. Why the totalitarian Powers lost.

Chapter 23 THE POST-WAR YEARS TO THE KOREANCONFLICT

Relationships of the Allied Powers during World War 11.Wartimeconferences. Overall results of the War. The Cold War. TheKorean War.

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Chapter 24 KEEPING THE PEACE: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSAND THE UNITED NATIONS 488

Internationalism, 1899-1914. The League of Nations (1920-46).Woodrow Wilson. Organisation, successes, failures.

The United Nations, 1946. Organisation. Peace-keeping

Chapter 25 THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENTIndia and the War of 1914. MontagucChelmsford Report.

Mahatma Gandhi. Brief period of Anglo-Indian co-operation.Government of India Act (1935). Partition and independence.

Chapter 26 NATIONALISM IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAChanging policies of the imperial Powers. The emergence of

Indonesia. The emergence of the Malayan Federation.

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516

Chapter 27 SOME ASPECTS OF ART, MUSIC AND LITERATUREIN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES 527

The French impressionists. Romantic music-Beethoven toBrahms. The novel of social criticism.

INDEX 539