TWINNING PROJECT FICHE 1. BASIC INFORMATION 1.1 Programme: Support to the EU-Egypt Association Agreement Programme (SAAP) Twinning Number: EG07/AA/EN09 1.3 Title: Water Quality Management 1.4 Sector: Environment 1.5 Beneficiary country: Egypt 2. OBJECTIVES 2.1 Overall Objective: The overall objective of this twinning project is to contribute to the improvement of the quality of water resources in Egypt and enhance progress in sustainable development. 2.2 Project purpose: The purpose of this twinning project is to assist the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigations' Central Water Quality Management Unit in effectively improving its management of water quality through strengthening the institutional, regulatory, human resources capacity, serving the National Water Resources Management Plan and in line with EU directives in the water sector. 2.3 Contribution to EU-Egypt Association Agreement / Action Plan The twinning project is in line with the national commitment of Egypt to improve and protect water resources as emphasised by the National Water Resources Plan (NWRP) 2017 and to enhance public participation as stated in the Constitution (Art. 27 on beneficiary’s participation in management of services, Art. 28 support to agricultural cooperatives and Art. 59 on Environmental Protection for the good of the people, 2007). This NWRP is based on an integrated water resources management approach and considers all components of Egypt's water resources system and all functions and water

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user sectors. This means that NWRP includes also the policy areas of other ministries and that this is owned by all stakeholders involved. The project also contributes to the priorities of the Association Agreement. It will particularly contribute to its article 44 relative to the Environment which mention that co-operation shall aim at preventing deterioration of the environment, controlling pollution and ensuring the rational use of natural resources, with a view to ensuring sustainable development. It will also contribute to its article 48 which is relative to the Approximation of Laws to facilitate the implementation of the Agreement; this will be done by the Twinning project in its domain. Additionally there are provisions in the Neighbourhood action plan, section 2.3.C for improving environmental performance and exchange good environmental governance through taking actions towards the adoption of plans and programmes related to air quality, water quality and biodiversity 3. DESCRIPTION 3.1 Background and justification Water Resources The Egyptian population is concentrated in about 4% of the country’s total area, primarily around the Nile River Basin. The population has increased from 19 million in 1947 to about 76 million in 2006. It is expected to rise to 95 million in 2025. A National Strategy for 1997-2017 aims at developing additional 1.93 million hectares and to encourage population redistribution throughout the country. The agreement with Sudan provides an annual release of 55.5 billion cubic metres from the Nile to Egypt. Water consumption in 2000 for industry, domestic use and agriculture was 1.8, 3.1 and 45.9 billion cubic metres respectively. At present, Egypt has crossed the “critical border” of a water-satisfied country (defined as less than 1000 cubic metres per capita per year) and is expected to suffer further water shortages in the future. The per capita water share of about 800 cubic metres in 2000 is expected to diminish to 600 cubic metres in 2025. Approximately 25 % of the total drinking water needs of the country are provided by groundwater. The Nile provides 75 % of the national consumption.

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Pollution Water Pollution is considered by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) to be one of the most serious hazards affecting Egypt. Pollution in the Nile River System (main River Nile, drains and canals) has increased in the past few decades because of increases in population, new irrigated agriculture projects, industrial development and other activities along the Nile. Industrial pollution sources can be characterised as point sources of a wide variety: engineering, electroplating and chemical industries, agrochemical producers, petroleum refiners and users of petroleum products. Few industries have efficient pre-treatment systems, and many industries still discharge untreated effluent into receiving water bodies. Organic loads are highest from the agro-industry (mainly sugar, starch and dairy processing) and the chemical industry. The largest water consumer, the power generation industry, affects temperature. The total amount of inorganic fertilisers used in Egypt amounts to some 2.2 million tonnes/year. Leaching of fertilisers in surface and ground waters has been subjects of intensive studies. In early 1991, use of herbicides to control aquatic weeds in Egypt was stopped. Shipping in the River Nile and Lake Nasser are of particular concern. In addition to leakages of oil and/or illegal discharge of wastewater, solid waste, etc. there is an increasing threat, especially from tourist boats, from untreated sewage discharged directly to the waterways. Some waste reception facilities exist but these are greatly under utilised and there is limited enforcement of regulations to encourage ship owners to comply. Pollution resulting from accidents or illegal discharges poses a significant threat to the water quality from both land and ships. To date there are limited inventories to identify sources and uses of toxic substances in the basin. In addition, there is overlap of emergency functions between the different ministries in response to a pollution incident and there is a recognised need to have a coherent strategy on contingency planning for emergencies. The importance of early detection of accidental pollution (and pollution prevention in general) can not be overstated as most of the drinking water supplies in Egypt are derived from the River Nile. As a result of industrial, agriculture and domestic pollution, serious deterioration of receiving waters has also resulted in the loss of fisheries and contributed to the growth of water hyacinths thus limiting navigation on the Nile, as well as decreasing tourism in some areas. Increasing water pollution from these sources, if allowed to grow unchecked, is likely to reduce the amount of water available for various uses in the future.

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Institutional The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) is one of the oldest ministries in Egypt. Its earliest organisation dates back to 1836 when it was mainly concerned with public works. A series of Presidential decrees were later issued giving the Ministry more responsibilities in the areas of irrigation, drainage, land reclamation and water resources management. Focussing on water resources management responsibilities, the main functions of the Ministry are as follows:

• Formulate country-wide water policies which follow the integrated water resources management approach;

• Manage Egypt’s water resources to face the rising demand while assuring good water quality;

• Implement and follow-up policies, strategies and research results in the field of water resources management, irrigation and drainage;

• Coordinate with the different entities concerned with water resources management;

• Lead the implementation of all laws and regulations related to water management, most notably are the following legislations:

o Law 48/1982 concerning the protection of the river Nile and water ways from pollution,

o Law 12/1982 concerning irrigation and drainage, o Law 213 /1994 regarding farmer participation.

MWRI has the following main entities within its organisational structure:

• Nile River Sector • Planning Sector • Irrigation Department • Groundwater Department • Mechanical and electrical Department • Drainage Authority • High Aswan Dam Authority • Shore Protection Authority • Institutional Reform Unit (IRU) • Central Water quality management unit (WQU)

MWRI also handles tasks related to surface water and groundwater quality monitoring through the National Water Research Centre (NWRC). Within the NWRC, water monitoring activities are implemented by the Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring and the following three research institutes: River Nile Research Institute, Drainage Research Institute, Research Institute for Groundwater.

The MWRI’s WQU unit was established in 2002 and attached to the Minister’s Office. Present staff consists of 4 senior experts (Ph.D. degrees with extensive experience in water quality management) and 6 specialists with civil engineering background, plus the Director of the WQU. The overall objective of WQU is to provide technical advice to

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decision makers on water quality and pollution prevention issues; the specific objectives of the unit include:

• Developing policies for water quality control based on research and studies; • Preparing an inventory of laws and regulations related to water quality in order to

improve the current procedures for issuing permits for discharge to waterways; • Coordinating with concerned entities within the ministry and other government

institutions on activities related to protection of water resources. Justification At present, the MWRI is facing several challenges in achieving its mandate; some of these challenges are summed up in the following points:

• Indicators of what constitutes “good water quality status” is not fully comprehensive and still needs to be determined and enforced by all involved stakeholders;

• Surface water and ground water are not yet maintained according to satisfactory points whereby samplings and measurements for regular analysis and publication are not adequate;

• Information technology basis of the national reporting and registration system is still weak and tools and material required for supporting responses to accidental pollution of surface water are not up to the latest technological breakthrough;

• Accidental pollution sources inventories and pollution prevention and response plans need to be further developed and set in place.

The first legislation controlling disposal of wastewater in the sewer systems and water bodies is Law 93, which was put into force in 1962. This law has been replaced by law 48 (1982) with regard to discharges of wastewater on the Nile River. As the Egyptian Government had become increasingly aware of the importance of environmental protection to sustain economic development, health and quality of life, Law 4/1994 was passed to enable environmental conservation in a comprehensive manner. In 1993, an Egyptian Environmental Information System was set up as an integral part of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. The legal basis of controlling water pollution already exists through Law 48/1982 on the “Protection of the River Nile and Water Ways from Pollution". The law established stringent effluent standards for various organic and inorganic pollutants discharged to different water bodies. Lack of proper funds for treatment of industrial wastes and for providing adequate municipal wastewater treatment plants, has hindered, so far, the full enforcement of the law. The protection of the water environment from pollution represents one of the important priorities of Ministry of State for Environmental affairs and its executive institution the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. In this respect, Law 4/1994 for the Environment, places an emphasis on the protection of the coastal waters and the marine

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environment, complementing Law 48/1982 for the protection of the River Nile. The lines of action in this regard encompass water quality monitoring activities and initiatives, as well as pollution abatement and mitigation efforts. To improve the control of pollution a ministerial committee was formed to intensify and co-ordinate the efforts of other ministries and concerned departments. This committee deals with water pollution and recommends remedial procedures, which includes treatment of industrial wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage) projects, improving the networks for monitoring and controlling water quality, canals and agricultural drains through three Five Year plans. This project is in addition to the ministry’s monitoring scheme of a network for water quality monitoring at 290 surface water locations. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation is the central institution for water quality management and for formulating the national water policy for resolving the problems of water scarcity and water quality deterioration. Under Law No. 12 of 1982, MWRI retains the overall responsibility for the management of all water resources, including available surface water resources of the Nile system, irrigation water, drainage water and groundwater. The Nile Research Institute which has been responsible for maintaining a national water quality monitoring network since 1976 including the River Nile and Nasser Lake and contracts portions of the monitoring activity to other institutes but reports to the MWRI. The National Water Research Centre and its affiliated institutes (Drainage Research Institute, Groundwater Research Institute and Nile River Initiative) operate modern, well equipped centralised water quality laboratories (the Central Environmental Laboratory), the water quality network and operates a database where all MWRI water quality data is consolidated. During 2000/2001, the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs announced that the Nile River would be free from pollution from major industries. This significant environmental improvement results from the compliance with environmental laws and regulations of 34 large industrial establishments, previously responsible for discharging a total of 100 millions m3 /year of untreated industrial waste to the river. Their compliance was ensured due to continuous inspection visits carried out by a committee with representatives from Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, the MWRI and Surface Water Police Department. However there is a four-phase programme to be completed in 2008 to further abate pollution to water bodies in Egypt. Providing adequate supply of fresh water resources for the country is a growing challenge in Egypt. The MWRI prepared a National Water Resources Plan for Egypt (NWRP) covering the period 2003-2017. The NWRP is based on the general concepts of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The main objective of the plan is to describe how Egypt will safeguard its water resources in the future; both with respect to quality and quantity, and how it will best use these resources from socio-economic and environmental perspective. The measures included in the NWRP were categorised under the following three main pillars:

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1- Developing additional water resources (quantity); 2- Making better use of existing resources (conservation); 3- Protecting the public health and environment (quality).

Inevitably in a country that is subject to severe water shortages, the main focus of the NWRP is on water quantity issues. However, it is of the highest importance that this Twinning project utilises and builds upon the NWRP to ensure that this plan effectively reflects the importance of water quality, enabling water quantity and quality issues to be addressed by an integrated management strategy. In summary, this proposed Twinning Project will provide direct assistance to the MWRI (and other secondary beneficiaries) to:

• Enhance co-operation, co-ordination and information sharing between different authorities with responsibility in water quality management;

• Enhance the on-going activities on water quality monitoring in the River Nile Basin;

• Improve dissemination and use of water quality information and improve reporting;

• Introduce a specific lake management and monitoring programme on Lake Nasser integrating both the management of land and water;

• Advise on the development and implementation of strategies to reduce pollution from point and diffuse sources, and specifically, from shipping activities;

• Facilitate the introduction of best practices to prevent and to manage accidental pollution incidents.

The successful completion of the Twinning activities that will deliver the anticipated results will help with the overall development and implementation of water resource management in Egypt, benefiting from the experiences and best practices from EU countries. 3.2 Linked activities

A number of important projects have been implemented with donors’ assistance in the field of water and water resources. However, substantial investments are still needed to achieve improved water use efficiency and water quality and to protect water bodies from pollution.

As one of the great rivers of the world, the River Nile has been the subject of investigations, both within Egypt and addressing the significant trans-boundary issues of this important river. In the past decade there have been many relevant projects initiated in the field of water and environment and it is important that the results of these previous (and on-going) projects are utilised effectively in this proposed Twinning project on water quality management. The RTA will be responsible for developing links to these (and other) projects in the water and environment sectors in Egypt.

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The following illustrate the range of projects and donors who are active in the country. • EU – Water Sector Reform Programme (2005-2008) including Implementation of

Integrated Water Management Policy comprises three tranches for a total of 80 million euro. The components are focussed on: strengthening laws and by-laws; polluter pays principle; recovery of costs; public private partnership; water data; flow and discharge distribution control in old and new lands water networks of the Nile system management; impacts of reductions in drainage flows to the sea on Nile’s dilution capacity; unlicensed cultivation of paddy and control of total cultivated area of rice. Support is also provided for water councils and technical secretariats in the NWRP and to finalise the legal basis for water quality management.

• LiFE Integrated Water Resources Management Project (2003 – 2008, USAID)

assisting with the decentralisation of water management with important links to the Central Water Management Unit in the MWRI; The LIFE Integrated Water Resources Management Project of USAID provides assistance, training, commodities, and small grants to support decentralization of water management. The aim is to increase water efficiency and productivity through expanding decentralization. The first phase of the project will be completed by September 2008, with possible extension for 4 years to cover the second phase.

• The National Water Quality and Availability Management Project NAWQAM (1997-2007) sponsored by the Canadian government aims to provide better knowledge of Egypt’s water resources and to enhance the coordination and collaboration amongst the agencies and stakeholders having a direct interest in water resources.

• World Bank/MWRI development of an Integrated Water Resources Management Plan. Important step forward in assessment of capacity, legal and institutional frameworks in Egypt. Broad aspects covered by IWRM plan – including water quality being targeted as being ‘fully controlled and monitored’ and that water quality issues, plans and actions are executed at the hydrological level.

• The Nile Pollution Prevention Programme (NPPP) launched in July 1997 by the

Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (MSEA) to reduce industrial pollution to the Nile.

Other important relevant projects are included in Annex 4.

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3.3 Results: The results of this Twinning Project will be achieved in three Components that support the Project Purpose of the Twinning Project and will lead to the Overall Objective.

• Component 1: Enforcement mechanisms and data utilisation for water quality management;

• Component 2: Improvement of Water Quality Management • Component 3: Pollution control for the improvement of Water Quality

The focus of this Twinning project is the Nile River Basin (Lake Nasser, River Nile and the main Branches in the Delta). The twinning project will be performed according to the principles of IRWM and specifically integrated land and water management. The pilot studies and pilot inventories of pollution sources, which will be developed by the project will take account of direct discharge to the main waterways (River Nile, Lake Nasser and delta Branches) but also discharges to the secondary water bodies (e.g. irrigation and drainage channels) as well as point source or diffuse pollution in the basin’s area. It is also important to ensure good linkages and build on other pilot activities in the Nile basin (for example the local activities of the USAID LiFE project on Integrated Water Resources Management) to maximise the benefits of all interventions. 3.3.1 Details of Required Results Result 1: Enforcement mechanisms and data utilisation for water quality management

is enhanced. Result 2: Water Quality Management is improved. Result 3: Pollution Control mechanisms for the improvement of Water Quality is set

and initiated. 3.3.2 Indicators of Achievement

Details of the indicators of achievement of the project components are given in the logframe. In summary, the overall indicators of this twinning project are: • Methodologies and procedural tools for enforcement of water quality legislation are

agreed • Inter ministerial agreement on water quality information sharing is reached • Methods for assessing water quality status are agreed • Publication of inventory of hot-spots in pilot location • Recommendations on improving water quality monitoring are agreed • Regional Laboratories providing Quality Control data to the Central Water Quality

Management Unit • New policies on pollution prevention agreed by MWRI and other stakeholders on:

o Reducing pollution from shipping on the River Nile and Lake Nasser

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o Protecting Lake Nasser through implementing regulations on development, agriculture etc. in and around the lake

o Responses to accidental pollution on the River Nile or Lake Nasser. • Regional laboratories providing quality controlled data on a regular (monthly) basis to

the Water Quality Management Unit • 6 pilot projects on water quality management initiated • Legislation in place to reduce pollution to water bodies

3.4 Activities The following activities are expected to be undertaken. Component 1: activities related to the Enforcement mechanisms and data utilisation for water quality management.

1. To prepare gap analysis on national and EU legislation relating to water quality management’

2. To prepare recommendations (building on recent EC and other funded activities) on implementing legislation to enhance water quality management, including the identification of practical regulatory tools resulting in improved levels of enforcement.

3. Based on activities 1&2 above, recommend:

· The introduction of revision to the legislation on water quality management to improve the dissemination and use of water quality information to all stakeholders including identifying information that could lead to improvements in enforcement.

· Review institutions involved in water quality management and to recommend strengthening actions within the MWRI and other partners.

1 In line with EU acquis, also add other relevant actions that are need for the enforcement for the improvement of water quality management.

4. Workshop with key stakeholders on enforcement and information use (based on the above recommended legislative changes).

Component 2: activities related to the Improvement of Water Quality Management The activities related to the Improvement of Water Quality Management will focus on: - Monitoring water quality of River Nile system (Activities 5 to 9), - Strengthening regional laboratories (Activities 10 to 13), - Specific monitoring of Lake Nasser (Activities 14 to 17). The activities 18 and 19 will be devoted respectively to automatic monitoring and the users needs for water quality information.

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5. To review and recommend means to integrate a water quality management plan into

the National Water Resources Management Plan with respect water quality management.

6. To review and recommend water quality indicators and classification schemes utilising experience within the EU and to use the approach to demonstrate benefits in a pilot study.

7. To collate information in an agreed pilot locations on pollution hot-spots and to include this information within the MWRI’s (and other institutions) GIS, and to use this information in implementing a revised monitoring strategy.

8. To evaluate the potential for using biological monitoring assessment methods in Egypt and to recommend means to introduce this approach.

9. Based on activities 5 – 8 implement an improved monitoring programme on the Nile River, resulting in: • Improved information on pollution sources; • Enhanced reporting and dissemination of water quality information.

10. To assess regional analytical capabilities providing water quality data and information.

11. To provide strengthening of staff capacity in regional laboratories to undertake local water quality monitoring.

12. To assess the quality control procedures (AQC) and to make recommendations on improvements within regional laboratories and to propose a scheme of inter-laboratory comparisons.

13. Based on activities 10 - 12 to utilise more widely monitoring data obtained by regional laboratories that will result in: • Improved capacities and capabilities in regional laboratories; • More effective monitoring in response to pollution incidents due to reduced

distances for sampling etc.; • Better regional information on water quality.

14. Study visit on lake monitoring and management. 15. To implement a water quality monitoring programme for Lake Nasser using

approaches used in the EU as a pilot demonstration. 16. To provide workshop on lake water quality monitoring. 17. Based on activities 14 – 16 on monitoring Lake Nasser, resulting in:

• Better understanding of water quality in Lake Nasser; • Improved understanding of the needs for managing the activities around Lake

Nasser. 18. To assess the options and costs of using automatic water quality monitors on Lake

Nasser and the main Nile River and Branches. 19. To prepare a report on the users needs for a water quality information system and to

agree specifications for enhancing the current MWRI and other relevant systems. Equipment will be necessary to complete Component 2 Activities. The monitoring of Lake Nasser in particular will require specialist equipment due to the size and depth of the lake. The following equipment is required to complete the activities and deliver the expected results:

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• Sampling boat for Lake Nasser (including all navigation, communications and safety equipment);

• Equipment to enable water and sediments to be collected from deep lake waters;

• Equipment to profile currents within the lake; • Equipment to enable in-situ measurements of oxygen, pH, conductivity,

temperature at depths in the lake; • Analytical equipment to enable a range of nutrients to be analysed in the

field (nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll); • Automatic water quality monitoring stations (capable of floating and being

used remotely in Lake Nasser) measuring dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature with communications and data logging capacity.

• UV-visible spectrophotometers with reagents to measure range of standard parameters for laboratory use

• Field monitoring systems for dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature with communications

• TOC analyser for laboratory use • BOD apparatus for laboratory use • Automatic refrigerated water samplers • Organic carbon analyser suitable for operation in an automated water

quality monitoring station. The anticipated number of items together with an estimated budget is included in Annex 3. Component 3: activities related to pollution control for the improvement of water quality The activities related to pollution control for the improvement of water quality include:

• Pollution control (Activity 20), and more specifically: • Control of shipping pollution (Activities 21 to 25), • Pollution control in and around the Lake Nasser (Activities 26 to 29), • Accidental pollution control and response (Activities 30 to 35).

20. To review procedures and identify gaps in pollution control in the sectors of

industry, agriculture and inland navigation (shipping). 21. To prepare guidelines for reducing pollution from shipping through the adoption of

best practices used in the EU. 22. To provide workshop on shipping pollution. 23. Study visit on pollution control of inland shipping. 24. To initiate the implementation of a pilot demonstration project on shipping

pollution utilising the agreed guidelines. 25. Based on activities 20 – 24 to introduce routine management of shipping waste

throughout the Nile River Basin;

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26. To recommend specific management tools to monitor and control agriculture, industry, tourist developments, urbanisation, etc. in and around Lake Nasser.

27. To provide workshop on water pollution control in and around Lake Nasser. 28. To develop an inventory of activities in and around Lake Nasser in a pilot area. 29. Based on activities 20 and 26 - 28 to agree the adoption of a Lake Nasser

Management Plan that will reduce pollution to the lake 30. To assist with the development of an inter-ministerial agreement on responsibilities

in the event of emergencies. 31. To assess best practices on large rivers to address accidental pollution and to draft

procedures for adoption for use on the River Nile. 32. To provide workshop on accidental pollution procedures. 33. Study visit on accidental pollution responses. 34. To initiate a pilot demonstration project implementing the agreed procedures on

emergency response to pollution incidents and testing these procedures through executing trials covering a number of potential pollution scenarios.

35. Based on activities 30 – 34 agree to implement a Nile River Basin incident response scheme that will: • Improve communications between institutions in the event of a pollution

incident; • Inform other stakeholders effectively in the event of a pollution incident; • Ensure a co-ordinated response in addressing the problems caused by the

pollution incident. 3.5 Means/ Input from the MS Partner Administration: The implementation of activities mentioned above require one Project Leader with the responsibility of the overall coordination of project activities, one Resident Twinning Advisor to manage project activities especially those conducted within the BC, at least 3 short term component leaders and additional specialised experts. It is essential that the team have sufficiently broad expertise to cover all the areas included in the project description. All experts are expected to offer practical experiences and the ability to integrate recommendations within MWRI and the National Water Resources Plan, taking account of the socio-economic and political conditions in Egypt. The overall composition of the team should include the following expertise at least: 3.5.1 EU Member State Project Leader (MSPL) Profile of the EU Member State Project Leader The Project Leader will be a high rank official in the administration of the EU Member State, with a large experience in water resources management The Project Leader will have a background in project management and implementation of EU legislation in the water sector, with strong interpersonal, co-ordinating and negotiating skills. He will have experience in managing a team of experts, conducting their work technically and administratively.

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He will have a large knowledge, experience and interpersonal abilities to face complex technical and institutional situations in supervising the work of an international team, as well as abilities to define priorities and proven capabilities to carry out the development of the twinning activities Tasks of the EU Member State Project Leader He/she will continue to work in his administration, but will devote part of his/her time (a minimum of three days per month) to design, supervise and coordinate the preparation and implementation of the project. He/she makes, on behalf of the EU Member State, appropriate decisions for the smooth and effective implementation of the project. The MSPL, together with the BCPL, will coordinate the Project Steering Committee, which will meet in Egypt at least every three months. 3.5.2 Resident Twinning Advisor (RTA) The secondment of the RTA in Egypt is full time for the whole duration of the Twinning Project (24 months). Profile of the EU Member State RTA The RTA will be expected to have the following background and expertise / experiences:

• The RTA should be a civil servant from of an EU Member State, with significant experience in water quality management, including water protection and water resources management.

• To possess significant experience in river basin management, water quality management, water protection and water resources management,

• To have some experience in data management , • To be able to build constructive relationships with partners, • To communicate with efficiency, to be an effective organiser and an experienced

facilitator, • To be proficient in computer use (MS Office suite or equivalent).

In addition, the following are desirable:

• Awareness of the EU project management procedures, • Previous experience in twinning projects.

Tasks of the EU Member State RTA The RTA is expected:

• To be in charge of co-ordinating the activities to implement the project. • To manage and organise the technical team of short-term experts; • To ensure that relevant instruments composing the acquis communautaire are

reviewed in order to assess the potential interest for Egypt to implement them. • To organise and plan implementation of activities both technically and

administratively, ensuring an in-depth technical understanding of the background issues, the subjects of the Twinning and the findings of the EU experts;

• To meet with the Egyptian PL at least once a week;

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• To be responsible for progress reports; • To assist, in collaboration with the RTA Counterpart, the EU experts by providing

necessary background reviews and other necessary information; • To identify, in collaboration with the RTA Counterpart, appropriate national

experts to work with the EU experts. 3.5.3 Short-Term Experts (indicative total 550 man-days) All EU institutional and technical experts will be in principle deployed on a short-term basis. The short-term experts should have substantial experience in the relevant subject matter fields. It is envisaged that all of the project’s experts should possess at least three years of past experience and knowledge on river basin management and pollution protection / prevention approaches in the EU Member States. In particular the short term experts should have an appropriate mix of the following expertise:

• Water legislation specifically with regards to pollution prevention and enforcement (Indicative 30 man-days : Component 1);

• Institutional assessment and reform specialists with experience of implementation of reforms (Indicative 25 man-days: Component 1);

• Water quality management specialists, encompassing a wide range of experiences and expertise including:

o River basin management (Indicative 75 man-days: respectively 15 man-days, 30 man-days and 30 man-days for Components 1, 2 and 3);

o Water quality indicators (Indicative 25 man-days: respectively 5 man-days, and 20 man-days for Components 1 and 2);

o Water quality assessment (Indicative 25 man-days: respectively 5 man-days, and 20 man-days for Components 1 and 2);

o Lake monitoring specialists (Indicative 50 man-days: respectively 5 man-days, 35 man-days and 10 man-days for Components 1, 2 and 3);

o Laboratory analysis expertise including, organic, inorganic and AQC (Indicative 50 man-days for Component 2);

o Biological monitoring (Indicative 20 man-days for Component 2); • Information management with current awareness of water quality database

structures and the uses of information tools including GIS (Indicative 50 man-days: respectively 15 man-days, 25 man-days and 10 man-days for Components 1, 2 and 3);

• Water pollution prevention specialists with expertise to address pollution from shipping (Indicative 100 man-days: respectively 5 man-days, 5 man-days and 90 man-days for Components 1, 2 and 3);

• Accident pollution and emergency response to pollution incidents (Indicative 100 man-days: respectively 5 man-days, 5 man-days and 90 man-days for Components 1, 2 and 3).

4. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK The direct beneficiary of this project is the Ministry of The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) is the main Beneficiary. Within the Ministry, the Central Water

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Quality Management Unit is in charge of coordination. The main functions of MWRI are described above (paragraph 3.1). This Twinning Project will also benefit other ministries, including:

• The Ministry of Health and Population which has a central role in water quality monitoring, particularly: quality of potable water sources (the Nile and canals); drain waters that can be mixed with fresh water; industrial and sewage treatment plant discharge; and wastes discharged from river vessels.

• The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation is the main consumer of

water in the country (irrigation accounts for about 84 percent of the consumptive uses of water). This Ministry cooperates with MWRI in implementing irrigation and drainage improvement projects with on-farm improvements such as laser land levelling and tiled drainage.

• The Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs within the framework of a

national strategy, is executing a program to identify sources of water pollution, suitability of surface and groundwater quality for domestic and industrial uses, assessment of water and wastewater treatment technologies and delivery systems, institutional and financial frameworks of water supply, and strengthening public participation.

• The Ministry of Trade and Industry is overseeing the licensing and operation of

manufacturing industries in Egypt. This Ministry provides advice to industrial firms regarding compliance with Law 48/1982 and the relevant ministerial decrees.

• The Ministry of Housing, Utilities and New Settlements is responsible for

planning and developing water supplies and wastewater treatment facilities. The Ministry and its affiliate, the National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD) supervises the construction of sewers and wastewater treatment facilities while the Holding Company for Water and Sewerage is responsible for operation and maintenance. In addition, groundwater-based systems are operated by various city councils.

• The Ministry of Electricity and Energy is responsible for power generation and

coordinates with MWRI to maximise hydropower generation without harming irrigation. The ministry also operates two thermal power plants that draw water from the Nile for cooling purposes.

• The Ministry of Local Development is charged with improving local conditions

and facilitating economic development in both urban and rural communities. The Ministry is also involved in the quality of life in rural communities by providing funds for infrastructure and social services.

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• The Ministry of Transportation, and Ministry of Tourism are both interested in maintaining “in-stream flows” of the Nile River to provide sufficient depth for commercial and recreational navigation as well as for aesthetic purposes. The River Transport Authority of Ministry of Transportation manages navigation activities along the course of the Nile River below the High Aswan Dam and on main canals in coordination with MWRI.

• The Ministry of Interior through its Environment and Surface Water Police is

charged with enforcing laws 48/1982 and 4/1994 and with the collection of fines from violators.

Inter-ministerial co-ordination will be the responsibility of the main beneficiary (MWRI, Central Water Quality Management Unit) with the assistance of the RTA. The implementation of the Twinning Project will contribute to an enhanced and improved co-ordination between the above ministries, and an improved sharing of data and information on water quality management issues. 5. BUDGET The estimated budget for this Twinning Project is 1,330,000 Euro. 6. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 6.1 Implementing Agency The Programme Administration Office (PAO) at the Ministry of International Cooperation is in charge of the coordination of all the activities and the administrative management of the Support to the Association Agreement Programme. The PAO will be the responsible institution for the management of this twinning project, particularly for tendering, contracting and accounting, in accordance with the procedures of ex-ante control defined in the Practical Guide to contract procedures financed from the General Budget of the EC in the context of external actions. Contact person at the PAO: Ms. Injie Kotb Project Manager & TAIEX National Contact Point The Support to the Association Agreement Programme (SAAP) 9, Abdel Kader Hamza Street, Apt. 401, Garden City, Cairo, Eygpt Tel : +20 2 2792 3438 Fax: +20 2 2792 0583 Email: injie.kotb@ee-aa.net 6.2 Main counterpart in the Beneficiary Country The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI)

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Beneficiary Country Project Leader: Dr Mohammed Abdel Khalik Tel : +20 2 3544 9469, 3545 4036, 3545 4037 Fax: +20 2 3545 4035 Email: m_abdelkhalek@mwri.gov.eg / wqmu@link.net RTA Counterpart NAME: Dr Essam Khalifa Tel: +20 2 3544 9420 Fax: +20- 3545 4035 Email: essam@mwri.gov.eg 6.3 Contracts A separate procurement programme for equipment of € 150,000 in addition to this Twinning Project. Equipment is required to complement Component 2 activities. A summary of the equipment needed (with estimated costs) is included in Annex 3. The PAO is responsible to launch this procurement contract. The launching of the tender is independent from this Twining Project. 7. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE (INDICATIVE) 7.1 Launching of the call for proposals (Date) 7.2 Start of project activities (Date) 7.3 Project completion (Date) 7.4 Duration of the implementation period: 24 months. 8. SUSTAINABILITY The project is totally devoted to the sustainability of the improved water quality. This is basically because of the achievements of the Twinning project as it will maintain a permanent asset due to the legal and institutional improvements, the training provided, awareness raising and actions to improve water quality with mechanisms put in place and replicable elsewhere in the country. 9. CROSSCUTTING ISSUES 9.1 Equal opportunity Opportunity both for men and women to participate in this project will be guaranteed on equal basis and the project will further encourage the active participation of men and women in environmental and water management 9.2 Environment Implementation of the project has a positive environmental impact by putting in place procedures and actions to reduce water pollution in Egypt. 10. CONDITIONALITY AND SEQUENCING

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The following conditions are particularly needed:

• Commitment of other key stakeholders • Assigning/employing indispensable personnel to activities connected with the

project, • Sufficient staff within the Central Water Quality Unit. It must be realised that to

achieve the results agreed will require significant additional work within the WQU and other stakeholders;

• Ensuring co-ordination between institutions connected with the project, • Ensuring access to information and documents, • Equipment to be procured as indicated in Annex 3 for Component 2 activities.

Regarding the sequencing of the components, the activities within each component can be run concurrently but the output must be coordinated and integrated. ANNEXES TO PROJECT FICHE 1. Logical framework matrix in standard format 2. Detailed implementation chart 3. Estimated budget for equipment necessary to complete this Twinning Project 4 Additional relevant projects completed/in-progress in Egypt

ANNEX 1: Log Frame Project Title: Water Quality Management

Contracting period expires:

Disbursement period expires:

Project Number: Budget: 1,330,000 Euro Overall Objective Objectively Verifiable Indicators Sources of Verification Assumptions

The overall objective of this twinning project is to contribute to the improvement of the quality of water resources in Egypt and enhance progress in sustainable development.

• Status of water bodies in Egypt

• Annual Water Quality Status Reports prepared by MWRI/WQU and other stakeholders

• National Budget is available to implement the National Water Resource Plan & undertake monitoring

Project Purpose Objectively Verifiable Indicators Sources of Verification Assumptions The purpose of this twinning project is to assist the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigations' Central Water Quality Management Unit in effectively improving its management of water quality through strengthening the institutional, regulatory, human resources capacity, serving the National Water Resources Management Plan and in line with EU directives in the water sector.

• New policies on pollution prevention agreed on: • Shipping • Lake Nasser protection • Accident response

• Legislation in place to reduce pollution to water bodies

• Regional laboratories providing quality controlled data

• 6 pilot projects on water quality management initiated

• Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation’s decisions

• Legislation published

• Political will to enforce legislation

• Willingness to enhance NWRP on water quality

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Results (outputs) Objectively Verifiable Indicators Sources of Verification Assumptions

Component 1 Enforcement mechanisms and data utilisation for water quality management

1. Comparative analysis and recommendations completed on water quality legislation/policy and institutional responsibilities between Egypt and EU with a specific focus on enforcement.

• Reviews completed by month 6 • Methodologies and procedural tools

for enforcement of water quality legislation agreed by month 15

• Inter ministerial agreement to share water quality information between ministries and public reached by month 15

• Twinning Reports • National plans to

enforce legislation approved by MWRI

• Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on water quality information signed

• Political will to enforce legislation

• Willingness of ministries to cooperate

2. Strengthened MWRI water quality management and

improved utilisation of water quality data between ministries

Component 2 Improvement of Water Quality Management

3. Publication of a revision to the National Water Resources Plan integrating enhanced Water Quality Management

• Methods for assessing water quality status agreed by month 10

• Criteria for identification of hot spots agreed by month 10

• Publication of inventory of hot-spots in pilot location by month 15

• Assessment report of regional laboratories by month 18

• Recommendations on improving water quality monitoring agreed by month 18

• Regional Laboratories providing QC data to the Central Water Quality Management Unit by month 18

• Specifications for data /information agreed by month 15

• Agreed users’ needs for data/information by month 15

• Pilot project on water quality indicators initiated by month 10

• Pilot project on hotspot inventories initiated by month 1 by month 15

• Twinning Reports • MoU on water quality

management and reporting

• Availability of data on hot spots

4. Utilising EU best practices in establishing and reporting

water quality status using water quality indicators demonstrated

5. To develop an inventory and assess pollution hot spots 6. Actions completed to improve monitoring of water

quality and to strengthen the analytical capacities of regional laboratories.

7. Enhanced water quality monitoring programme on Lake Nasser is initiated

8. Action plan for implementing a National water quality information system developed meeting the users needs for water quality information

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Results (outputs) Sources of Verification Assumptions Objectively Verifiable Indicators • Pilot project on monitoring Lake

Nasser initiated Component 3 Pollution control for the improvement of water quality

9. Assessments of water pollution protection procedures employed in Egypt against EU best practices and recommendation to strengthen approaches in Egypt completed.

• Reports on water pollution protection approved by MWRI by month 23

• Protocol of procedures to prevent pollution from shipping agreed by relevant ministries by month 15

• Protocol of procedures to control the impact of developments around Lake Nasser agreed by relevant ministries. by month 23

• Emergency responses protocols agreed by MWRI and partner institutions by month 23

• Pilot project initiated on controlling pollution from shipping month 23

• Pilot projects initiated on accidental pollution management by month 23

• Pilot project initiated on inventory of activities around Lake Nasser by month 23

• Twinning Reports • Decisions by MWRI

and other stakeholders • Progress reports on

ship pollution prevention and emergency response pilot projects

• MoU on emergency response

• Progress reports on accidental pollution management.

• Workshops assessment reports

• Study visit assessment reports

• Willingness to agree pilot areas

• Budget available for demonstration pilot projects

• Agreement possible between ministries on responsibilities following pollution incidents

10. Recommendations on mechanisms (including management systems) to reduce pollution from inland shipping and testing in pilot location are completed.

11. Manual of procedures agreed to control the impact of developments in and around Lake Nasser are developed.

12. Agreement and recommendation of requirements for emergency response procedures to accidental pollution

13. Emergency procedures to combat pollution incidents in a pilot location to test potential scenarios are initiated.

Dates of completion of results have to be discussed and confirmed during the elaboration of the workplan

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Activities Means Assumptions

Component 1 Activities to enhanced enforcement mechanisms and data utilisation for water quality management

1. To prepare a gap analysis on national and EU legislation relating to water quality management.

• Short-Term Experts with Expertise in

o Water quality management legislation

o Water quality institutional reviews

o Implementation o IWRM o Water Quality

Management •

• Political will to enforce legislation

• Willingness for ministries to cooperate

2. To prepare recommendations (building on recent EC and other funded activities) on implementing legislation to enhance water quality management, including the identification of practical regulatory tools resulting in improved levels of enforcement

3. Based on activities 1&2 above, recommend the introduction of revision to the legislation on water quality management to:

• Improve the dissemination and use of water quality information to all stakeholders including identifying information that could lead to improvements in enforcement.

• Review institutions involved in water quality management and to recommend strengthening actions within the MWRI and other partners.

• In line with EU acquis, also add other relevant actions that are need for the enforcement for the improvement of water quality management

4. Workshop with key stakeholders on enforcement and information use (based on the above recommended legislative changes)

Component 2Activities related to the improvement of water quality management

5. To review and recommend means to integrate a water quality management plan into the National Water Resources Management Plan with respect water quality management

• Short-Term Experts with Expertise in

o Water quality management

o Water sampling o Laboratory analysis o AQC o Biological analysis o Lakes o Water Information

Systems o GIS

• quality indicators

• Availability of data on hot spots

• Budget available from national sources to undertake the demonstration pilot projects.

6. To review and recommend water quality indicators and classification schemes utilising experience within the EU and to use the approach to demonstrate benefits in a pilot study

7. To collate information in agreed pilot locations on pollution hot-spots and to include this information within the MWRI’s (and other institutions) GIS, and to use this information in implementing a revised monitoring strategy.

8. To evaluate the potential for using biological monitoring assessment methods in Egypt and to recommend means to introduce this approach.

9. Based on activities 5 – 8 implement an improved monitoring programme on the Nile River, resulting in: • Improved information on pollution sources; • Enhanced reporting and dissemination of water quality information.

10. To assess regional analytical capabilities providing water quality data and information.

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Activities Means Assumptions 11. To provide strengthening of staff capacity in regional laboratories to undertake local water

quality monitoring 12. To assess the quality control procedures (AQC) and to make recommendations on

improvements within regional laboratories and to propose a scheme of inter-laboratory comparisons

13. Based on activities 10 - 12 to utilise more widely monitoring data obtained by regional laboratories that will result in: • Improved capacities and capabilities in regional laboratories; • More effective monitoring in response to pollution incidents due to reduced

distances for sampling etc.; • Better regional information on water quality

14. Study visit on lake monitoring and management 15. To implement a water quality monitoring programme for Lake Nasser using approaches

used in the EU as a pilot demonstration 16. To provide workshop on lake water quality monitoring. 17. Based on activities 14 – 16 on monitoring Lake Nasser, resulting in:

• Better understanding of water quality in Lake Nasser; • Improved understanding of the needs for managing the activities around Lake

Nasser. 18. To assess the options and costs of using automatic water quality monitors on Lake Nasser

and the main Nile River and Branches. 19. To prepare a report on the users needs for a water quality information system and to agree

specifications for enhancing the current MWRI and other relevant systems Component 3 Activities related to pollution control for the improvement of water quality

20. To review procedures and identify gaps in pollution control in the sectors of industry, agriculture and inland navigation (shipping).

• Short-Term Experts with Expertise in:

o Water Quality Management

o Pollution Prevention o Shipping pollution o Lake Management o Emergency Planning o Accidental Pollution

Prevention

• Agreement possible between ministries

• Budget available from national sources to undertake the demonstration pilot projects.

21. To prepare guidelines for reducing pollution from shipping through the adoption of best practices used in the EU.

22. To provide workshop on shipping pollution 23. Study visit on pollution control of inland shipping 24. To initiate the implementation of a pilot demonstration project on shipping pollution

utilising the agreed guidelines 25. Based on activities 20 – 24 to introduce routine management of shipping waste throughout

the Nile River Basin 26. To recommend specific management tools to monitor and control agriculture, industry,

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Means Assumptions Activities tourist developments, urbanisation, etc. in and around Lake Nasser.

27. To provide workshop on water pollution control in and around Lake Nasser 28. To develop an inventory of activities in and around Lake Nasser in a pilot area 29. Based on activities 20 and 26 - 28 to agree the adoption of a Lake Nasser Management

Plan that will reduce pollution to the lake 30. To assist with the development of an inter-ministerial agreement on responsibilities in the

event of emergencies. 31. To assess best practices on large rivers to address accidental pollution and to draft

procedures for use on the River Nile 32. To provide workshop on accidental pollution procedures 33. Study visit on accidental pollution responses 34. To initiate a pilot demonstration project implementing the agreed procedures on

emergency response to pollution incidents and testing these procedures through executing trials covering a number of potential pollution scenarios

35. Based on activities 30 – 34 agree to implement a Nile River Basin incident response scheme that will: • Improve communications between institutions in the event of a pollution incident; • Inform other stakeholders effectively in the event of a pollution incident; • Ensure a co-ordinated response in addressing the problems caused by the pollution

incident.

Annex 2 Outline Programme for Implementation

MONTH Result 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

RTA Activities

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Annex 3 Anticipated equipment needs and estimated costs The following is an estimate of the costs of equipment needs for this Twinning Project. All equipment should be purchased with sufficient spares and consumables to last for at least two years. Where appropriate, suppliers should be requested to provide in-country training.

Description Number of Units

Estimated total cost

(euro) Sampling boat for Lake Nasser (including all navigation, communications and safety equipment). Minimum 5 metres for a crew of at least 4 people

1 40,000

Equipment to enable water and sediment samples to be collected from deep lakes (<200 m);

1 5,000

Equipment to profile currents within the lake; 1 10,000 Equipment to enable in-situ measurements of oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature at depths in the lake;

2 5,000

Analytical equipment to enable a range of nutrients to be analysed in the field (on boat) (nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll);

1 5,000

Automatic water quality monitoring stations (capable of floating and being used remotely in Lake Nasser) measuring dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature with communications and data logging capacity. Capable of being left on location for extended periods (i.e. solar powered, or high capacity batteries)

2 20,000

UV-visible spectrophotometers with reagents to measure range of standard parameters for laboratory use

5 20,000

Field monitoring systems for dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature with communications

10 5,000

TOC analyser for laboratory use 1 10,000 BOD apparatus for laboratory use (probes and incubators)

5 5,000

Automatic refrigerated water samplers 2 5,000 Organic carbon analyser suitable for operation in an automated water quality monitoring station.

1 20,000

TOTAL Estimated

150,000 euro

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Annex 4 – Other Related Projects Other projects have already been implemented in the fields of water, especially water resources, irrigation, drainage, water quality .

• Irrigation Improvement and Management Project (IIMP) encouraging users’

participation. The IIMP is a major project implemented in the old land to improve water management through rehabilitation and renewal of water distribution structure and encouraging Users’ participation in O&M of the irrigation system.

• Integrated Irrigation Improvement Management Project (IIIMP) follow-up project

including an integrated management plan combining quantity and quality. The Integrated Irrigation Improvement and Management Project IIIMP is a follow-up project designed to achieve the following broad objectives: a) develop a framework for an integrated water management plan and program in selected command areas, combining water quantity and quality management through inter-agency and stakeholder consensus; b) improve institutional, financial and environmental sustainability of water services; and c) increase farm incomes through improved agricultural production based on efficient, more equitable and sustainable use and management of water and land resources.

A key feature of IIIMP is to strengthen stakeholder involvement. The project builds on the outcome of other related projects including IIMP.

• The Water Boards Project (1999-2003) was established with assistance from the Netherlands. The project is testing different possibilities for participation water management at secondary levels, through the establishment of Water Boards. Formed and run by the users themselves, the Water Boards is expected to contribute to better water use efficiency, management and distribution.

• The Rural Development Department of the World Bank sponsored a comparative

investigation in Egypt and other five developing countries that represent different drainage situation. The study aim was to contribute to improving design and implementation of interventions in the drainage sector to meet users, and donors’ objectives to produce integrated and sustainable drainage development. This goal has been achieved through the definition of a typology of drainage situations based on technical-physical, social-managerial and environmental criteria, and by pointing at different objectives of drainage when addressing local diversity. The study identifies different institutional models for drainage management, analyzes best practices for different drainage situations, and develops a framework to better understand and recognize drainage interaction between different elements of the hydrologic cycle and different water using sectors as part of integrated water resource management.

• The USAID projects designed to incorporate water quality issues into both water

sector and economic development policies including :

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o Integrating environmental considerations in all MWRI activities (WRAP/USAID);

o Improving management of urban wastewater to enable its reuse in agricultural drains (WRAP/USAID);

o Strengthening legal basis for effective water quality management through amending law 48/1982 (WPRP/USAID).

• The Fayoum Water Management Project FWMP is an Egyptian-Netherlands

development Cooperation program aimed at increasing the efficiency and equitable use of water in O&M. The goals are to enhance the structure and function of the local water boards, establish and test the concept of participatory integrated water management at district level.

• The Netherlands sponsored a project on Institutional Development and Organizational Strengthening. The program scope covered assessing the changing institutional environment of both MWRI and the Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects EPADP. A project has also been commissioned by EPADP to design and supervise the production of a public awareness campaign to support MWRI in its effort to transfer responsibility of drainage organization and maintenance to farmers and other target groups. The assignment has been undertaken through a comprehensive participatory rapid appraisal PRA with all involved stakeholders, such as farmers, water users and EPADP staff, in four pilot areas. Since its creation in 1973, EPADP has been growing and adapting internally to respond to the task of implementing the world largest drainage construction program in a timely manner and in accordance to worldwide approved technical standards.

• The Second National Drainage Project, a World Bank supported project with a grant from the Japanese Government, aims at increasing agricultural productivity in Egypt through drainage improvement.

• Formation of an Action Programme for the Integrated Management of the Shared Nubian Aquifer (GEF/UNDP/IAEA 2005).

• Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland Project (GEF/UNDP). • Other donors’ funded projects include: a) Decision Support System DSS based on

environmental balance (1998-2000) funded by the Italian government, b)Water Resources Result Package, Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Identified Quality Contract EPIQ-WRRP (1997-2002) funded by USAID, c) Monitoring, Forecasting and Sustainable Project (1999-2002) funded by USAID, and d) Groundwater Resources for Egypt GWR funded by the Dutch government.

• In addition to the above technical assistance projects for Egypt, several donors’ funds have been included in the recent Nile Basin Initiative NBI. The combined budget of these projects is 108 million US Dollars. The projects include :

o Nile Trans-boundary Environmental Action (GEF, Canada and The Netherlands)

o Efficient Water Use for Agricultural Production (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark)

o Water Resources Planning and Management (Denmark, UK, Germany, Norway, GEF)

o Confidence building and stakeholder involvement (Canada)

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o Applied training (The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden). In addition, the following recent Twinning project may provide some links on ship derived pollution.

• The 2005 Twinning n° EG05/AA-TP-"Institutional Building and Legislation Approximation in Maritime Safety" under the Support to Association Agreement (SAAP) the objective to enhance maritime circulation and safety and includes activities relative to navigation security, shipping regulations, oil pollution and pollution fight plan at sea.