TWELFTH NIGHT or What You Will
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Transcript of TWELFTH NIGHT or What You Will
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TWELFTH NIGHT or What You Will
Bevington, Chapter 10
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The Melancholy Comedy
Written, 1601 and performed by law students in 1602
Despite happy resolution to love story, play ends with melancholy• Curse of Malvolio• Sad song – “Hey
Ho, the Wind andthe Rain”
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The Title Refers to January 6, the end of the Christmas season. In Elizabeth’s time, the Feast of Fools was celebrated between Christmas and Epiphany and had become a secular comedy
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Two plots Love plot (Viola, Orsino, Olivia) Gulling of Malvolio
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The play is self-referentialAs Fabian speaks in Act III “If this were played upon the stage, now, I could condemn it as an improbable fiction.”
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Characters Duke Orsino is lovesick and counterbalanced by
Malvolio Olivia’s mournful love is contrasted to Toby’s love of
drink Sir Andrew is as foolish as the fool is wise Twin plots intersect twice (3.1) and (5.1) Viola is at the center of the play and has a parallel in
Antonio who places needs of others ahead of self Lovers are gently satirical comic portraits of
Renaissance writers
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Character map from McCarter Theatre
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From internet blog – Scottish Rose: Girl on the Go
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Renaissance character types
CAST INTO ENGLISH MOLDS Sir Toby is
the braggart Sir Andrew
is the imposter Maria is
the sassy servant Feste is
the wise fool
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Sources and inspirations
Philip Sidney’s ARCADIA Emmanuel Forde’s
PARISMUS Barnabe Riche’s
APOLLONIUS AND SILLA THE MANAECHMI of Plautus Niccolo Secchi
GL’INGANNATI produced in Siena in 1531
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Robert ArminComedian Will Kempe was replaced in Shakespeare’s company by Robert Armin, an accomplished musician and singer, Feste was no doubt written for him
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Other speculations Speculation from final scene of
SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE is informed by scholar Leslie Hotson who posits the first performance was at the Queen’s bidding
Performed at Middle Temple on February, 1602...one of the few accounts of a Shakespeare play in performance during his lifetime
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The Puritans The Puritan Strain might be references to
noted Puritans of the day such as Sir William Knollys, comptroller of Queen’s household -or- John Darrell, a Puritan preacher who initiated a war of pamphlets from 1596-1602
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Language and Music
Love plot is lyrical verse; Subplot is earthly prose Play is about finding answers and riddles and
wordplay abound One of Shakespeare’s most musical plays Shakespeare wrote lyrics, music was provided by
Armin and from popular songs of the day. Shakespeare wrote “O Mistress Mine” but “Farewell, my heart” was a popular song of the day
1999 production in NYC was called PLAY ON! was re-set to Harlem in 40s
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Theme of LoveLove, Infatuation and Lust
- love at first sight
- the fooleries of love
- the melancholy of love
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Hypocrisy and surprise
Reality vs. appearances
Real masks (Sir Topas) vs. psychological masks (Orsino)
Funny costume of Malvolio highlights the comic subplot
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Carnival vs. LentCarnival vs. Lent “Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous there shall be no more cakes and ale?” crystallizes the battle between the expansive and repressive forces in the play
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MadnessMadness runs throughout the play, Shakespeare shows how close passion is to madness which is also an extension on the carnival-like spirit of the play
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Staging Challenges The many moods of the play Where is Illyria? Identical twins and the love triangle The tyranny of the subplot Poor Antonio The miraculous ending
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Twelfth NightOn stage
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Elizabethan Relatively few memorable productions in
Shakespeare’s time
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Late 17th and 18th Centuries
His least performed play until late-18th century
Samuel Pepys saw a performance in 1663 Dr. Samuel Johnson enjoyed it despite its
credibility First production of consequence in 1741 at
Drury Lane with Charles Macklin as Malvolio Transformed into a quasi-opera by Sir
Frederick Reynolds and Henry Bishop by the insertion of songs from other plays
Sad songs were often cut in favor of lighter fare
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19th century - Romantacism
In the 1820s actor-manager John Philip Kemble began the practice of inverting the first two scenes
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20th century Augustin Daly’s 1894 production opened with
a spectacular shipwreck 1901 production by Herbert Beerbohm Tree
featured an elaborately terraced garden inspired by photographs in Country Life. It is believed that he is thefirst to put Malvolio in a nightshirt for 2.3
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1912A London production was simplified by Granville-Barker and also made the role of Feste more central and wise.
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Other notable productions
Malvolio has become more melancholy Branagh’s Renaissance production
featured a wintry landscape 2003 Globe Production was all-male and
very Elizabethan
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Film and television 1910 Silent Film First feature length
film was Russian (1955)
First Shakespeare play to be broadcast by BBC in 1939
1957 Hallmark Hall of Fame production in America
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1970 - BBC BBC production directed by John Dexter with
Joan Plowright, Alec Guinness and Ralph Richardson
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1980 - BBC BBC production with Felicity Kendal, Sinead
Cusack and Alec Macgowan
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1988 – Renaissance Theatre
Renaissance Theatre Production by Kenneth Branagh and Paul Kafno (for television) with Frances Barber (Viola) and Richard Briers as Malvolio
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1996 Trevor Nunn film with Imogen Stubbs, Helena
Bonham Carter, Ben Kingsley and Nigel Hawthorne
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2001 Nick Hynter production at Lincoln Center with
Helen Hunt (Viola), Paul Rudd (Orsino) and Philip Bosco (Malvolio)
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Spin-offs Your Own Thing (1968)
Music Is (1976)
Play On! (1999)
She’s the Man (2006)
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Anne Hathaway as Viola
NYC, 2009
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Daniel Maclise “Malvolio and the Countess” (1859)
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Mark Rylance as Olivia & Stephen Fry as Malvolio
Shakespeare’s GLOBE production, 2012-2014