Tutorial: Internet Resource Management by Champika Wijayatunga, APNIC
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Transcript of Tutorial: Internet Resource Management by Champika Wijayatunga, APNIC
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Internet Resource Management Tutorial
21 February 2011 Sponsored by
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Objec?ves – To provide an understanding of address management
– To provide a working knowledge of the procedures for reques?ng resources from APNIC and managing these
– To keep membership up-‐to-‐date with the latest policies
– Liaise with members.
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WHAT IS APNIC? GeKng to know us
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What is APNIC?
• APNIC is one of 5 Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) around the world.
• APNIC takes care of the Asia Pacific region. • APNIC is a non-‐profit, membership based organisa?on
• Policies are proposed and agreed upon by the APNIC community.
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Where Are The RIR Regions?
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Internet Registry Structure
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What is APNIC’s role?
• APNIC provides resource services to the Asia Pacific Region – IPv4, IPv6, ASN – Maintains the Whois database – Provides reverse DNS delega?on for the resources allocated to the region
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What Does APNIC Do?
• APNIC facilitates the policy development process – Via mailing lists and bi-‐annual mee?ngs
• Implements policy changes – When the community has discussed and agreed upon them
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What else does APNIC do?
• APNIC also provides informa?on about industry related ma[ers – Check the website www.apnic.net – Join the mailing lists – Read the publica?ons – A[end mee?ngs and seminars
• APNIC provides training across the region to the community on a regular basis – Face to face – Via eLearning
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What are the Goals of the RIRs?
• The Regional Internet Registries have been charged with the following goals for the number resources they are responsible for: – Conserva?on – Aggrega?on – Registra?on
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Internet Resource Management Goals
• Conserva?on – Efficient use of resources – Based on demonstrated need
• Aggrega?on – Limit rou?ng table growth – Support provider-‐based rou?ng
• Registra?on – Ensure uniqueness – Facilitate trouble shoo?ng
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December 2010 Internet Number Resource Report
IPv4 Address Space
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Growth Of The Global Rou?ng Table
h[p://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-‐ac?ve.html
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Growth Of The Global Rou?ng Table
h[p://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-‐ac?ve.html
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Projected rouDng table growth without CIDR
CIDR deployment
Dot-‐Com boom
Sustainable growth?
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GETTING ADDRESSES
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How Do I Get Addresses?
• Decide what kind of number resources you need – IPv4, IPv6
• Check the criteria – On the website www.apnic.net – Contact the helpdesk [email protected]
• Become familiar with the policies
• Apply for membership and resources
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Ini?al IP Address Request
• You are required to be an APNIC member in order to ini?ate your IP Address Request.
• However you can apply for membership and an ini?al address alloca?on at the same ?me.
• h[p://www.apnic.net/services/become-‐a-‐member
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Why Become A Member?
• All APNIC members have equal access to the following benefits of membership:
– APNIC services – APNIC events & educa?on – Vote – Representa?on
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APNIC POLICIES
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Alloca?on And Assignment
• Alloca?on – “A block of address space held by an IR (or downstream ISP) for subsequent alloca?on or assignment” • Not yet used to address any networks
• Assignment – “A block of address space used to address an opera?onal network” • May be provided to ISP customers, or used for an ISP’s infrastructure (‘self-‐assignment’)
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/22
Member AllocaDon
/25
Customer Assignments
/26 /27
Alloca?on And Assignment
/8
APNIC AllocaDon
Sub-‐ AllocaDon
/24
APNIC Allocates
to APNIC Member
APNIC Member
Customer / End User
Assigns to end-‐user
Allocates to downstream
Downstream Assigns
to end-‐user
/26 /27
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Portable And Non-‐portable
• Portable Assignments – Customer addresses independent from ISP
• Keeps addresses when changing ISP – Bad for size of rou?ng tables
• Non-‐portable Assignments – Customer uses ISP’s address space
• Must renumber if changing ISP
– Only way to effec?vely scale the Internet
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Address Management Hierarchy (IPv4)
Non-‐Portable
APNIC AllocaDon
/8 (IPv4)
Portable
APNIC AllocaDon
/8 (IPv4)
Non-‐Portable
Portable
Non-‐Portable
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Sub-‐alloca?ons
• No max or min size – Max 1 year requirement
• Assignment Window & 2nd Opinion applies – to both sub-‐alloca?on & assignments
• Sub-‐alloca?on holders don’t need to send in 2nd opinions
Sub-‐allocaDon
APNIC Member AllocaDon
Customer Assignments Customer Assignments
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Address Management Hierarchy (IPv6)
Non-‐Portable Portable Non-‐Portable
Portable
Non-‐Portable
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APNIC Alloca?on Policies
• Aggrega?on of alloca?on – Provider responsible for aggrega?on – Customer assignments /sub-‐alloca?ons must be non-‐portable
• Alloca?ons based on demonstrated need – Detailed documenta?on required
• All address space held to be declared – Address space to be obtained from one source
• rou?ng considera?ons may apply
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Ini?al IPv4 Alloca?on
• APNIC minimum IPv4 alloca?on size /22 – An ISP must have used a /24 from their upstream provider or demonstrate an immediate need for a /24
– An ISP must demonstrate a detailed plan for use of a /23 within a year
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Ini?al IPv6 Alloca?on
• To qualify for an ini?al alloca?on of IPv6 address space, an organiza?on must: – Not be an end site (must provide downstream services)
– Plan to provide IPv6 connec?vity to organiza?ons to which it will make assignments
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“One Click” IPv6 Policy
• Members with IPv4 holdings can click the bu[on in MyAPNIC to instantly receive their IPv6 block – No forms to fill out!
• A Member that has an IPv4 alloca?on is eligible for a /32
• A Member that has an IPv4 assignment is eligible for a /48
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APNIC Alloca?on Policies
• Transfer of address space – Not automa?cally recognised
• Return unused address space to appropriate IR
• Effects of mergers, acquisi?ons & take-‐overs – Will require contact with IR (APNIC)
• contact details may change • new agreement may be required
– May require re-‐examina?on of alloca?ons • requirement depends on new network structure
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Sub-‐alloca?on Guidelines
• Sub-‐allocate cau?ously – Only allocate or assign what the customer has demonstrated a need for
– Seek APNIC advice if in doubt • Efficient assignments
– Member is responsible for overall u?lisa?on
• Database registra?on (WHOIS Db) – Sub-‐alloca?ons & assignments must be registered in the whois db
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Portable Assignments for IPv4
• For (small) organisa?ons who require a portable assignment for mul?-‐homing purposes
– Applicants currently mul?homed OR demonstrate a plan to mul?home within 1 month
– Agree to renumber out of previously assigned space
– Demonstrate need to use 25% of requested space immediately and 50% within 1 year
/8 APNIC
/22 Member allocaDon
Non-‐portable assignment
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Portable Assignments for IPv6
• For (small) organisa?ons who require a portable assignment for mul?-‐homing purposes – The current policy allows for IPv6 portable assignment to end-‐sites
– Size: /48, or a shorter prefix if the end site can jus?fy it
– To be mul?homed within 3 months
/12 APNIC
/32 Member allocaDon
Non-‐portable assignment
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IXP IPv4 Assignments Policy
• Criteria – 3 or more peers
– Demonstrate “open peering policy”
• APNIC has reserved blocks of space from which to make IXP assignments
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IXP IPv6 Assignment Policy
• Criteria – Demonstrate ‘open peering policy’
– 3 or more peers
• Portable assignment size: /48 – All other needs should be met through normal processes
– /64 holders can “upgrade” to /48 • Through NIRs/ APNIC • Need to return /64
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Portable Cri?cal Infrastructure Assignments
• What is Cri?cal Internet Infrastructure? – Domain Registry Infrastructure
• Operators of Root DNS, gTLD, and ccTLD – Address Registry Infrastructure
• IANA, RIRs & NIRs • Why a specific policy ?
– Protect stability of core Internet func?on • Assignment sizes:
– IPv4: /24 or IPv6: /32
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WHERE DO POLICIES COME FROM?
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Policies and their Development
• Policies are constantly changing the meet the technical needs of the Internet
• There is a system in place called the Policy Development Process – Anyone can par?cipate – Anyone can propose a policy – All decisions & policies documented & freely available to anyone
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Why Par?cipate In Policy Development?
This is your opportunity to comment on policies that may directly affect the way your organisa?on obtains, manages and deploys Internet resources
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You Can Par?cipate!
• Send a proposal to the Secretariat • Discuss proposals via public mailing lists
– h[p://www.apnic.net/community/par?cipate/join-‐discussions
• A[end mee?ngs – h[p://mee?ngs.apnic.net/31
– Remote par?cipa?on available
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Policy Development Process
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From Regional to Global Policies
While RIRs and their respec?ve communi?es are responsible for policies specific to their regions, there are ?mes when a policy needs to be global.
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Global Policy Coordina?on
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APNIC31 Policy Proposals
• prop-‐083: Alterna?ve criteria for subsequent IPv6 alloca?ons
• prop-‐084: Frequent whois informa?on update request
• prop-‐085: Eligibility for cri?cal infrastructure assignments from the final /8
• prop-‐086: Global Policy for IPv4 Alloca?ons by the IANA Post Exhaus?on • prop-‐087: IPv6 address alloca?on for deployment purposes
• prop-‐088: Distribu?on of IPv4 addresss once the final /8 period starts
• prop-‐089: Addi?onal criterion for final /8 alloca?ons (and assignments)
• prop-‐090: Op?mizing IPv6 Alloca?on Strategies
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APNIC31 Policy Proposals
• prop-‐091: Limi?ng of final /8 policy to specific /9
• prop-‐092: Distribu?on of addi?onal APNIC IPv4 address ranges aser IANA exhaus?on
• prop-‐093: Reducing the minimum delega?on size for the final /8 policy
• prop-‐094: Adding alterna?ve criteria to renumbering requirement in final /8 policy
• prop-‐095: Inter-‐RIR IPv4 address transfer proposal
• prop-‐096: Maintaining demonstrated needs requirement in transfer policy aser the final /8 phase
• prop-‐097: Global Policy for post exhaus?on IPv4 alloca?on mechanisms by the IANA
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SUPPORTING INTERNET DEVELOPMENT
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Projects -‐ Root Server Deployment
– A number of mirrored root server sites have been placed into the Asia Pacific region
– Lowers the transit cost by using a nearby instance of a root server
– The sites are par?ally or fully funded by APNIC, but operate as "anycast" mirror copies of exis?ng Root servers, by the applicable root server operator
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Grants For Community Support
• The Informa?on Society Innova?on Fund is a small grants program funding innova?ve approaches to the extension of Internet infrastructure and services in the Asia Pacific region – 19 projects have been funded since Jan 2009 – ISIF is ac?vely seeking sponsorship to support innova?on in the Asia Pacific region
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Community Collabora?on
• Internet Community of Online Networking Specialists (ICONS) website provides an opportunity to share informa?on on networking topics
• The ICONS site contains: – An online forum – Documents and presenta?ons – Links to interes?ng external material
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Community Collabora?on -‐ TTM
• The Test Traffic Measurement (TTM) • Con?nuously monitors connec?vity between the host and the rest of the Internet.
• This project is in collabora?on with RIPE NCC www.apnic.net/community/support/[m
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Resource Quality Assurance
• APNIC acts to minimize any problems in routability through communica?on, training, and tes?ng
• Tes?ng for new /8 blocks – NOC mailing lists no?fica?on – Collabora?ve tes?ng conducted by APNIC R&D in conjunc?on with different organiza?ons
– APNIC conducts further tes?ng, to quan?fy the extent to which networks a[ract “pollu?on” or “unwanted” traffic
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Resource Quality Assurance
• Community awareness – Promote responsible administrative practices through APNIC publica?ons and training materials
– Inform organizations that maintain bogon/black lists about the changes for recently allocated addresses so they update their DB
– Keep the Whois Database accurate • Actively remind resource holders to update their
data
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• Is a collabora?ve effort, you can: – Follow responsible network administra?on prac?ces to protect users from abuse and security a[acks, while allowing legi?mate traffic to flow and reach its intended des?na?on
– Talk to your customers, upstreams and peers – Keep informed about IANA alloca?ons – Consider whether you should stop any form of bogon filtering
Resource Quality Assurance
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MYAPNIC
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MyAPNIC
A day-‐to-‐day tool to manage your APNIC account and resources
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MyAPNIC Func?ons
• Resource informa?on – IPv4 – IPv6 – ASN
• Administra?on – Membership detail
– Contact persons – Billing history
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MyAPNIC Func?ons (cont.)
• Training – Training history – Training registra?on
• Tools – Looking Glass – MD5
– Prefix Report
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AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUMBERS
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What Is An Autonomous System?
• Collec?on of networks with same rou?ng policy
• Usually under single ownership, trust or administra?ve control
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When Do I Need An ASN?
• An ASN is needed if you have a – Mul?-‐homed network to different providers AND
– Rou?ng policy different to external peers
* For more informa?on please refer to RFC1930: Guidelines for crea?on, selec?on and registra?on of an Autonomous System
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Reques?ng An ASN
• Complete the request form – Check with peers if they can handle 4 byte ASN – Exis?ng members send the request from MyAPNIC – New Members can send AS request along with membership applica?on
• Transfers of ASNs – Require legal documenta?on (mergers etc)
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Reques?ng An AS Number
• If a member requests an ASN from APNIC for own network infrastructure – AS number is “portable”
• If a member requests an ASN from APNIC for its downstream customer network – ASN is “non-‐portable” – ASN is returned if the customer changes provider
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REVERSE DNS DELEGATIONS
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What is ‘Reverse DNS’?
• ‘Forward DNS’ maps names to numbers – svc00.apnic.net -‐> 202.12.28.131
• ‘Reverse DNS’ maps numbers to names – 202.12.28.131 -‐> svc00.apnic.net
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Reverse DNS -‐ why bother?
• Service denial • That only allow access when fully reverse delegated eg. anonymous sp
• Diagnos?cs • Assis?ng in trace routes etc
• SPAM iden?fica?ons
• Registra?on responsibili?es
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whois
Principles – DNS tree
net edu com sg
whois
apnic
arpa
22 .64 .in-addr .202 .arpa
202 203 210 211.. 202 RIR
64 64 ISP
22 22 Customer
in-addr
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Reverse delega?on requirements
• /24 Delega?ons • Address blocks should be assigned/allocated • At least two name servers
• /16 Delega?ons • Same as /24 delega?ons • APNIC delegates en?re zone to member
• < /24 Delega?ons • Read “classless in-‐addr.arpa delega?on” RFC
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APNIC & ISPs responsibili?es
• APNIC – Manage reverse delega?ons of address block distributed by APNIC
– Process organisa?ons requests for reverse delega?ons of network alloca?ons
• Organisa?ons – Be familiar with APNIC procedures – Ensure that addresses are reverse-‐mapped – Maintain nameservers for alloca?ons
• Minimise pollu?on of DNS
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Reverse delega?on procedures • Standard APNIC database object,
– can be updated through myAPNIC.
• Nameserver/domain set up verified before being submi[ed to the database.
• Protec?on by maintainer object – (current auths: CRYPT-‐PW, PGP).
• Any queries – Contact <[email protected]>
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Whois domain object
domain: 28.12.202.in-addr.arpa descr: in-addr.arpa zone for 28.12.202.in-addr.arpa admin-c: DNS3-AP tech-c: DNS3-AP zone-c: DNS3-AP nserver: ns.telstra.net nserver: rs.arin.net nserver: ns.myapnic.net nserver: svc00.apnic.net nserver: ns.apnic.net mnt-by: MAINT-APNIC-AP mnt-lower: MAINT-DNS-AP changed: [email protected] 19990810 source: APNIC
Reverse Zone
Contacts
Name Servers
Maintainers (protection)
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Removing lame delega?ons
• Objec?ve – To repair or remove persistently lame DNS delega?ons
• DNS delega?ons are lame if: – Some or all of the registered DNS nameservers are unreachable or badly configured
• APNIC has formal implementa?on of the lame DNS reverse delega?on procedures
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IPV6 OVERVIEW
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Mo?va?on Behind IPv6 Protocol • New genera?on Internet need:
– Plenty of address space (PDA, Mobile Phones, Tablet PC, Car, TV etc etc )
– Solu?on of very complex hierarchical addressing need, which IPv4 is unable provide
– End to end communica?on without the need of NAT for some real ?me applica?on i.e online transac?on
– Ensure security, reliability of data and faster processing of protocol overhead
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New Func?onal Improvement In IPv6
• Address Space – Increase from 32-‐bit to 128-‐bit address space
• Management – Stateless autoconfigura?on means no more need to configure IP addresses for end systems, even via DHCP
• Performance – Fixed header sizes (40 byte) and 64-‐bit header alignment mean be[er performance from routers and bridges/switches
75 Source: h[p://www.opus1.com/ipv6/wha?sipv6.html
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Protocol Header Comparison
• IPv4 contain 10 basic header field • IPv6 contain 6 basic header field
• IPv6 header has 40 octets in contrast to the 20 octets in IPv4
• So a smaller number of header fields and the header is 64-‐bit aligned to
enable fast processing by current processors
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IPv6 addressing
• 128 bits of address space • Hexadecimal values of eight 16 bit fields
• X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X (X=16 bit number, ex: A2FE) • 16 bit number is converted to a 4 digit hexadecimal number
• Example: • FE38:DCE3:124C:C1A2:BA03:6735:EF1C:683D
– Abbreviated form of address • 4EED:0023:0000:0000:0000:036E:1250:2B00 • →4EED:23:0:0:0:36E:1250:2B00 • →4EED:23::36E:1250:2B00 • (Null value can be used only once)
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IPv6 Addressing Structure
0 127
ISP /32
32
128 bits
Customer Site /48
16
Subnet /64
16 64
Device /128
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IPv6 u?lisa?on • U?lisa?on determined from end site assignments – ISP responsible for registra?on of all /48 assignments
– Intermediate alloca?on hierarchy not considered
• U?lisa?on of IPv6 address space is measured differently from IPv4 – Use HD ra?o to measure
• Subsequent alloca?on may be requested when IPv6 u?lisa?on requirement is met
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FINISHING UP
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Need any help?
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• More personalised service – Range of languages: Bahasa Indonesia, Bengali, Cantonese, English, Hindi, Mandarin, Thai, etc.
• Faster response and resolu4on of queries – IP resource applica?ons, status of requests, obtaining help in
comple?ng applica?on forms, membership enquiries, billing issues & database enquiries
Member Services Helpdesk - One point of contact for all member enquiries - Online chat services
Helpdesk hours 9:00 am -‐ 9:00 pm (AU EST, UTC + 10 hrs)
ph: +61 7 3858 3188 fax: 61 7 3858 3199
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APNIC Helpdesk chat
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APNIC Website
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Summary
• APNIC is the Regional Internet Registry for the APNIC region
• APNIC (the Secretariat) facilitates the Policy Development process
• Members have access to APNIC services including IP addresses, ASN numbers, MyAPNIC tools and subsidized training
• APNIC helps members to create Reverse Delega?ons • APNIC encourages organisa?ons to request for IPv6 addresses
• APNIC is involved in various projects in the APNIC region
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Ques?ons?
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Thank You! <[email protected]>