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Transcript of Tutorial 2 - Terrain Representation and Contour Interpretation - Black and White
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7/21/2019 Tutorial 2 - Terrain Representation and Contour Interpretation - Black and White
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VIDEO CONFERENCE 2 :
TERRAIN REPRESENTATION AND
CONTOUR INTERPRETATION
JMG 213E/4 :
TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY
ByBy ::
Izham Mohamad YusoffIzham Mohamad Yusoff
School of Distance Education,School of Distance Education,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden,Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden,
11800 Penang .11800 Penang .
CONTENTS
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTSCONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS
HILL SHADINGHILL SHADING
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMSPHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS
BLOCK DIAGRAMSBLOCK DIAGRAMS
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONCONTOUR INTERPRETATION
-- CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
-- ELEVATION ESTIMATIONELEVATION ESTIMATION
-- PROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATIONPROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS
Contour : Primary input of vertical distance to visualize theContour : Primary input of vertical distance to visualize theelevation of an area.elevation of an area.
Topographic Map : Contour lines are represented in series ofTopographic Map : Contour lines are represented in series ofbrown lines with constant value of elevation.brown lines with constant value of elevation.
representation.representation.
The contour interval of a contour map is the difference inelevation between successive contour lines.
Application of contour lines :Application of contour lines :-- Hill AspectsHill Aspects -- Derive SlopesDerive Slopes
-- Hill ShadingHill Shading
-- Producing Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasetsProducing Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets
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CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
Basic data structures elevation data
Vector (contour
lines)
Raster (digtial
elevation model DEM)
TIN (triangulated
irregular network)
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPSTOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
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CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
Spot Height : Elevation of a certain point above seaSpot Height : Elevation of a certain point above sealevel.level.
Can be converted into contour lines via interpolation.Can be converted into contour lines via interpolation.
y spo e g :y spo eg : use y means o magna on
to achieve topographic surface expression.
Application of spot height :Application of spot height :-- Hill AspectsHill Aspects -- Derive SlopesDerive Slopes
-- Hill ShadingHill Shading
-- Producing Digital Elevation Model (DEM)Producing Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
datasetsdatasets
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
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CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
Spot height data captured usingSpot height data captured using Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR), Global Positioning Systems (GPS) device, GeoSARairborne remote sensing solution for mapping large,rugged and
remote regions.
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
EElevation data have been applied generally for many purposes,E.g. providing flood and landslide risk zone, road corridor
selection including cut and fill estimation, siting proper position
for relay station, etc.
FFor geological interpretation, particularly in terms of
, ,
engineering tasks.
What is DEM data?What is DEM data?DDigital elevation data set recording the topographic surface
expression of any area.
The nature of elevation data is continuous, not discrete.DEM data can be displayed in forms i.e. grid, contour, profile,
and TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network).
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CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT
HEIGHTScont
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTSCONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS
HILL SHADINGHILL SHADING
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMSPHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS
BLOCK DIAGRAMSBLOCK DIAGRAMS
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONCONTOUR INTERPRETATION
-- CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
-- ELEVATION ESTIMATIONELEVATION ESTIMATION
-- PROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATIONPROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE
-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION
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HILL SHADING
Hill shadingHill shading
Hill shading is variation in tone from light to dark to delineatethe form of the land.
The shading should be used to suggest the surface material,such as snow or vegetation.
Contour lines and hill shading are often used togetherbecause they complement each other.
Hill shading gives an overall impression of the terrain butwithout mathematical accuracy while contours give heights
mathematically, but have information gaps.
HILL SHADINGcon t
HILL SHADINGcon t
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CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTSCONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS
HILL SHADINGHILL SHADING
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMSPHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS
BLOCK DIAGRAMSBLOCK DIAGRAMS
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONCONTOUR INTERPRETATION
-- CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
-- ELEVATION ESTIMATIONELEVATION ESTIMATION
-- PROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATIONPROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE
-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS
Physiographic DiagramsPhysiographic Diagrams
A small-scale map showing landforms by the systematicapplication of a standardized set of simplified pictorial
symbols that represent the appearance.
An illustration of a shaded relief.
Also known as landform map; morphographic map.
Vertically oriented physiographic diagram basicallyportray the landscape much as would an aerial
photograph or satellite image.
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMScont
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PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMScont
CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTSCONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS
HILL SHADINGHILL SHADING
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMSPHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS
BLOCK DIAGRAMSBLOCK DIAGRAMS
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONCONTOUR INTERPRETATION
-- CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
-- ELEVATION ESTIMATIONELEVATION ESTIMATION
-- PROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATIONPROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
Block DiagramsBlock Diagrams
An inclined-perspective block diagram has quite aversatile range of applications in cartography.
The origins of the block diagram were from 18th centurygeological report illustrated with cross sections.
The primary application includes geology,geomorphology, in which a physiographic view is shown
both above and beneath the earths surface.
Other fields that make use of block diagrams :meteorology, oceanography, archeology, architecture and
statistics, which provide 3D views of the subject.
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BLOCK DIAGRAMScont
BLOCK DIAGRAMScont
Block diagram showing the geology of the eastern Tafuna-
Leone Plain and the mountains to the north, Tutuila, AmericanSamoa
BLOCK DIAGRAMScont
Block diagram showing oceanography of terrain around Port-
au-Prince.
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CONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTSCONTOUR LINES AND SPOT HEIGHTS
HILL SHADINGHILL SHADING
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMSPHYSIOGRAPHIC DIAGRAMS
BLOCK DIAGRAMSBLOCK DIAGRAMS
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONCONTOUR INTERPRETATION
-- CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
-- ELEVATION ESTIMATIONELEVATION ESTIMATION
-- PROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATIONPROFILING AND VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
-- DRAWING A PROFILEDRAWING A PROFILE
-- SLOPE DETERMINATIONSLOPE DETERMINATION
CONTOUR INTERPRETATION
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Contour interpretation is about relating the contour features onthe map to the real features on the ground (and vice versa).
Response surface plot, with contour layout
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
CharacteristicscontCharacteristicscont
In gridded form : Digital Elevation Model Bahia, BrazilSeafloor
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CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
CharacteristicscontCharacteristicscont
In triangulated form : Triangular Irregular Network
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Elevation EstimationElevation Estimation
Inverse Distance Weighted
Minimum Curvature Spline
Natural Neighbors
Ordinary Kriging
Universal Kriging
Polynomial Trend
Topo To Raster (ANUDEM)
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Elevation EstimationcontElevation Estimationcont
IDW NATURAL NEIGHBORS
SPLINE KRIGING
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CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Profiling and Vertical ExaggerationProfiling and Vertical Exaggeration
Vertical exaggeration (VE) is a scale that is used in raised-
relief maps, plans and technical drawings (cross section
perspectives).
The exaggeration is used to emphasize vertical features,which might be too small to identify relative to the
horizontal scale.
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Profiling and Vertical ExaggerationcontProfiling and Vertical Exaggerationcont
A vertically exaggerated mountain. In reality, the terrain would
appear much flatter.
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Profiling and Vertical ExaggerationcontProfiling and Vertical Exaggerationcont
DEMO
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CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Drawing a ProfileDrawing a Profile
DEMO
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Slope DeterminationSlope Determination
DEMO
CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
Extensive application of elevation data in RainfallExtensive application of elevation data in Rainfall--runoffrunoff
ModellingModelling
DEMO
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CONTOUR INTERPRETATIONcont
3D Dynamic Simulation of Overland Flow Modelling3D Dynamic Simulation of Overland Flow Modelling
DEMO
ANY QUERIES?
Room No :Room No :
01,01,Cabin B,Cabin B, BangunanBangunan PeSAPeSA
(Behind Student Main Hall),(Behind Student Main Hall),
USM Main Campus, Penang.USM Main Campus, Penang.
EE--mail :mail :
[email protected]@usm.my
H/P :H/P :013013--40583424058342