Tutorial 1 maria wimmer

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ICEGOV2011 Tutorial on Electronic Governance for Sustainable Development

Tomasz Janowski, Adegboyega Ojo, Elsa Estevez

United Nations University

Maria Wimmer

University of Koblenz-Landau

TALLINN, ESTONIA, 26 SEPTEMBER 2011 - 2ICEGOV2011 TUTORIAL 1 - ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Propose and demonstrate the concept of Electronic Governance for Sustainable Development (EGOV4SD); explore how EGOV can advance the social, environmental, economic and transitional SD goals; and explain how open government and policy development can help realize EGOV4SD.

1. ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE – EGOV

2. ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT – EGOV4D

3. ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – EGOV4SD

3.1. CONCEPT

3.2. GOAL – SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

3.3. GOAL – ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

3.4. GOAL – ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

3.5. GOAL – SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION

4. REALIZING EGOV4SD – OPEN GOVERNMENT AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT

AIM AND OVERVIEW

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CONTEXT – PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENTS

Governments around the world are under pressure:

o from globalisationo from fiscal demandso from evolving societieso from raising citizen expectations, etc.

They are expected to:

o be responsive to social change,o address public concerns, o deliver effective government programs, o manage public funds efficiently, o implement the principles of good governance [1]

deliver Public Value!


1. Web 2.0

o RSS - content syndicationo Blogs - online journal writingo Wikis - collaborative editing and content creationo Social Networking - connecting peopleo Mashups - combining contents from different sourceso Virtual Worlds - training and educating with simulations

2. Semantic web - Tagging resources on the web to facilitate finding, sharing, and combining content.

3. Cloud computing - Scalable and virtualized resources offered as services over the Internet.

4. Software as a service - providing or deploying software as service on demand

5. Global identity - validating identity of users globally in any context (.Net passport)

6. Ubiquitous computing - delivering computing networks and services everywhere

7. Ambient services - providing environment-embedded services

8. Pervasive broadband - broadband access everywhere

CONTEXT – TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

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CONTEXT – TECHNOLOGY AND GOVERNMENT

TECHNOLOGY PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENTS PARADIGMS

Web 2.0 Collaborative government

Semantic Web Participatory government

Cloud computingINNOVATION

Mobile government

Grid computing Agile government

Pervasive broadband Infocomm infrastructure Local EGOV

Software as service Reuse of public information EGOV4D

Global digital identity Citizen-centric practice EGOV4SD

One service space Governance 2.0

Readiness to development

Seamless mobile services

Chief Information Officers


DEFINITIONS [2] DISCIPLINES

INFO

RM

ATICS

PO

LITICA

LSC

IENC

E

PU

BLIC

AD

MIN

ISTRATIO

N

ECO

NO

MIC

S

MA

NA

GEM

ENT

SOC

IOLO

GY

1. Internet service delivery and government online X X X

2. Front- and back-office use of ICT by government X X X X

3. Transforming the working of governments through ICT X X X X

4. Transforming the working of and interaction with government through ICT X X X X X

ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE

4

3

2, 31

PoliticalSystem

AdministrativeSystem

Civil Society

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ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE – DIMENSIONS

Deconstructing the definition – EGOV determines how Government applies Technology to transform itself and its Interactions with Customers in order to create impact on the Society.

EGOV DIMENSIONS [3]

GOVERNMENT TECHNOLOGY INTERACTION CUSTOMERS SOCIETY

Mission Equipment Channels Information needs Demography

Role Infrastructure Channel Strategy Service needs Digital inclusion

Values Data Interoperability Producer roles Institutional change

Operations Social Media Partnerships Consumer roles Social tension

Services Services Goals Accessibility Participation

Institutions Applications Governance Change Globalization

Trust Migration


ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE – SHIFTING FOCUS

1. Technical and Technological

2. Organizational and Transformational

3. Societal, Economic, Environmental

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FOCUS 1 – TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL

GOALS o Establishing agency websites

o Publishing government information online

o Providing online access to public services

o Automating and optimizing administrative processes

CHALLENGES o Providing connectivity

o Assuring interoperability between systems

o Connecting legacy systems to other systems and the internet

LIMITATIONS o Technology issues are not isolated – context

o Overreliance on technology is a typical source of failure

o Developing more mature services introduces organizational issues

o Technological development alone does not produce public value


FOCUS 2 – ORGANIZATIONAL, TRANSFORMATIONAL

GOALS o Transforming the internal working of government agencies using technology

o Establishing collaboration between agencies and across the government

o Offering seamless, transactional services through multiple delivery channels

CHALLENGES o Command-and-control operations

o Narrow specializations and inward-looking cultures

o Lack of collaboration in government

o Resistance to change

LIMITATIONS o Higher service maturity may not lead to higher service usage

o Internal change without sufficient public consultation is a major source of failure

o The purpose of internal transformation should enable higher external performance

o Organizational change alone does not create public value

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FOCUS 3 – SOCIETAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL

GOALS o How to ensure that electronic public services are used?

o How to engage non-state actors in the pursuit of public goals?

o How can governance through network support major policy goals?

o How to ensure that government investment in technology produces public value?

CHALLENGES o Lack of trust – citizens do not trust their government

o Lack of trust – government does not trust its citizens

o Determining the impact of technology on development

o Managing conflicts and balancing contradictory requirements

o Measuring public value in complex non-financial terms


EXAMPLE – EU 2015 STRATEGY





Mobile government









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EXAMPLE – SINGAPORE 2015 STRATEGY





Mobile government










DISCUSSION

How is technology applied by your organization to address its external pressures? What innovations emerge as a result?

Provide an example.

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3.1. CONCEPT






AIM AND OVERVIEW


DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)

Economic, social and political development in thecountries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, theCaribbean and the South Pacific (the South) [4].

1. Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality

MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS 4. Reduce child mortality

Economic Creation of wealth and improved conditions of material life

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Social Well-being in health, education, housing and employment

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

Political Human rights, political freedom, enfranchisement

RESULTS

Mixed for most countries except a small number ofcountries mainly in East Asia. Key reasons:

o inappropriate policy choiceso poorly performing public sectoro changing trends in development administration

Cultural Values, beliefs and self-identity

EnvironmentalCommitment to ecologically sound, sustainable development

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GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM

Formulate and implement, jointly with the privatesector and civil society institutions, developmentpolicies to generate economic growth, provideeducation, maintain security, expand jobs, etc. [4]

Reform agenda to address poor performance ofstate institutions causing development failures:

1. Eliminating red-tape

2. Decentralizing/devolving the authority

GOVERNANCE FAILURES 3. Improving responsiveness to citizens

1. Excessive use of regulations and formal rules 4. Engaging the public in decision-making

2. Poor communication between agencies 5. Developing human capacity in government

3. Centralization of decision making 6. Introducing performance and accountability

4. Distance of public servants to citizens 7. Delivering public services by private firms

5. Orientation on maintenance, not outcomes 8. Utilizing ICT in all aspects of the reform

6. Inefficiency and unresponsiveness

7. Administrative corruption

8. Gender bias


ICT FOR DEVELOPMENT

Application of ICTs tosocio-economic development [5]:

o Direct – to benefit populations

o Indirect – to assist

governments, NGOs, etc. in improving socio-economic conditions.

POVERTY(MDG1)

Increasing market access and competitiveness of the poorImproving social inclusion of isolated communities

EDUCATION(MDG2)

Increasing access to education through distance learningEnhancing the efficiency of educational policies

GENDER(MDG3)

Increasing economic and job opportunities for womenICT for women’s education and for women as educators

HEALTH(MDG4-6)

Providing remote health care servicesConnecting rural health providers with formal health system

ENVIRONMENT(MDG7)

Environmental monitoring and risk mitigationEnvironmental progress in the ICT and other sectors

PARTNERSHIP (MDG8)

Effective data management for international developmentGood governance…

[6]

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ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

D Development

Modernization, dependency and human-centered schools.

GOV4D Governance for Development

Management of the development process through a framework of rules and institutions toregulate the conduct of all actors involved, public or non-public.

EGOV4D Electronic Governance for Development

EGOV focusing on development-related objectives:

o Enhancing the capacity of government agencies for public service delivery through theprocess of ICT-enabled reform and decentralization

o Using ICT to support the delivery of accessible and affordable services that are mostneeded by the poor and small businesses

o Enabling through ICT the increased participation of the disadvantaged groups in thesociety in government decision making


ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

GOVERNMENT ACADEMIA, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY TRANSFORMATIONS

SOCIETY

MDG 1POVERTY

CITIZENS BUSINESSES AGENCIES COMMUNITIES

CONSULTATION/IMPACT

ECONOMYGOVERNANCE

ENABLEMENT

MDG 2EDUCATION

MDG 3GENDER

MDG 4-6HEALTH

MDG 8PARTNERSHIP

MDG 7ENVIRONMENT

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Policy context Lessons learnt

Lower levels of governments are low priority

National agencies prefer to invest at the central level for visibility, creating increasing divide within the countries.

Fragmented Stewardship

EGOV rests with IT agencies but implementation suffers from shared stewardship with related powerful ministries

Academia-Government Collaboration is Necessary

Engaging local academia in research, education and training significantly improves program sustainability.

Bureaucracy is Pervasive

With authorizations required for every action, project managers cannot decide on basic activities and progress is only assured with direct engagement of agency heads.

EXAMPLE – EGOV4D IN CAMEROON

Vision 2035

Growth and Employment Strategy

2020

Public Service Reform

EGOV Strategy 2011

National ICT Policy

2007


DISCUSSION

What kind of development-focused ICT and EGOV efforts are being carried out by your organization?

Provide an example.

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3.1. CONCEPT






AIM AND OVERVIEW


SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEFINITION

DEFINITION [7] Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.

CONCEPTS Needs Essential needs of the world’s poor

Limitations Limitations imposed by the current state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet the needs

PRINCIPLES [8] 1. Poverty alleviation2. Environmental policy integration3. Intra- and inter-generational equity4. Public participation in decision-making5. Technological and environmental limits to growth

INTEPRETATION Exploring the dependencies between principles in various decision-making situations.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE

Governance and Sustainable Development [8]

How Sustainable Development is pursued in different governance systems.

Governance for Sustainable Development

What governance systems are required to make Sustainable Development a reality:

o engaging citizens in the SD processo long-term inter-generational policy perspectiveo vertical and horizontal policy integration for coherent government decisions


SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Environmental Sustainability Economic Sustainability Social Sustainability

Climate change Transportation Poverty and inequality

Water Scarcity Logistics Hunger and malnutrition

Land degradation Energy Consumption Gender imbalance

Fish stock depletion Economic Growth Illiteracy

Biodiversity loss Maternal/infant mortality

Deforestation Access to communication

Sustainability Transition

Green accounting

Energy from renewable sources

Access of under-privileged groups

Environmentally friendly technology and practice

Integration of environmental dimensions into policies and plans[9][10]

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EGOV + SD = EGOV4SD

SDEnvironmentEconomy

Society

EGOV4SD

ICTGovernance

SD

EGOV

PoliticalSystem

Civil Society

AdministrativeSystem






3.1. CONCEPT






AIM AND OVERVIEW

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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Social Sustainability goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS

GOVERNMENTInternal capacity and

values for EGOV

TECHNOLOGYTechnology

infrastructure

INTERACTIONCollaboration within

government and with partners

CUSTOMERSTechnology-enabled information/services

SOCIETYMaking sure that all

society segments participate in EGOV

Access for all Reducing poverty and inequality

Reducing gender inequality

Reducing infant and maternal mortality

SOCIALSUSTAINABILITY

ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY

ECONOMICSUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION

SD GOALS

BA C DE


SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – MEASURES

A EGOV technology initiatives should consider accessibility (cost, ability to use, etc.) of all segments of society in their technology choices, e.g. support for mobile channels for service delivery.

B EGOV services should enable citizens and particularly the disadvantaged to meet their critical livelihood needs like access to jobs, primary health services, educational services, sanitation, etc.

C EGOV services in rural areas and at lower levels of government should be specifically targeted at women as critical actors in the social and economic development of families.

D EGOV services should support government public health efforts in reducing infant and maternal mortality by providing necessary information to mothers, particularly in the less developed areas.

E EGOV initiatives should involve participation of different members of the society and should not exacerbate existing digital divide.

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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – STRATEGIES

SINGAPORE 2015 KOREA 2012 ESTONIA 2013

Next generation infocomm infrastructure

Public-private collaborative governance

One service space - public, private and third sectors

Innovation centers and entrepreneurship

Seamless and converged informatization

Paperless document management

Infocomm competency framework

Active response to adverse effects of informatization

Traceability of the use of one’s own data

Electronic health records Utilization-focused services Internet in rural areas

EUROPEAN UNION 2015 UNITED NATIONS 2010 WASEDA 2011

Improve (seamless) services to cater for different needs

Government data sharing based on open standards

Increase of social media applications for participation

Invite third parties in EGOV development

From readiness to development

Cloud computing and data center virtualization

Involve stakeholders in public policy processes

Agility to respond to more demands as revenues drop

Disaster management and business continuity

Reduce carbon footprint Citizen-centric practice Smart grid and green technology


SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – EXAMPLE

Sustainable Social Services for Wales, UK

Priority actions:

1. A strong national purpose and expectation and clear accountability for delivery

2. A national outcomes framework

3. Citizen centered services

4. Integrated services

5. Reducing complexity

6. A confident and competent workforce

7. Safeguarding and promoting the wellbeing of citizens

8. A new improvement framework for Wales

http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dhss/publications/110216frameworken.pdf

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3.1. CONCEPT






AIM AND OVERVIEW


ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Environmental Sustainability goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS

GOVERNMENTInternal capacity

and values for EGOV


infrastructure

INTERACTIONCollaboration

within government and with partners




Climate change Improved water management

Reduced land degradation

Restoration of biodiversity





SD GOALS

BA C D EF

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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – MEASURES

A Use of low or zero carbon-emission ICT equipment for government operations (front and back office)

B Providing information and services to citizens on how they can contribute to addressing the climate change (e.g. carbon footprint calculators) to support decisions about the choice of delivery channels.

C Providing information and services for citizens and businesses on better domestic water management practices and smart metering systems.

D Providing information to citizens on better land use practices and information systems at government offices for better management of land use, with relevant services for citizens.

E Providing information to citizens on the practices that can improve or restore biodiversity and develop relevant information systems to monitor ecological areas of interests.

F Develop partnerships with relevant environmental agencies to deliver A – E, including improved water management, reduction of land degradation and restoration of biodiversity.


ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – STRATEGIES























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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – EXAMPLE

Crowd-sourcing renewable energy strategy on the Internet, Maldives:

AIM Experts around the world are invited toprovide technical advice on low-carbonenergy generation, storage and financingthrough http://maldives.co2.org

GOALS Making the country carbon-neutral by 2020

Addressing lack of local technical expertise

SCOPE 8 themes and 65 theme-related questions, e.g.

1. How should Maldives pursue carbon neutrality vis-à-vis short-term economic wellbeing?2. How should Maldives account for tourist air travel in its quest for carbon neutrality?3. Should air travelers contribute financially to de-carbonization of the Maldives economy?4. What level of oil price should the Maldives use for planning its energy future?






3.1. CONCEPT






AIM AND OVERVIEW

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ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Economic Sustainability goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS


and values for EGOV


infrastructure






Transportation and logistic

Economic growth

Improved energy consumption





SD GOALS

B AC


ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – MEASURES

A Use of energy efficient technology equipment in government operations and incorporation of such

equipment in the government procurement practice.

B Providing information and services to citizens to help reduce transport congestion e.g. real time

service to check traffic situations in different parts of cities.

C Providing information and services to enterprises and businesses to support their operations,

interaction with governments, and growth.

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ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – STRATEGIES
























ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – EXAMPLE

http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/OccGuides/GreenIndexOfGuides.aspx?Geography=0601000000

Green occupational guidelines for 23 occupations by California Government

Informational services:

1. Work to be carried out as a …

2. Required skills

3. Possible tasks and required skills

4. Working conditions

5. Job expectations

6. Wages and benefits

7. Job outlook

8. Qualifications

9. Training opportunities

10.Job opportunities

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3.1. CONCEPT






AIM AND OVERVIEW


SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Sustainability Transition goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS


and values for EGOV


infrastructure






Adoption of Green Accounting

Access of under-privileged groups

Adoption of environmentally friendly practices

Energy from renewable sources





SD GOALS

A AA A

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SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION – MEASURES

A Provide information and electronic services that show key SD indicators and their interpretation for

citizens and agency management [9]:

SOCIAL INDICATORS ECONOMIC INDICATORS

1. Population, density, growth rate 1. Air travel

2. Life expectancy, infant mortality 2. Energy consumption

3. Urban/rural population distribution 3. Growth of economic activity

4. Percentage of voting population 4. Agricultural production density

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS TRANSITIONAL INDICATORS

1. Plant biodiversity 1. Changes in food and nutrition style

2. Animal population 2. Environmental and general education

3. Depletion of fossil fuels 3. Percent of energy from renewable sources

4. Topsoil and farmland loss 4. Access of the poor to public decision-making


SUSTAINABILILITY TRANSITION – STRATEGIES























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SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION – EXAMPLE

Directgov, UK

Offering informational services on environment and greener living:

1. Recycling and reducing waste

2. Climate change and environment protection

3. Energy saving and generation

4. Greener home and garden

5. Greener travel and leisure

6. Keeping farm animals and bees

7. Greener community and work

8. Greener life events and celebrations

http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Environmentandgreenerliving/index.htm


DISCUSSION

What contribution is your organization making to the sustainable development transition? How is ICT involved?

Provide an example.

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3.1. CONCEPT






AIM AND OVERVIEW


NEXT PRESENTATION…

Involving stakeholders in policy development processes

EGOV DIMENSIONS


and values for EGOV


infrastructure



CUSTOMERSTechnology-enabled Information/services



Open Government and Policy Development





SD GOALS

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[1] T. Field, E. Muller, and E. Lau, The e-Government Imperative. 2003, p. 203.[2] Å. Grönlund and T. A. Horan, “Introducing e-Gov: History, Definitions, and Issues,” Communications of

the Association for Information Systems, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 713-729, 2005.[3] S. S. Dawes, “Governance in the digital age: A research and action framework for an uncertain future,”

Government Information Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 257-264, Apr. 2009.[4] Mark Turner, David Hulme, Governance, Administration and Development: Making the State Work,

Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.[5] Wikipedia, Information and communication technologies for development,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_for_development[6] World Bank, ICT and MDGs – A World Bank Perspective, 2003[7] Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, 1987[8] W. Neil Adger and A. Jordan. Sustainability: Exploring the Processes and Outcomes of Governance. In

Governing Sustainability. Cambridge, 2009[9] Helen Briassoulis, Sustainable development and its indicators: Through a (Planner's) Glass Darkly,

Journal of environmental planning and management, 44(3), 409-427, 2001[10] Anne Jerneck, Lennart Olsson, Barry Ness, Stefan Anderberg, Mathias Baier, Erick Clark, Thomas

Hickler, Alf Hornborg, Annica Kronsell, Eva Lovbrand, Johannes Persson, Structuring Sustainability Science, Sustainability Science, August 2010, Springer

REFERENCES

Tutorial 1 maria wimmer

Education

Transcript of Tutorial 1 maria wimmer