Engineering Strategies and Practice

University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering

APS112 & APS113 Final Design Specification (FDS)

Project # 101 Date April 1, 2015

Project Title Tri­Campus University of Toronto Lab Safety Program

Client Name Gina Trubiani

Client Contact gina.trubiani@utoronto.ca

Tutorial Section 18

Teaching Assistant Paul Ziade

Project Manager Philip Yaneff

Communication Instructor Catriona Wright

Prepared By (Names and Student #s of Team Members)

Andrew Lagdameo, Taha Rizvi, Darren Lee, Batikan Kavak, Jesse Yang, Yifei Chen

This Final Design Specification (the "Report") has been prepared by first­year engineering students at the University of Toronto (the "Students") and does not present a Professional Engineering design. A Professional Engineer has not reviewed the Report for technical accuracy or adequacy. The recommendations of the Report, and any other oral or written communications from the Students, may not be implemented in any way unless reviewed and approved by a licensed Professional Engineer where such review and approval is required by professional or legal standards; it being understood that it is the responsibility of the recipient of the Report to assess whether such a requirement exists. The Report may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without this Disclaimer.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Executive Summary Our client, the associate director of the Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Dr. Gina Trubiani, has requested this design team to improve the existing lab safety manual found on the EHS website. The Office of EHS is in need of an all in one safety manual which will contain information applicable to all three University of Toronto campuses. As a first step in satisfying the client’s need, the project requirements were established, identifying the functions, objectives and constraints of the project. After this stage, the team has created alternative solutions to the problem and as a result of several elimination processes, the Tables and Text Safety Program was chosen as the proposed design by the team. Our client, however, decided that a combination of this design with two of the other alternatives will satisfy her need at a higher level. In addition to hyperlinks and tables which identify the different rules and regulations between campuses, the proposed design will now also have graphical and video content in order to increase understandability while also giving the user the chance to access information in different forms of media. By adding these features, the final design will both satisfy the project requirements and the client’s need better than any of the other alternatives individually. The cost for implementing this final design is considerably low. The manual will exist in the form of a Microsoft Word document to make the editing and updating easy. This will then be converted to a PDF file before being uploaded to the website. Thus, the Office of EHS will only need to purchase Microsoft Word and a PDF editing software such as Adobe Reader Pro XI. Other aspects that also have to be taken into account while finalizing the design are regulations and standards such as the Human Pathogens and Toxins Act, Nuclear Safety and Control Act and the Occupational Health and Safety Act. Sections that provide information on these regulations will be included into the document. From a social and human factor point of view, the design will create a safer working environment within the University of Toronto by training the users of the manual more effectively through its content while also increasing and encouraging the collaboration between the EHS Offices in different campuses. As an end product, the client will be provided with an outline of the document which can be considered a basic structure of the design. After content is added, it can be tested through prototyping. The client can then organize this document at her will and upload a finalized version to the website.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

1.0 Project Requirements Dr. Gina Trubiani of the Office of Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) has requested a new lab safety program pertaining to biosafety, chemical, and radiological safety regulations. The project requirements section will share the stakeholders, primary and secondary functions, objectives, constraints, service environment and the client’s ethics and values to provide a detailed view of the project.

1.1 Problem Statement The client wishes to revise the current multidisciplinary lab safety program, used for experiments performed at the University of Toronto [1]. Currently, the program is not up­to­date on current regulations since its last update in October 2014 [1]. It is also difficult for users to find information, since they must read through the program until they find their desired information [1]. Furthermore, the program only caters to the St. George campus and excludes information that is specific, but necessary, to the Mississauga and Scarborough campuses [1]. The gap is a document that adheres to the current biological, radiological, and chemical regulations for use at the University of Toronto campuses. The need is a document that is updated to current regulations and better presents information that will be uploaded to the EHS website. The design should inform the reader of the lab and safety standards and regulations, while being concise, easy to navigate through , up­to­date, and lastly, must contain all information necessary for the campuses.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

1.2 Stakeholders Various stakeholders’ interests have to be taken into consideration during the design process to ensure a better solution that benefits society as a whole and satisfies the client’s needs. Table 1: General interests of stakeholders and their implications

Stakeholders General Interests Implications

General Public

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

Ensure their well being is not affected by laboratory accidents [2].

Safeguard health of Canadians [3].

Objective: Design must be effective in conveying messages to users. Function: Design must contain updated information.

City of Toronto Ensure people in the city are safe and healthy. Safeguard city’s reputation on education standards.

Objective: Design should be simple and user­friendly to obtain people’s trust.

Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change

Preserve the quality of the environment [4]. Ensure compliance of environmental laws [4].

Objective: Design’s environmental impact should be minimal from development until decommissioning.

Health and Safety agencies (i.e. Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS))

Ensure health and safety of people working in labs [5] [6].

Objective: Design should contain latest regulations to ensure safety of people in labs.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Protect public health. Prevent virus outbreaks from lab accidents [7].

Function: Design should enable users to fully understand latest regulations.

Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC)

Ensure safety in nuclear­related lab activities [8] .

Objective: Design should be effective in conveying messages to users.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

1.3 Functions The functional basis of the design is to store information. This includes how to use the lab equipment, safety and emergency procedures, and laboratory design aspects and training. The primary and secondary functions of the design have been established using the black box method found in Appendix A. Primary function :

Inform users about lab regulations and standards. Secondary functions : As a result of the primary functions the design will also:

Train users on how to use lab equipment. Inform users about lab safety and how to create and work in a safe environment. Educate users about the necessary actions during emergencies.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

1.4 Objectives Objectives are used to compare solutions to this project. Seven out of eight brainstormed objectives were considered relevant to this project and are arranged from highest to lowest priority using a pairwise comparison chart found in Appendix B. Table 2: Objectives, objective goals, and metrics of the design

Objective Goal Metric

Understandable Understandable by intended users to ensure that lab regulations are adhered to [9].

ISO/IEC TR 9126­3:2003 [10]

Concise Sections should contain 55 words or less, amount read by an average person on an 111 wordweb page [11].

Word counter

Updateable Ensure lab regulations are constantly up­to­date.

Easy to Use Reduce time consumption and human errors [12] (i.e getting the wrong information).

ISO 9241­210:2010 [13]

Easy to Access Available on at least two platforms.

Number of platforms

Aesthetically Appealing Convey information more effectively [14].

ISO/IEC 25010:2011 [15]

Environmentally Friendly Reduce design’s environmental impact.

ISO 14001:2004 [16]

Engineering Strategies and Practice

1.5 Constraints: Constraints are absolute limits that the design must adhere to. The design shall follow the following constraints strictly without any violations.

The newly designed Lab Safety Manual on the EHS website shall be updated to the latest version.

The Lab Safety Manual shall be in accordance with the University Health and Safety Policy and the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act of Ontario [17].

The Lab Safety Manual shall be both uploadable online and printable. The Lab Safety Manual shall contain information specific to each campus [1]. The Lab Safety Manual must not be open for editing by users.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

1.6 Service Environment 1.6.1 Physical Environment The designed manual will serve as a guide for the laboratories in the three University of Toronto campuses, all located in the Greater Toronto Area. 1.6.2 Living Things

Users Individuals who intend to obtain information in the laboratory safety manual.

Generally includes: Laboratory workers (e.g. faculty, staff, student), laboratory

supervisors/principal investigators, visitors and others [17]. Educational status:

It is assumed most users received high school education and may have professional knowledge in varying degrees [18].

Languages used by users: Since the academic language used in the University of Toronto is English,

it is assumed most users speak English [19]. Human attention span statistics:

Average time people concentrate on a task without becoming distracted: 8 seconds [11].

17% stop browsing the internet page after staying on the page for 4 seconds [11].

1.6.3 Virtual Environment The laboratory safety manual will be a document uploaded online. The website that includes the link of the PDF version of the manual is: http://www.ehs.utoronto.ca/resources/manindex.htm

[1]. Website is run by University of Toronto.

IP location is 128.100.131.140 [21]. Website does not support meta viewport. Pages on this website cannot fit on smaller

screens on mobile devices [20].

1.7 Client Ethics and Values Dr.Gina Trubiani is the Associate Director of the Office of EHS [22]. Our client has no ethical

Engineering Strategies and Practice

policies or political values that will significantly impact the project.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

2.0 Detailed Design

The proposed design for the project is a combination of three alternative designs that were presented in the Alternative Designs section of the CDS document. After a third meeting with the client, the team decided that a combination of the Tables and Text Safety Program, Animated Video Safety Program, and the Graphical Safety Program will satisfy the client’s need and the functions, objectives, and constraints more effectively. The proposed design will contain all lab safety information present in the Mississauga, Scarborough, and St.George campuses in one document. This document will be created via Microsoft Word, converted to a PDF file, and uploaded to the EHS website. The document will start with a table of contents identifying sections the manual contains. Each section of the manual will start by giving general information that apply to all three campuses. At the end of each section, there will be a table containing additional campus specific information. Based on the amount of campus specific information, it will either be provided in the document (Figure 1), or there will be a link within the table that opens another document containing the additional information (Figure 2). For example, in the emergency procedures section, if the only difference for each campus is the number to call in case of an emergency (i.e. campus police), this information will be given within the document. However, if there are sections in which each campus has its own specific document, such as the Hazardous Spill Control Procedures, a link to this separate document will be provided within the table.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Figure 1 ­ When the amount of information is suitable, it will be presented within the document

Figure 2 ­ If the amount of information is not suitable to be included in a table the user can access the online file for campus specific information by clicking on the links in the table. Other features of the design are the graphic and video content. At the beginning of some sections, graphics and links to videos will be provided to the user if this makes it easier to understand the information in that section. In the case of graphics, an illustration of the information will be made by the EHS staff and added where appropriate in that section (Figure

Engineering Strategies and Practice

3). Additionally, videos which demonstrate the content of a section (i.e. how to dispose of biological waste, how to use a fire extinguisher) will be made by the staff and uploaded to Youtube (Figure 4). In the beginning of each section with this feature, a link to the video will be provided to the user by creating a hyperlink on the PDF version of the document [23] (See Appendix C).

Figure 4 ­ Illustrative videos related to the text can be opened by clicking on the links Also, in order to help the user access a specific section easily and without having to scroll down the document, internal links will be created on the PDF version of the document [24] (See

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Appendix D). With internal links, the user will click on the desired section and the document will automatically scroll down to the page where that section is (Figure 5).

Figure 5 ­ The user can access any section in the table of contents by clicking on the section titles. Lastly, updates to the manual will be made on the Microsoft Word version of the manual when needed. Once editing is completed and all new information and graphical content is added to the Microsoft Word document, it will be converted to a PDF document once again. After the necessary hyper and internal links are created on the PDF version, the document will be uploaded to the EHS website, replacing the older version. The following tables provide information on how the functions, objectives, and constraints for the problem were satisfied by the final design. Table 3: How functions were met by the design

Primary Function How it was addressed

Inform users about lab regulations and standards.

Lab safety information from all three campuses are presented in one document.

Information present in the document is derived from all relevant standards and regulations put forth by regulatory bodies (whether governmental or non­governmental).

Secondary Functions How it was addressed

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Train users to use lab equipment.

Inform users about lab safety and how to create and work in a safe environment.

Educate users about the necessary actions during emergencies.

Graphics­aided instructions are present to increase effectiveness of conveying information to users [25] [26].

Links leading to videos are also present. These videos include information on lab safety and demonstrations on how to use certain lab equipment.

Table 4: How the final design meets the objectives

Objectives How it was addressed

Understandable The document contains several forms of multimedia. Videos and graphics are used to supplement the text,

providing greater understanding [25] [27]. Tables highlight the differences in information

between the three campuses.

Concise Fewer words are required to explain a concept when a picture or video is provided [26].

Tables highlight relationships hidden in text, eliminating the need to explain said relationship using more words [28].

Updatable The manual can be converted to a Word file when new regulations need to be implemented. The document can then be re­uploaded onto the website as a PDF file.

The client, Dr. Trubiani, can make these changes when necessary. A technician is not needed to make these changes.

Easy to Use A specific section can be accessed in the manual by clicking the internal link in the table of contents. This allows the user to navigate through the manual with ease.

Aesthetically Appealing The various forms of multimedia create a more vibrant and engaging lab manual.

Environmentally Friendly The entire lab manual can be accessed online when there is wifi. The manual has been designed to primarily be used online.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Table 5: How the design met the constraints

Constraints: The design shall...

How it was addressed

be updated to the latest version. The outline contains only the most current information provided by the client.

be in accordance with the University Health and Safety Policy and the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act of Ontario.

All content in the manual abides by the regulations set by the aforementioned stakeholders.

be available online and offline. The manual provides both options for the user.

The manual has been designed to primarily be used online.

video and graphics can only be accessed in this version.

The PDF version of the manual, without graphics and videos, can be downloaded and printed from the EHS website.

contain information specific to each campus [1].

Tables within the manual will be used to outline differences in regulations between the three campuses. Elsewise, the manual will be the same for all three campuses.

not be open for editing by users. Only the client, Dr. Trubiani, and her colleagues have access to the EHS website, where the manual will be uploaded.

The client will be provided with an outline in the form of a word document. This document will act as a framework that can be filled in by the client and then uploaded to their website. All topics covered in each of the three campuses’ lab safety programs will be added, organized by section number in a table of contents. Each topic in the document will have a heading, and information on that topic from all three programs will be added under that heading, with obvious overlaps in information excluded. The team will add in recommendations as to where the client should add tables, graphics, or links to videos in order to best achieve the objectives mentioned beforehand. All fillable forms (i.e, emergency contact forms) will also be added as separate documents.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

The feature to scroll down will not be implemented, as this is a feature of a PDF and can be implemented by the client once the document is converted. Furthermore, the client must finish revising the text in each section, and may add graphics, tables and videos where indicated before converting and uploading the document.

2.1 Regulations, Standards, and Intellectual Property This section covers applicable regulations and standards that affect the design. It is important for this design to abide by several regulations and standards as they affect the safety of the users. In this case, the matter of intellectual property does not have a large enough impact such that it should be detailed in this document. Table 6: Regulations and Standards

Standard/Regulation Summary Impact on Design

Human Pathogens and Toxins Act [29]

Details the prohibitions related to the creation, storage, and disposal of pathogens and toxins.

Document will include a section pertaining to access, creation, storage, etc. of pathogens and toxins.

Nuclear Safety and Control Act [30]

Details regulations regarding the handling of radioactive material.

A section will involve the lawful way to dispose of radioactive material.

Occupational Health and Safety Act [31]

Explains the responsibilities of employers to their employees and of employees in a hazardous workplace.

Responsibilities of supervisors to safeguard the lab users in various ways and employees to report accidents will be discussed.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

2.2 Testing This section introduces testing methods that will be used to ensure effectiveness of design in fulfilling project requirement. Table 7: Tests to determine how well the design meets the top three objectives

Objective Method of Testing

Test Standard / Steps of testing

Metrics

Understandable Prototyping ISO/IEC TR 9126­3:2003 [10] : Users are asked to use the prototype to determine the number of apparent sections according to several aspects (Appendix E).

The ratio of the number determined by users to the actual number should be as close as possible to one.

Concise Prototyping A word counter is used to count the number of words in each section.

Ideally, the number of words per section should be less than 55 words to accommodate the average human attention span [11].

Updateable By design Contents of the design must be updateable at all times by authorised users.

Design will only be considered if it is updateable.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

2.3 Implementation Requirements To implement the proposed design, the following may be required.

Software purchasing software (e.g., Microsoft Word) to edit the manual. PDF editing software (e.g., Adobe Acrobat XI Pro) used to convert word

document into PDF format and edit PDF documents. Flash Reader and player (e.g. Adobe flash) used to edit the video, documents, and

tables. All updates made to the document will be performed by the Office of EHS. There are no

extra costs associated with updating and maintaining the document. An email or some form of notification should be sent to members of all University of

Toronto campuses, informing them of the change in the program.

2.4 Life Cycle and Environmental Impact The use of the manual will have the following impact on the environment. To reduce the negative impact on the environment, suggestions are provided. Table 8: Negative impacts on the environment and suggested mitigations

Materials that will be used

Negative Impact Suggested mitigation for that impact

Paper Process to produce paper pollutes water with industrial waste [32].

Manual is accessible online.

Add blurbs on the beginning of each page reminding the user of the environmental impacts of printing

Ink 4.8 kilograms of carbon dioxide are emitted to produce one cartridge of toner [33].

Printing inks contain chemicals such as formaldehyde and heavy metals which can be

Use environmentally friendly inks to reduce the negative effects.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

hazardous to the environment and human bodies.

2.5 Human Factors This section analyzes how the design interacts with users on different levels (i.e, physical, psychological). Addressing these different levels through the design’s features is integral to its success, especially since the nature of the design dictates that it comes into direct contact with users. Table 9: How the proposed design addresses various human factors

Human Factor How it is Addressed

Psychological Sections are ordered in a logical, predictable manner (alphabetically or by section number).

Easier to find topics of interest. Tables help readers see relationships hidden in long passages of text

[28]. Pictures and videos enable users to visualize and more easily

understand processes [34].

Team Responsibilities of all lab users are clearly defined. Defines the user’s role in the lab and also establishes a chain

of authority. Knowing what is expected of one’s self, supervisors, and

teammates improves communication between (and performance of) all parties.

Problems or questions can be brought immediately to individuals who are equipped to handle the issue.

Organizational Tri­campus manual encourages collaboration (in updating the document and discussing changes to be made) between Offices of EHS at different campuses, increasing the quality of work at an administrative level.

Political Content in the document will adhere to and reflect the chemical, radiological, and biological safety regulations put forth by

Engineering Strategies and Practice

regulatory bodies such as CCOHS, PHAC, and CNSC.

2.6 Social Impact The primary social impact of the lab safety manual is to create a safer University of Toronto. With the implementation of tables, videos, and graphics the lab safety manual will be easier to use and more interactive. With multiple methods to present the information, all users will be able to recognize the precautions necessary for the labs. Students and faculty in labs will have greater understanding of safety regulations, mitigating the effects of potential accidents. The proposed lab safety manual will also reflect the strong interconnection between all three campuses, promoting the idea of an inter­campus community. Affected Stakeholders

PHAC, CNSC, and the Ministry of Health: The safety of the individuals conducting the lab and the general public. Lab accidents may pose a threat to nearby residents.

The newly designed manual will train users more effectively.

2.7 Economics

This section will provide information on the capital and operating costs of the design. Disposal costs were not considered since there are no costs associated with the EHS to delete a PDF document. Table 10: Capital Costs

Equipment Price

Adobe Acrobat XI Pro

14.99 USD/month with annual commitment or

24.99 USD/month without annual commitment [35]

Microsoft Word 2013 119.00 CAD* [36]

*Microsoft Word is offered by the University of Toronto to its students and officers at no cost.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Operating Costs: Although there is a labour and maintenance cost associated with the design since the final version must be created and periodically updated, these tasks will be fulfilled by the staff member of EHS. Consequently, the labour and maintenance costs are not considered.

3.0 Project Management Plan The following chart provides information about workflow outline for the project in the month of April. The Gantt chart, which contains internal deadlines and tasks, is included in Appendix F. Table 11: Outline of workflow in April 2015

Date Project Milestones Description

April 22, 2015 (9:15 A.M.)

Final Presentation The client will be invited to watch final presentation.

4.0 Conclusion/Recommendation The final design was formed based on a combination of three alternative designs­ namely the Tables and Text Safety Program, Animated Video Safety Program, and the Graphical Safety Program­ to fulfill the client’s needs and project requirements more effectively. Further research was also performed for a better understanding on how the final design will affect the environment and the society during its operation. The research also provided an insight on implementation requirements, human factors and current standards and regulations that affected the design. Also, methods to test the design was determined to ensure that the design meets the project requirement. A basic outline of the design will be given to the client as a final product before the final presentation. The outline serves as a template for a potential lab safety manual website.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

5.0 References

[1] Dr.Gina Trubiani. Private Communication (Jan 2015).

[2] D. Normile. “Mounting Lab Accidents Raise SARS Fear” (Apr. 2004).

Available: Science New Series, vol. 304, no. 5671, pp 659, 30

[3] Public Health Agency of Canada ( February 6, 2015). About the Agency[online].

Available: http://www.phac­aspc.gc.ca/about_apropos/index­eng.php

[4] Ontario (2015). About the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change [Online].

Available:

https://www.ontario.ca/government/about­ministry­environment­and­climate­change

[5] CCOHS (February 14, 2014). About CCOHS [Online]. Available:

http://www.ccohs.ca/ccohs/about_website.html

[6] “Lab Safety Report May Affect OSHA Regs.” BioScience, vol. 30, no. 12, pp 859, Dec.

1980.

[7] D. Normile. “Lab Accidents Prompt Calls for New Containment Program.”

Science : New Series, vol. 304, no. 5675, pp 1223­1225, 28 May 2004.

[8] Government of Canada ( March 26, 2014 ). Our Mission [Online]. Available:

http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/about­us/our­mission.cfm

[9] J.M. Moravcsik. “Understanding.” Dialectica, vol. 33, no. 3/4, pp. 201­216, 1979.

[10] Software engineering ­ Product quality ­ Part 3: Internal metrics, ISO/IEC TR

9126­3:2003.

[11] Statistic Brain (January 1, 2014). Attention Span Statistics [Online]. Available:

http://www.statisticbrain.com/attention­span­statistics/

[12] T. Eichele et al. “Prediction of Human Errors by Maladaptive Changes in Event­Related

Brain Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States

of America, vol. 105, no. 16, pp. 6173­6178, 22 Apr. 2008.

[13] Ergonomics of human­system interaction ­ Part 210: Human­centred design for

interactive systems, ISO 9241­210:2010.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

[14] D. E. W. Fenner. “Aesthetic Experience and Aesthetic Analysis.” Journal of Aesthetic

Education, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 40­53, 2003.

[15] Systems and software engineering ­ Systems and software Quality Requirements and

Evaluation (SQuaRE) ­ System and software quality models, ISO/IEC 25010:2011.

[16] Environmental management systems ­ Requirements with guidance for use, ISO

14001:2004.

[17] Environmental Health and Safety. (October, 2012). Lab Safety Program Ver. 1.3.

[Online]. Available:

http://www.ehs.utoronto.ca/Assets/ehs+Digital+Assets/ehs3/Chemical+Safety/Laboratory

+Safety+Manual.pdf

[18] Environmental Health and Safety. (Nov, 2014). Safety Guidelines and Considerations for

Youth in Research Laboratories. [Online]. Available:

http://www.ehs.utoronto.ca/Assets/ehs+Digital+Assets/ehs3/policies/Youth.in.Labs.Guid

elines.pdf

[19] University of Toronto. (2014). English Language Requirements. [Online]. Available:

http://www.adm.utoronto.ca/admissions/?p1=true&domain=adm&page=ept

[20] Site Analyzer. (2014). Analysis Report of

http://www.ehs.utoronto.ca/resources/manindex.htm. [Online]. Available:

http://www.site­analyzer.com/en/audit/http://www.ehs.utoronto.ca/resources/manindex.ht

m.

[21] IP Location. (2014). How to find geolocation of an IP Address?[Online]. Available:

http://www.iplocation.net/

[22] University of Toronto (n.d.). Environmental Health & Safety [Online]. Available:

http://www.hrandequity.utoronto.ca/about­hr­equity/Environmental_Health___Safety.ht

[23] B. Michael. (n.d.). How to Make a Hyperlink Work in a PDF. [Online]. Available:

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/make­hyperlink­work­pdf­28704.html

[24] R. Borstein. (April.2010). Creating Hyperlinks in Adobe Acrobat. [Online]. Available:

http://blogs.adobe.com/acrolaw/2010/04/creating­hyperlinks­in­adobe­acrobat/

Engineering Strategies and Practice

[25] Roundpeg (August.2014) .Pictures Speak Louder Than Words. [Online] Available:

http://www.roundpeg.biz/2014/08/pictures­speak­louder­words/

[26] Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

(August, 1997). Neural Correlates of the Episodic Encoding of Pictures and Words.

[Online]

Available: http://www.pnas.org/content/95/5/2703.full

[27] T. Anderson. (2008). The Theory and Practice of Online Learning.

(2nd­edition).[Online].pp.175.Available:

https://books.google.ca/books?id=RifNwzU3HR4C&pg=PA175&dq=graphic+videos+in

crease+attention+span&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jQL2VM3DI4OWyATo­4H4Ag&ved=0CDA

Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=graphic%20videos%20increase%20attention%20span&f=fals

e

[28] PlainLanguage.gov (n.d). Use Tables to Make Complex Material Easier to Understand.

[Online]. Available:

http://www.plainlanguage.gov/howto/guidelines/FederalPLGuidelines/writeTables.cfm

[29] Government of Canada (2009­06­23) Human Pathogens and Toxins Act [Online]

Available: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H­5.67/page­1.html#docCont

[30] Government of Canada (1997­03­20) Nuclear safety and control act [Online] Available:

http://laws­lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N­28.3/page­1.html#docCont

[31] Government of Canada (R.R.O. 1990, REGULATION 833) Control of exposure to

biological or chemical agents [Online] Available:

http://www.e­laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_900833_e.htm

[32] Planetark (n.d.) The environmental impact of paper production [Online] Available:

http://papercutz.planetark.org/paper/impact.cfm

[33] Getdimples (n.d.) The environmental impact of ink Available:

http://getdimples.com/the­environmental­impact­of­ink/

[34] World Wide Web Consortium (n.d.) Providing visual illustrations, pictures, and symbols

to help explain ideas, events, and processes [Online] Available:

http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20­TECHS/G103.html

Engineering Strategies and Practice

[35] Adobe Systems. (n.d.). Pricing. [Online]. Available:

http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/acrobat/pricing.html

[36] Microsoft. (n.d). Word 2013 Pricing. [Online]. Available:

http://www.microsoftstore.com/store/msca/en_CA/pdp/Word­2013/productID.260245900

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Appendices Appendix A: Black Box Method The Black Box Method was used as a tool to generate possible functions of the design Input: 1.Mass 2.Information Who wants to see topic the users are interested in what form of media the user wants the information to displayed in Output: 1.Mass 2.Information Show the relevant information.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Appendix B: Pairwise Comparison Chart The following chart was used to order seven objectives in terms of importance from A­G. Table 12: Pairwise Comparison Chart

Objectives A B C D E F G Total

A / 0 1 1 0 1 1 4

B 1 / 1 0 0 1 1 4

C 0 0 / 0 0 1 1 2

D 0 1 1 / 1 1 1 5

E 1 1 1 0 / 1 1 5

F 0 0 0 0 0 / 1 2

G 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 1

Legend: “/ “ : Not applicable “1”: Objective in row is more important than objective in column. “0”: Objective in row is less important than objective in column. Objective A: Updatable Objective B: User­friendly Objective C: Easy to Access //Accessible offline Objective D: Understandable Objective E: Concise Objective F: Aesthetically appealing Objective G: Environmental friendly

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Appendix C: How to create links to a website on a PDF document

Available: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/make­hyperlink­work­pdf­28704.html

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Appendix D: How to create internal links on a PDF document

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Available: http://blogs.adobe.com/acrolaw/2010/04/creating­hyperlinks­in­adobe­acrobat/ Appendix E: Aspects Tested under Test Standard ISO/IEC TR 9126­3:2003

Completeness of description. Users are asked to determine the number of sections that were sufficiently

described. Evident Functions

Users are asked to determine the number of evident functions. Function Understandability

Users are asked to determine the number of understandable user interface functions.

Message Clarity Users are asked to determine the number of sections with clear explanations.

Engineering Strategies and Practice

Appendix F: Gantt Chart Outlining Work Schedule from January to April *The critical path is identified in red in all charts. Project View from start of Project to End of CDS:

Note: Subtasks of Task 1,2 and 3 are hidden in order to make all tasks fit.

Project View after CDS: