Tut Frame Concrete English

8/20/2019 Tut Frame Concrete English

1/66

Tutorial

Concrete Frame


2/66

Scia Engineer

1

Release: 2008.0

Req. Module: ESA.00 Base Modeller

ESAS.00 Linear Statics 2D

ESACD.01.* RC Beams & Columns Analysis

ESACDT.01 CAD Reinforcement Beams & Columns

Manual: Scia Engineer Tutorial Frame Concrete

Revision : 03/2008


3/66

Scia Engineer

2

The information contained in this document is subject to modification without prior notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted or stored in a data retrieval system,

in part or in total, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose

without the express permission in written from the publisher. SCIA Software is not liable forany direct or indirect damages resulting from imperfections in the documentation and/or the

software.

© Copyright 2008 SCIA Software. All right reserved.


4/66

Scia Engineer

3

WELCOME 4

INSTALLATION 5

INTRODUCTION 6

GETTING STARTED 7

Start ing a project ......................................................................................... 7

PROJECT MANAGEMENT 9

Save, Save as, Close and Open ................................................................. 9

GEOMETRY INPUT 10

Input of the geometry ................................................................................ 10

MODIFYING THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE 21

Modif ying the view .................................................................................... 21

INPUT OF THE C ALCULATION D ATA 25

Load Cases and Load Groups .................................................................. 25

Loads ......................................................................................................... 27

Combinations ............................................................................................ 32

C ALCULATION 34

Linear calcu lation ...................................................................................... 34

RESULTS 35

Viewing results .......................................................................................... 35

CODE CHECK 39

Buckling parameters ................................................................................. 40

Concrete calculat ion ................................................................................. 45

DOCUMENT 61

POSTFACE 65


5/66

Scia Engineer

4

Welcome

Welcome to the Scia Engineer Tutorial Frame Concrete. Scia Engineer is a calculation

program running under Windows XP/Vista with a large range of application: from the check

of simple frames to an advanced design of complex projects in steel, concrete, timber andother materials.

The program performs the calculation of 2D/3D frames, including the cross-section check for

both concrete and steel structures and connection check for steel structures. Apart from

frames, it is also possible to design plate structures, including advanced concrete calculations.

The entire process of calculation and design is integrated in one program: geometry input,input of the analysis model (loads, supports, etc.), linear and non-linear calculation, output of

the results, check of members and optimisation in accordance with various national standards,

generation of the calculation report, etc.

Scia Engineer is available in three different versions:

Licensed version The licensed version of Scia Engineer is protected by (i) a

‘dongle’, a coded plug, which is installed in the parallel orUSB port of your computer or by (ii) a software licensewhich is installed on your network.

Scia Engineer has a modular structure. The user choosesfrom the different available modules and composes a

calculation program that perfectly matches their needs.

In the general product overview of Scia Engineer you will

find an overview of the different available modules.

Demo version If no protection is found, the program automatically starts

in a demo mode. The features of this demo mode are:

All projects can be entered:

The calculation is limited to projects containing 25

members, 3 plates/shells and two load cases,

The output contains the watermark “Unlicensed software”,

Projects that have been saved in the demo version cannot

be opened in the licensed version.

Student version The student version offers for all modules the same

possibilities as the licensed version. It is also protected by

a ‘dongle’ or through a software license.

The output contains a watermark “Student version”.

Projects that have been saved in the student version cannot be opened in the licensed version.


6/66

Scia Engineer

5

Installation

System requirements

For the installation of Scia Engineer, your system must comply with the following systemrequirements:

Hardware requirements

Processor speed Processor Pentium IV - 1Ghz

(Recommended: Pentium IV - 3Ghz)

RAM 512 MB (recommended: > 1Gb)

Graphical card 64 MB, OpenGL support

Free disk space for program 350 MB

Free disk space for projects and

temporary files

200 MB

(the required space can amount up to several GB for

very large projects)

Software requirements

MS Windows

XP / 2003 / Vista

We recommend to install the latest available ServicePack for these operating systems

Other requirements

For the installation of Scia Engineer, you will need to have at least Power-User rights. To

work with Scia Engineer, you need normal user rights. The user also must have read and writeaccess to the Scia Engineer folders.

The General Setup Program of the CD-ROM will automatically start when you insert the CD-

ROM in your CD-ROM player. You will obtain a menu listing all available software on theCD-ROM. Follow the instructions on the screen to install Scia Engineer.


7/66

Scia Engineer

6

IntroductionThe example of this Tutorial can be followed in any of the three versions of the program.Before you continue, you need to be familiar with the use of your operating system, e.g.

working with dialog (windows), menu bars, toolbars, status lines, mouse, etc.

This Tutorial describes the main functions of Scia Engineer for the input and calculation of a2D concrete frame.

First, we will explain how to create a new project and how to model the structure. After the

input of the geometry and loads, the structure will be calculated and you will be able to review

the results. Next, the input of the buckling parameters is discussed and then we will proceedwith the calculations.

Finally, we will teach you how to draw up a calculation report.

The figure below shows the analysis model of the structure that will be modelled:


8/66


9/66

Scia Engineer

8

4. In the Data group, enter your preferred data. These data can be indicated in the output, e.g. inthe document and on the drawings.

5. For the Project level, choose: Standard and for the Model: One.

6. Click on the button below the National Code to set a default standard for the project.This standard will determine the available materials, combination rules and norm checks. For

the project of this Tutorial, choose EC-EN. The window Codes in project will appear.

a) Click on the [Add] button.

The dialogue Available National Codes appears.

b) Select the EC-EN flag and click [OK].

You will return to the Standards in project window and EC-EN is added.

c) Select the flag with the EC-EN label.

d) Select the option Active Code and click [Close].

You will return to the Project data window and EC-EN will be the active standard.

7. Select Frame XZ in the Structure field.The structure type (Frame XZ, Frame XYZ, Plate XY, General XYZ, etc.) will restrict the

input possibilities.

8. In the Material group, select Concrete.

Below the Concrete item, a new item Material will appear.

9. In the list box, choose C25/30.

10. Confirm your input with [OK].

Notes:

• On the Basic data tab, you can set the project level. If you choose standard, the program will only

show the frequently used basic functions. If you choose advanced, all available functions will be

shown.

• On the Functionality tab, you can choose the options needed. In this way, the non-selected

functionalities are filtered out from the menus, so that the program is easier to use.

• On the Combinations tab, you will find the values for the partial safety factors. For this Tutorial, we

will use the default settings.

• On the Protection tab, you can protect your project at opening or saving using a password.


10/66

Scia Engineer

9

Project management

Save, Save as, Close and Open

Before we start entering the structure, we first need to discuss how to save a project, how to

open an existing project and how to close a project. When executing the project of thisTutorial, you can save the project at any time. In this way, you can leave the program and

resume the project from that point on afterwards.

Saving a project

Click on icon on the toolbar.

If the project has not been saved yet, the dialogue Save as will appear. Click on the arrow

in the list box Save in to select the disk where you want to save the project. Select the

folder where the project should be saved. Enter the file name in the File name field andclick [Save] to save the project.

If you click the icon a second time, the project will be automatically saved under thesame name. If you choose File > Save as in the main menu, you can enter another disk,

folder and name for the project file.

Closing a project

To close a project, choose File > Close in the main menu.

A dialogue box will be opened, asking you if you want to save the project. Depending on

your choice, the project will be saved and the active dialogue will be closed.

Opening a project

Click on icon to open an existing project.

A list of projects will appear. Select the desired project and click [OK] (or double-click

on the project to open it).


11/66

Scia Engineer

10

Geometry input

Input of the geometry

If a new project is started, the geometry of the structure must be entered. The structure can be

entered directly, but you can also use templates with parametric blocks, DXF files and otherformats.

Profiles (cross-sections)

When entering one or more 1D members, a profile type is immediately attributed to each

beam. By default, the active profile type is proposed. You can open the profile library to

activate another profile type. If no profile type is defined when you give the command to adda member, the profile library is automatically opened.

Adding a profile

1. Click on theCross-Sections

icon in the toolbar.

The Cross-Section Manager is opened. If no profiles have been entered in the project, the

New Cross-Section window will automatically appear.

2. Click Concrete in the group Available Groups.

3. In the group Available items of this group, you can choose a rectangular section .

4. Click [Add] or to add the profile to the project. The Cross-Section window appears.


12/66

Scia Engineer

11

5. In this window, you can change the properties of the rectangular section. Enter 500mm forheight H and 350mm for width B.

6. Click [OK] to confirm, the profile is added to the Items in Project group.

7. A second rectangular section with height H 400mm and width B 200mm is added in a similarway.

8. Click [Close] in the New Cross-Section window, the Cross-Section Manager appears.

9. Click [Close] to close the Cross-Section Manager and to return to the project.


13/66

Scia Engineer

12

Geometry

Structure Menu

1. When a new project is started, the Structure Menu is automatically opened on top of theMain Window. If you want to change the structure later on, you must double-click on the

Structure item in the Main Window.

2. In the Structure Menu you can choose from different members.

To model the frame, you first must enter the columns. Next, the beams on top and in the middle ofthe columns are entered.

Entering a column

1. Use the Column option in the Structure Menu to enter a new column.

2. In the cross-section field, choose the first entered section RECT (500,350).

3. The column length is 7m.

4. The insertion position is by default set to Bottom so that the bottommost point determines the position of the column.

5. Confirm your input with the [OK] button.


14/66


15/66

Scia Engineer

14

Now, the beams can be entered.

Entering a beam

1. To enter a new beam, use the function Horizontal Beam in the Structure Menu.

2. In the section field, choose the second section RECT (400,200).

3. The beam length is 6m.

4. The insertion position is by default set to Begin so that the left point determines the positionof the beam.


6. Now click with the mouse on the centre of the left-hand side column to enter the beam:

7. The upper beam is entered in a similar way by clicking the top node of the left-hand sidecolumn.

8. Press to end the input.

9. Press once more to clear the selection.


16/66

Scia Engineer

15

Hinges

In this project, there are pinned connections between the beams and the columns. As you have

chosen the Frame XZ structure type, this means that by default the members will be connected

to each other with fixed ends. Therefore, any hinges must be manually entered.

Entering hinges

1. Use the Hinge on beam option in the Structure Menu to enter the hinges.

2. The hinges are entered on both sides of the beams, so that you have to choose Both forPosition.

3. To obtain a hinge, the rotation fiy is set to Free, the translations remain Fixed.


5. The hinges are added by clicking with the left mouse button on both beams (one by one).




17/66

Scia Engineer

16

Supports

The input of the geometry can be completed by entering the supports. Both column bases are

modelled as fixed supports.

Entering supports

1. Use the option Support – in node in the Structure Menu to enter the supports.

2. To model the fixed ends, both the translations and the rotation are set to Rigid.


4. You can simply select both bottom nodes by drawing a box with the mouse from the left-handside to the right-hand side:




18/66

Scia Engineer

17

Notes:

• If you draw the box from the left-hand side to the right-hand side, only entities that are

completely in the rectangle will be selected. If you draw the rectangle from the right-hand

side to the left-hand side, the entities which are completely in the rectangle as well as the

entities that intersect the rectangle will be selected.

• The toolbar on the Command line displays a set of predefined supports. In this project, we

could have used for instances the Fixed Support icon.

Check Structure data

After the input of the geometry, the input can be checked for errors by means of the functionCheck Structure data. With this tool, the geometry is checked for duplicate nodes, zero

beams, duplicate beams, etc.

Checking the structure

1. Double-click on the Check Structure data function in the Structure Menu or click on the

icon on the toolbar.

2. The Check of Structure data window appears, listing the different available checks.

3. Click [Check] to carry out the checks.

4. The Data Check Report window appears, indicating that no problems were found.

5. Close the check by clicking [OK].


19/66

Scia Engineer

18

Connecting entities

The start- and end-node of the top beam are the end nodes of the column. Therefore, this beam

is automatically connected to the columns.

The beam in the middle of the columns is not ending in nodes. The end nodes of the beam are

located in a point “somewhere” along the column and therefore are not yet connected to the

columns. In this paragraph, we will explain how to connect the members to each other.

To display the names of the beams and nodes, you can activate the labels by means of the buttons in the Command line.

Activating nodal labels

Nodal labels are activated by means of the icon at the bottom edge of the graphical

window.

Activating member labels

Member labels are activated by means of the icon at the bottom edge of the graphical

window.

When you select column B1 with the left mouse button, the properties are displayed in the PropertyWindow:


20/66

Scia Engineer

19

This window indicates that the Begin node is N1 and the End node N2. Node N5 is not part of the

column. To connect beam B3 to the columns, you must use the option Connect members/nodes.

Connecting entities

1. Press or click the Cancel selection icon to ensure that no entities are selected.

2. Double-click the Connect members/nodes option in the Structure Menu or click on theicon on the toolbar.

3. A dialogue will ask you if all entities are to be connected:

Answer [Yes].

4. The setup window for the connection of structural entities appears:

The item ‘Connect’ has to be checked.

5. Click [OK] to connect the entities.

6. A window appears to indicate the number of connected nodes:


21/66

Scia Engineer

20

7. Connected nodes are marked in the graphical window by red double-lines:

If you select for instance beam B3, the Property Window will show that node N5 connects

the beam to column B1 and that node N6 connects the beam to column B2.

Notes:

• If a possible active selection is not cancelled when the command Connect members/nodes is used, the program will only search for nodes to be connected in

this selection and not in the whole project.

• If the option ‘Check structure data’ is activated in the setup window for connection ofstructural entities, a check of the structure data will be done in the same way as

mentioned earlier.

6. Click [Close] at the bottom of the Structure Menu.


22/66

Scia Engineer

21

Modifying the graphical representationof the structure

Modify ing the view

Scia Engineer offers multiple possibilities to change the graphical representation of the

structure. Below, we will discuss the main options:

• Modifying the viewpoint

• Setting the view direction

• Using the magnifying glass

• Modifying the view parameters through the View parameters menu

Modifying the viewpoint on the structure

Setting the viewpoint using the wheels. At the bottom right of the graphical screen, there are

three scroll buttons, two horizontal and one vertical. Using these scroll buttons, the structurecan be zoomed or rotated.

1. To zoom-in or zoom-out the structure or to rotate the structure, click on the scroll button (thecursor will change from an arrow into a hand), keep the left mouse button pressed and move

the scroll button.

Or

Setting the viewpoint using a key-mouse combination.

1. Simultaneously press the CTRL key + the right mouse button and move the mouse to rotate the structure.

2. Simultaneously press the SHIFT key + the right mouse button and move the mouse to pan thestructure.

3. Simultaneously press the CTRL + SHIFT key + the right mouse button and move the mouse to zoom in or to zoom out .

Note:

If a node is selected when the structure is being rotated, the structure will be rotated around

the selected node.

Setting a view direction with regard to the global coordinate system

1. Click on the View in X-direction icon to obtain a view in X-direction.

2. Click on the View in Y-direction icon to obtain a view in Y-direction.

3. Click on the View in Z-direction icon to obtain a view in Z-direction.


23/66

Scia Engineer

22

The magnifying glass

• Use to zoom-in.

• Use to zoom-out.

• Use to zoom in a window.

• Use to obtain a view of the entire structure.

• Use to zoom on a selection.

Modifying the View Parameters through the View Parameters Menu

1. In the graphical window, click the right mouse button. The following popup menu appears(the popup menu may look differently depending e.g. whether a certain entity is selected, etc.):

Note:

If an element was previously selected, you can define a setting that only applies to the selected

elements (you will obtain an adapted popup menu).

2. Choose the option Set view parameters for all. The window View Parameters Setting appears. The dialogue contains several tabs.

View parameters – Structure

Using the Structure tab, you can change the representation of the different entities.

In this tab, the following items are important for this project:

Style + colour: you can display the colours by layer, by material, by section or by CAD type.

Draw Cross-Section: use this option to display the symbol of the section on each beam.

Local axes – Members 1D: this option activates the local axes of the members.


24/66

Scia Engineer

23

View parameters – Labels

With the tab Labels, the labels of the different entities can be displayed. In the Beam labels group for instance, the following items can be displayed in the label:

Name: displays the name of the members in the label.

Cross-Section type: displays the type of section in the label.

Length: displays the length of the member in the label.

View parameters – Shortcuts

The toolbar at the bottom edge of the graphical window includes a number of frequently used

options, amongst others:

Show/hide surfaces to display the surfaces of the sections.

Render geometry to obtain a rendered view of the beams


25/66

Scia Engineer

24

Show/hide supports to display the supports and hinges.

Show/hide load to display the load case.

Show/hide other model data to display the model data (hinges, connected nodes…)

Show/hide label of nodes to display the label of the nodes.

Show/hide label of members to display the label of the members.

Set load case for display to select the active (displayed) load case.

Fast adjustment of view flags on whole model to quickly get access to the options of

the View parameters menu.

After rendering is switched on, the following structure is obtained:


26/66

Scia Engineer

25

Input of the Calculation Data

Load Cases and Load Groups

Each load is attributed to a load case. A load case can contain different load types.

To each load case, properties are attributed, which are important for the generation of loadcase combinations. The action type of a load case can be permanent or variable.

Each variable load case is associated with a load group. The group contains information aboutthe category of the load (service load, wind, snow, etc.) and its appearance (default, together,

exclusive). In an exclusive group, the different loads attributed to the group cannot act

together in a standard-related combination. For default combinations on the other hand, thecombination generator allows the simultaneous action of the loads of a same group.

The way, in which load cases are defined, is decisive for the load combinations created by thegenerator. We recommend that you thoroughly read the chapter about loads and combinations

in the reference manual.

In this project, two load cases are entered:

- LC1: Permanent Load Case: Self weight of the beams + Weight of the Floor and Weight of

the Roof

- LC2: Variable Load Case: Service Load on the Floor

Defining a Permanent Load Case

1. Double-click in the Main Window.

2. Before you can define loads, you must enter load cases first. Since this project does notcontain any load cases yet, the Load Case Manager will automatically appear.

3. By default, the load case LC1 is created. This load is a permanent load of the Self Weightload type. The self weight of the structure is automatically calculated by means of this type.

4. Since you will also manually enter loads in the first load case of this project (Floor Weight andRoof Weight), you must change the Load Type to Standard.

5. In the Description field, you can describe the content of this load case. For this project, enterthe description “Self Weight Structure”.


27/66

Scia Engineer

26

Defining a Variable Load Case

1. Click or to create the second load case.

2. Enter the description “Service load”.

3. As this is a variable load, change the Action type to Variable.

4. The Load Group LG2 is automatically created. Click to display the properties of the

Load Group.

The EC1 load type determines the composition factors that are attributed to the load cases in

this load group. In this project, choose Cat A: Domestic.

5. Click [Close] to close the Load Group Manager and to return to the Load Case Manager.

6. Click [Close] to close the Load Case Manager.

Note: Load groups

Each load is classified in a group. These groups influence the combinations that are

generated as well as the standard-dependant factors to be applied. The following logic is

adopted.

Variable load cases that are independent from each other are associated to different variable

groups. For each group, you set the load category (see EC1). The combination factors from

the Eurocode are generated from the available load groups. When a generated combination

contains two load cases belonging to different groups, reduction factors will be applied for the

transient loads.

If the load is divisible, its different components are entered as individual load cases. As long

as the load combination does not contain any variable load belonging to another group, no

reduction factors may be applied. The different load cases of a divisible load are therefore

associated to one variable group.

Load cases of the same type that may not act together, are put into one group, which is made

exclusive, e.g. “Wind X” and “Wind -X” are associated to one exclusive group “Wind”.


28/66

Scia Engineer

27

Loads

After the input of the Load cases, the Loads Menu will automatically appear.

The first load case includes three loads:

- Self weight of the beams

- Weight of the floor

- Weight of the roof

Varying between load cases

Activate LC1 by selecting this load case with the mouse pointer in the list box:

Entering the self weight as linear load

1. Clear any possible selection by pressing .

2. Click on Linear force – on beam in the Loads Menu. The dialogue Linear force on beam appears.

3. In the field Type, choose Self weight. The Direction is the global Z-direction and the Gravitycoefficient is set to –1, so that the load is acting vertically downwards.


5. Now select all the beams using the mouse or the icon in the toolbar.


29/66


30/66

Scia Engineer

29


9. Select beam B3.



Note:

Loads, supports, hinges, etc. are considered as additional data, i.e. data that are additionally

added to entities such as nodes, beams, etc.

Similarly, the roof beam is subjected to concentrated loads of 2.5 kN. Therefore, the load of the floor

beam can be copied to the roof beam and adapted.

Copying loads

1. Select one of the concentrated loads on the floor beam with the left mouse button. As thisconcentrated load is part of a series, the entire series is automatically selected.

2. Press the right mouse button, a popup menu appears:

3. Choose the option Copy add data F1.

4. Select the beam where this load should be copied: the roof beam.



Use the Quick adaptation of view parameters on the entire structure icon at the bottom of the

graphical window to activate the Load Labels option in the Loads/Masses group. A normal load isrepresented in green.

Now, the value of the roof load can be changed.


31/66

Scia Engineer

30

Adapting a load

1. Select one of the concentrated loads on the roof beam. As this concentrated load is part of aseries, the entire series is automatically selected.

2. The properties of the series are displayed in the Property Window.

3. Change the value from –6.5 kN to –2.5 kN.

4. Confirm the change by pressing .

After the input of the loads in the first load case, you can enter the service load. The floor beam is

subjected to the service load of 2kN/m.

Switching between load cases

Activate LC2 by selecting this load with the mouse pointer in the list box:

Entering a linear load

1. Click on Line force – on beam in the Loads Menu. The dialogue Line force on beamappears.

2. Change the type to Force and the value to -2 kN/m.



32/66

Scia Engineer

31

4. Select the beam on which this load must be positioned: floor beam B3.



7. Click [Close] to leave the Loads Menu and to return to the Main Window.

Note:

The Command line contains a set of predefined loads: , thus enabling a

fast and simple input of loads.


33/66

Scia Engineer

32

Combinations

After the input of the load cases, the load cases can be grouped in combinations. In this project, two linear combinations are created, one for the Ultimate Limit State and one for the

Ultimate Serviceability State.

Defining Combinations

1. Open the item Load cases, Combinations from the main menu and next the Combinations menu.

2. Since no combination has been entered yet, the window to create a new combination willautomatically appear.

3. The Type of the combination is changed to EN-ULS. With this combination type, Scia

Engineer will automatically generate combinations in accordance with the complexcomposition rules of the Eurocode.

4. As Name choose UGT to provide a clear description of the combination.

5. By means of the button [Add all] all load cases can be added to the combination.

6. Confirm your input with [OK]. The Combination Manager is opened.

7. Click or to create a second combination.


34/66

Scia Engineer

33

8. The Type of the combination is changed to EN – SLS Characteristic. Change the Name inGGT.


10. Click [Close] to close the Combination Manager.


35/66

Scia Engineer

34

Calculation

Linear calculation

As the analysis model is complete, you can now start the calculation.

Executing the Linear Calculation

1. In the main menu open the item Calculation, mesh, next open the Calculation item.

2. The window FE analysis appears. Click [OK] to start the calculation.

3. After the calculation, a window appears to announce that the calculation is finished and themaximum deformation and rotation for the normative load case is shown. Click [OK] to close

this window.


36/66

Scia Engineer

35

Results

Viewing results

After the calculation is executed, the results can be viewed.

Viewing the Reactive Forces

1. Double-click in the Main Window.

The Results Menu appears.

2. In the Supports group, choose Reactions.

3. The options in the Property Window are configured in the following way:

• The Selection field is set to All.

•

The Load type is set to Combinations and the Combination to UGT.

• The Values are wanted for Rz.

• The Extreme field is changed to Node.

4. The action Refresh has a red background, i.e. the graphical screen must be refreshed. Click

on the button at the right of Refresh to display the results in the graphical window inaccordance with the set options.


37/66

Scia Engineer

36

5. To display these results in a table, the Preview action is used. Click on at the rightside of Preview to show the preview.

Note:

The Preview appears between the Graphical window and the Command line. This window can

be maximised to display more data at once.

Viewing internal forces on beam

1. In the Results menu, open the Beams group and select Internal forces on beams.


• The Selection field is set to Current.

• The Load type is set to Combinations and Combination to UGT.

• The Values are wanted for My.

• The Extreme field is changed to Member.


38/66

Scia Engineer

37

3. Select the two beams B3 and B4 using the left mouse button.

4. Click on the button next to Refresh to display the results in the graphical window inaccordance with the set options.

To change the display of the results, the settings of the Graphical Screen can be adapted.

Configuring the Graphical Screen

1. In the Property Window, click the button next to Drawing setup. The options for thegraphical screen are opened.


39/66

Scia Engineer

38

2. In the Display field, choose Filled.

3. The Text angle is set to 0°.

4. Click [OK] to confirm your input.

5. In the Property Window, click the button next to Refresh to display the results inthe graphical window in accordance with the set options.

6. Then click [Close] to leave the Results Menu.

7. Press to clear the selection.

Note:

To change the font size of the displayed results, you can use the Settings > Fonts menu. In

this menu, the different sizes of the displayed labels can be changed.


40/66

Scia Engineer

39

Code checkThe concrete modules of Scia Engineer contain a number of powerful tools to executecalculations of concrete structures in accordance with the chosen standard.

The possibilities at a glance:

• Input of advanced concrete data

• Calculation of the slenderness

• Reduction of M and V at the supports

• Design calculation of the Theoretically Required Reinforcement

• Input of the Practical Reinforcement

• Capacity check

• Stress/strain check

• Crack check

• Calculation of the physical non-linear (PNL) deformations

• etc.

In this tutorial, we will only explain the basics of the concrete calculations. For moreinformation regarding the advanced concrete calculations, we refer to the Concrete Workshop.

Before you can start the concrete calculations, you must check the buckling parameters of the

beams. By means of the view parameters, the buckling lengths of the beams can be displayed

in the screen.


41/66

Scia Engineer

40

Buckl ing parameters

Viewing the system lengths

1. Use the left mouse button to select column B1, the left column of the truss.

2. Then right-click on an arbitrary position in the workspace. You will obtain a menu listing the possibilities for the selected entity.

3. In this menu, select the option. The window Viewparameter settings appears.

4. For drawing the cross-section profile at the system line activate Draw cross-section.

5. To show the system lengths activate the options System lengths.

6. Activate in Local axes the Member 1D option as well to display the local co-ordinate systemof the beam.




42/66

Scia Engineer

41

The figure shows that the system length Ly for buckling around the strong axis is 3.5m and Lz

for buckling around the weak axis 7m.

Notes:

• The system lengths are only proposed for elements that are connected to other beams in

their field. For elements consisting of one component, such as the horizontal beams of this

project, no system lengths are displayed.

• The system lengths are automatically broken off at the supports.

To change the buckling data of a beam, the Buckling and relative lengths option is used.

Settings the buckling parameters

1. Select both columns with the left mouse button.

2. The Property Window shows the common properties of both entities. The Buckling andrelative lengths are set to Default.

3. Click on the button at the right of Buckling and relative lengths.

The Buckling data window appears.


43/66

Scia Engineer

42

This window shows that the column is supported in the middle for buckling around the strong

axis and the centre column is not supported for buckling around the weak axis.

4. Click on [Edit] to change the buckling data.

The Buckling and relative lengths window appears.

5. On the General Settings tab, several data can be changed.

• The Name field contains the name of the buckling parameter, in this case BC1.

• Beta yy and Beta zz: in these fields, you can indicate whether the program must calculatethe buckling factor round the axis or whether you prefer entering this factor manually. Thethird option allows for a manual input of the buckling length. The Support option can be used

to determine the buckling factor in accordance with the model column from the Eurocode.

• zz: in this field, you can indicate the system length to be used for the weak axis.

• Sway yy and Sway zz: in these fields, you can indicate if the beam is braced or not in thedirection regarded. When you choose the Settings option, the default settings are used.

Note:

The default settings for the buckling parameters are displayed below Concrete > 1D Member

> Setup > Design defaults. By default, both directions are unbraced.

• def z and def y: in these fields, you can indicate the system length to be used for the relative

deformations.

6. On the Buckling data tab, you can change the parameters in detail. As the columns consist of

2 parts, 3 positions are available: (1) at the beginning, (2) at the level of the floor beam and (3)at the end.

For this project, we assume that the columns are not braced in both directions. Therefore, the

Non-braced property can be set to Yes both for the strong and the weak axis.

For this project, we also assume that the column is supported in the middle against buckling

around the weak axis. The zz property at position (2) therefore can be set to Fixed.


44/66


45/66

Scia Engineer

44

When the buckling parameters are set, you can continue with the concrete calculations. Before

proceeding, deactivate the representation of the View parameters and the Local axes throughQuick adaptation of view parameters on the entire structure.

When the buckling data are adapted, you must recalculate the project. See chapter Linear

calculation.


46/66


47/66

Scia Engineer

46

Notes:

• Concrete data are additional data and therefore can be copied to other beams using the

Copy additional data icon.

• In the Concrete data the Advanced Mode can be activated. This option allows for adaptation

of complex data such as material parameters, shrinkage parameters, etc.

• The default settings for the concrete data can be set with Concrete > 1D Member> Setup.

Displaying the Slenderness

1. In the concrete menu click .




• The Values are wanted for lambda y.

• The Extreme field is changed to No.

3. Select the left-hand side column B1 with the left mouse button.

4. Click the button next to Refresh to display the results in the graphical window inaccordance with the set options.


48/66

Scia Engineer

47

Theoretically required reinforcement

1. In the concrete menu, open the group and select .




• The Type of load is set to Combinations and Combination to UGT.

• The Values are wanted for As total req.



49/66


50/66


51/66


52/66

Scia Engineer

51

7. Click the [Calculation] button to calculate the results in the section.

8. By means of the tabs, the detailed results can be opened.


53/66

Scia Engineer

52

9. Click [OK] to close this window.

Apart from calculating the theoretical reinforcement, you can also position the practical

reinforcement in the beams.

Entering the practical reinforcement


2. To enter the practical reinforcement, you can open the group and then

select the item .

3. Alternatively, you can use the shortcuts in the Command line. Click the

Add reinforcement on whole beam icon.

4. Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button, the Longitudinal Reinforcement Manager appears.

5. Confirm the displayed reinforcement template by clicking [Close]. The reinforcement isshown in the graphical screen.


54/66

Scia Engineer

53

Notes:

• Reinforcement data are additional data and therefore can be copied to other beams using

the Copy additional data icon.

• In the Longitudinal Reinforcement Manager , the user can add different templates.

Changing the view of the reinforcement

1. Right-click on an arbitrary position in the workspace.

2. In the menu that is opened, select the option. The window Viewparameter setting appears.

3. On the Concrete tab, the reinforcement data are displayed under the heading Concrete andReinforcement. Change the options in the following way:

• Set the option Stirrup Style to All.

• The option Reinforcement Colour is set to Colour per diameters.

• The option Reinforcement drawing type is set to 3D.


55/66

Scia Engineer

54


Adapting the Practical Reinforcement

1. Select the Reinforcement layer of the stirrups by clicking with the left mouse button on the

circled digit 1 .

2. Activate the properties of this Reinforcement layer in the Property Window by selectingthis entity with the mouse pointer in the list box:


56/66

Scia Engineer

55

3. Click the button behind Edit Stirrup Distances. The window Stirrup zones appears.

4. Click on the [New Part] button to enter a new part.

5. Change the Distance [m] field for this part from 0.300 into 0.100 and confirm with .

6. Change the Numbers field from 1 to 5, confirm with .

7. Click [OK] to confirm your input.


57/66

Scia Engineer

56

The entered practical reinforcement now can be submitted to a capacity check.

Capacity check

1. In the concrete menu, open the group . Next choose

.


3. The options of the Properties window are configured in the following way:


• For the Type of loads, choose Combinations and for the Combination choose UGT.

• For Values, choose Check value.

• Change the Extreme field to Member.

4. Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button.

5. Click the next to Refresh. The capacity check is carried out and then displayed onthe screen.


58/66

Scia Engineer

57

6. Click the button behind Single check to view the results in a section.

7. Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button. The position is at 3m, the centre of the beam.

8. Click the [Calculation] button to view the results in the section.


59/66

Scia Engineer

58

9. By means of the tabs, detailed results can be opened

10. Click [OK] to return to the structure.

After the input of the practical reinforcement, a bill of reinforcement with the required amounts of

reinforcement bars can be displayed.

Displaying the Bill of reinforcement

1. Click in the Concrete Menu.

2. Click the button behind Refresh in the Properties window.

3. Click the button behind Preview. The Bill of reinforcement is displayed:


60/66

Scia Engineer

59

_________________________________________________________________________________

The reinforcement in beams can be defined manually by the user as mentioned before or it can becalculated automatically by the program.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Attributing Concrete Data

1. In the concrete menu, open the group

2. Double-click

3. Select the roof beam B4. Then, a window with the member data for automatic designappears and we use the default parameters for this project.

4. Click [OK] to confirm your input. The concrete data are added to the selected beam.



___________________________________________________________________________________ Automatic member reinforcement design

1. After the definition of the member data for automatic member reinforcement design,

double-click



• The Type of load is set to Combinations and Combination to UGT.

• The Values are of the type Check value



61/66

Scia Engineer

60

________________________________________________________________________________

This gives the following output for the roof beam:

Click the [Close] button at the bottom of the Concrete Menu to return to the Main Window.


62/66

Scia Engineer

61

DocumentIn this final part of the tutorial, we will explain how a calculation report can be drawn up.

Formatting the Document

1. In the Main Window double-click or click in the toolbar. The Document window is opened on the screen.

The Project data are automatically displayed in the header of the document.

2. Click the [New] button at the bottom of the Document Menu. The window New Documentitem appears.

3. By means of this window, several data can be added to the document.

• Open the Libraries group and click on Materials. Click [


63/66

Scia Engineer

62

Displaying results in the document

1. In the Document Menu, click Internal forces on beam.

In the Property Window, the properties of this table are displayed. The parameters for

displaying the results in the Document are configured in the same way as the parameters for

viewing the results in the Results Menu.

• The Selection field is set to All.


• The Values are wanted for My.

• The Extreme field is changed to Global.

2. Click the button behind Refresh to display the table in accordance with the setoptions.

Click the [Close] button at the bottom of the Document Menu to close the document and to return to

the structure.


64/66

Scia Engineer

63

Adding an picture to the document

1. Click on the Print image icon in the toolbar.

2. Choose the Picture to document option in the list box to send the image, which is currentlydisplayed in the graphical screen, to the document.

The window Add items to document appears. All properties which can be changes aredisplayed.

3. Change the value for property Percentage of page to 50% and Fit to Fit to area.

4. Confirm your input with [OK] so that the image is sent to the document.

5. In the Main Window double-click or click in the toolbar. The Document opens.

6. In the Document Menu, click Picture. The image is displayed in the Preview of theDocument.


65/66

Scia Engineer

64

7. Click [Close] at the bottom of the Document Menu to close the document and to return to thestructure.


66/66

Scia Engineer

PostfaceIn this book the basic functionalities of Scia Engineer for the input of a concrete frame,including the concrete calculation, were introduced by means of an example.

After reading the text and executing the example, the user should be able to model and

calculate simple structures consisting of concrete beams.

For more detailed information about concrete calculations, we refer to the Concrete

Workshop.

Tut Frame Concrete English

Documents

Transcript of Tut Frame Concrete English