Turkish verb frames and their English equivalents are given in sentences in detail.
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Transcript of Turkish verb frames and their English equivalents are given in sentences in detail.
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[Metni yazn] [Metni yazn] [Metni yazn]
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2015
TURKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH
EQUIVALENTS IN SENTENCES
Yksel Gknel
W W W . Y U K S E L G O K N E L . C O M
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
1
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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VERB FRAMES A list of frequently used verbs, and their intransitive, transitive, causative,
passive, reflexive and reciprocal forms, which are called verb frames,
are given in the following list. While using reflexive and reciprocal verb
frames, one should be careful because these two forms may have meanings
different from the verb roots or stems that they are attached to. For instance,
although anla means understand, anla means reach an agree-
ment. Therefore, one should consult a dictionary before using them. Some of the most frequently used verb frames whose meanings are different
from their root or stem meanings are as follows: aldrmak: care, care about; almak: get used to; atmak: have a row
with; bozulmak: deteriorate, embarrass; bozumak: break up, fall out with;
bulumak: meet with someone; atlatmak: make somebody jealous;
znmek: dissolve; dalamak: fight; dayanmak: act in solidarity with;
dnmek: transform; dvnmek: beat ones chest; durulmak: calm
down, settle down; geinmek: get on well with, make a living; gelitirmek:
improve, develop; gerinmek: stretch; kanmak: avoid; karmak: miss,
abduct, frighten away, hijack, go out of ones mind; kapmak: fall out with;
kayrmak: bestow a privilege on; kesimek: intersect; kestirmek: dose,
have a short nap, estimate; krmak: become wrinkled; korunmak: protect
oneself; rtmek: coincide, correspond to, match up with; sylenmek:
grumble; sylemek: chat; srnmek: creep, live a dogs life; armak:
be confused, be mixed up; iinmek: boast; tartmak: argue, discuss,
dispute; uydurmak: fabricate, feign; karmak: put ones nose into
something.
The suffixes (inflectional allomorphs) used in producing verb frames are the
first suffixes to be attached to verb roots or stems; the others such as the
negative making, time and personal suffixes follow them.
The Structural Composition of the Causative Verb Frames
All the monosyllabic verb roots, and all the other ones ending with /t/
phonemes take [dir, dr, dr, dur, tir, tr, tr, tur] inflectional allomorphs to
change them into the causative verb frames.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Examples of monosyllabic verbs:
al-dr, at-tr, boz-dur, bul-dur, al-dr, arp-tr, ek-tir, z-dr, del-dir, dv-
dr, ger-dir, kap-tr, kes,tir, kr-dr, kur-dur, rt-tr, v-dr, soy-dur, et-tir,
z-dr, yak-tr, yap-tr, yaz-dr, sat-tr, at-tr, tat-tr, a-tr, yak-tr, yrt-tr
Examples of the polysyllabic (two or more syllables) verbs ending with /t/: iit-tir, ilet-tir, oturt-tur, kapat-tr, kzart-tr, patlat-tr, sarkt-tr, yaat-tr, yk-
selt-tir, tket-tir, tant-tr, boyat-tr, arat-tr, ykat-tr, ayklat-tr.
All the polysyllabic verbs ending with /r/ take /t/ phonemes: Example: yaptr yap-trt; gldr gl-drt art*trt, bi*tirt, ge*tirt, at*trt, al*trt, *kart, dal*drt, dei*tirt, do*urt,
dol*durt, dn*drt, dur*durt, d*rt, ge*irt, ge*tirt, geli*tirt, ger*dirt,
gez*dirt, gl*drt, *srt, it*tirt, ka*rt, kan*drt, karla*trt, ka*yrt, kaz*drt,
konu*turt, ko*part, ko*turt, o*nart, l*drt, pi*irt, sinirlen*dirt, sus*turt,
s*prt, i*irt, ta*rt, uy*durt, yar*trt, yap*trt, ya*trt, ye*dirt, yz*drt
The last syllables of the above causative forms are all four-phoneme syl-
lables such as tirt, trt, trt, turt, drt, durt, etc. When the polysyllabic
verbs ending with vowels are attached to [it, t, t, ut, et, at] allomorphs,
the last vowels of the verb roots or stems, and those of the coinciding first
vowels of the allomorphs combine and verbalize as single vowels:
boya-at (bo*yat), by-t (b*yt), atla-at (at*lat), daya-at (da*yat), yr-
t (y*rt), dene-et (de*net), denetle-et (de*net*let), dinle-et (din*let), ertele-
et (er*te*let), frala-at (fr*a*lat), hatrla-at (ha*tr*lat), hazrla-at (ha*zr*-
lat), kovala-at (ko*va*lat), ka-t (ka*t), kokla-at (kok*lat), kuru-ut (ku*-
rut), ona-at (o*nat), sakla-at (sak*lat), sorgula-at (sor*gu*lat), syle-et. Four certain verbs are generally used to to produce causative concepts in
English sentences. They are the verbs make, have, get and let.
For instance: Anne-em bana bahe-/y/i sprt-t. 1. Mother made me sweep the garden.
2. Mother had me sweep the garden.
3. Mother got me to sweep the garden.
5. Mother didnt let me sweep the garden.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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A SHORT LIST OF VERB FRAMES
INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL
a a atr al al
ak akt akttr aktl
al aldr aln aln
anla anlal anla
anlat anlattr anlatl
ara arat aran
art artr artrt artrl
as astr asl
ar art arl
aykla ayklat ayklan
at attr atl at
atla atlat atlattr atlatl
az azdr azdrt azdrl
bak baktr bakl bakn bak
bas bastr basl
bat batr batrt batrl
bala balat balattr balatl balan
bayl bayl baylt bayltl
bekle bekle beklet beklen bekle
beklet beklettir bekletil
besle beslet beslen beslen
bi bitir biil
bil bildir bilin
bin bindir binil
bit bitir bitirt bitiril
bk bktr bktrt bkl
boz bozdur bozul bozul bozu
bl bldr bln bln bl
bul buldur bulun bulu
bk bktr bkl
cay caydr caydrt cayl
co cotur coturt
al al aldr aln
al al(tr) altrt altrl
arp arptr arptrt arpl arp
atla atlat atlattr atlatl
ek ektir ekil ekin eki
iz izdir izil
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL
rp rptr rpl rpn
k kert kerttir kertil
z zdr zl zn z
dal daldr daldrt daldrl dala
daya dayat dayatl
dayan dayanl dayan
damla damlat damlattr damlatl
de dedirt denil
de dedir dedirt deil
dein deinil
dei deitir deitirt deitiril dei
del deldir delin
dene denet denen
denetle denetlet denetlen
dengele dengelet dengelen
dik diktir dikil
dinle dinlet dinlen
dila dlat dlan
do dour dourt dourul
doku dokut dokun
dol doldur doldurt doldurul dolu
don dondur dondurt dondurul
doy doyur doyurt doyurul
dk dktr dkl dkn
dn dndr dndrt dndrl dn
dn dndr dndrt dnl
duy duyurt duyurul
drt drttr drtl drt
d dr drt drl
dn dn dndrt dnl
ekle eklet eklen
elle ellet ellen elle
engelle engellet engellen
ertele ertelet ertelen
es estir estirt estiril
eitle eitlet eitlen
esne esnet esnet esnetil esnen esne et ettir edil
ez ezdir ezil
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXVE RECIPROCAL
frlat frlattr frlatl
ge ge geir geil gein
ger gerdir geril gerin
gel getir getirt getiril
gez gez gezdir gezdiril gezin
gster gstert gsteril
gir giril giri
git gidil
giy giyil giyin
gr grl grn gr
gster gstert gsteril
gl gldr gldrt gln gl
hala halat halan
hatrla hatrlat hatrlan
hazrla hazrlat hazrlan hazrlan
hesapla hesaplat hesaplan hesapla
i iir iil
in indir indirt indiril
sr sr srt srl
slat slattr slatl slan
iit iittir iitil
ile ilet ilettir iletil
inkr et inkr ettir inkr edil
it ittir itil iti
izle izlet izlen
ka kar kart karl kan ka
kal kaln
kan kandr kandrt kandrl
kap kaptr kapl kap
kapat kapattr kapatl kapan
kapla kaplat kaplan
karala karalat karalan
kar kartr kartrt karl
karla karlatr karlatrt karlatrl
kas kastr kasl kasl
ka kat kan kan
kat kattr
kaydet kaydettir yaydedil
kayr kayrt kay()rl
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL
kaz kazdr kazl
kes kestir kesil kesi
kr krdr krl kr
ky kydr kyl
kz kzdr kzl kz
kzar kzart kzarttr kzartl
kok kokla koklat koklan kokla
kon kondur kondurt kondurul
konu konutur konuturt konuul
kop kopar kopart koparl
kork korkut korkut korkutul
koru korut korun korun
ko kotur koul kou
koy koydur koyul
kur kurdur kurul
kuru kurut kuruttur kurutul
kurula kurulat kurulan kurulan
kus kustur kusturt kusul
ks kstr kstrt ksl ks
kuru kurut kuruttur kurutul
kurula kurulat kurulan kurulan
lekele lekelet lekelen
oku oku okuttur okun
onar onart onarl
otur oturt oturttur oturul oturu
oy oydur oyul
oyala oyalat oyalan
oyna oyna oynat oynan oyna
l ltr ll l
de det den de
l ldr ldrt ldrl ln
p ptr pl p
r rdr rl
rt rttr rtl rtn rt
t ttr ttrt t
v vdr vl vn
patla patlat patlattr patlatl
pi piir piirt piiril
san sanl
sakla saklat saklan saklan
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL
sap saptr saptrt saptrl
sar sardr sarl sarn
sark sarkt sarkt(tr) sarktl
sars sarstr sarsl sarsl
sat sattr satl say saydr sayl say se setir seil sev sevdir sevil sevin sevi
seyret seyrettir seyredil
sez sezdir sezil
s sdr sdrt sl sn s
sk sktr skl skn sk
sz szdr szdrt szdrl
sil sildir silin
sin sindir sindirt sindiril
sou sout souttur soutul
sol soldur soldurt soldurul
sor sordurt sorul
sorgula sorgulat sorgulan
soy soydur soyul soyun
sk sktr skl
sn sndr sndrt sndrl
sv svdr sv
syle sylet sylen sylen syle
sun sunul
sus sustur susturt susturul susu
srt srttr srtl srtn srt
ssle sslet sslen sslen
sz szdr szl
a art arttr artl ar
i iir iirt iiril iin
tak taktr takl takn tak
tara tarat taran taran
ta tar tart tarl
ta tat tan tan
tat tattr
temizle temizlet temizlen temizlen
tercih et tercih ettir tercih edil
tut tuttur tutul tutu
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL
u uur uurt uurul uu
um umul
unut unuttur unutul
uy uydur uydurt uydurul uyu
uyar uyart uyarl
uygula uygulat uygulan
uyu uyut uyuttur uyutul uyun
uza uzat uzattr uzatl uzan
fle flet flen
tle tlet tlen
z zdr zl
ver verdir veril
vur vurdur vurul vuru
ya yadr yadrt
yakala yakalat yakalan
yan yak yaktr yakl yakn
yaa yaat yaattr yaatl yaan
yaz yazdr yazdrl yaz
yedir yedirt yediril
yen yenil yeni
yerle yerletir yerletirt yerleil
yeti yetitir yetitirt yetiil
y ydr yl
yka ykat ykan ykan
yldr yldrt yldrl
yrt yrttr yrtl yrtn
yut yuttur yutul
yor yorul yorul
yksel ykselt ykselttir ykseltil
yr yrt yrttr yrtl yrn
yz yzdr yzdrt yzl yz
CAUSATIVE VERB FRAME EXAMPLES
We use a causative verb frame when we do not carry out the action
ourselves, but we are responsible for the action being done: Ahmete arabam ykamasn syledim; o da ykad.
Ahmete araba-am- ykat-t-m.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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1. I made Ahmet wash my car. 2. I had Ahmet wash my car.
3. I got Ahmet to wash my car. .
I asked someone to wash my car. Araba-am- ykat-t-m.
I had my car washed. (The doer of the verb is not mentioned.)
As it is seen in the two sentences above, the two Turkish verb compositions
are identical: ykat-t-m. However, in the first sentence, the doer of the
verb wash is mentioned, but in the second one, it is not. In English, when
the doer of the verb is mentioned make somebody do something, or the
alternative ones above are used, but when the doer of the action is not
mentioned, a different sentence type have something done is used.
THE PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
The passive causative frames are frequently used in both English and
Turkish:
Onlar bana kap-/y/ a-tr-d-lar. (Causative)
(on*lar / ba*na / ka*p*y / a*tr*d*lar )
They made me open the door.
Kap kim-e a-tr-l-d? Kap bana a-tr-l-d.
(ka*p / ki*me / a*t*rl*d ) (ka*p / ba*na / a*t*rl*d )
Who was made to open the door? I was made to open the door.
(Passive causative)
Hrsz kasa-/y/ bana a-tr-d. (Causative)
(hr*sz / ka*sa*y / ba*na / a*tr*d )
The thief made me open the safe.
Kasa kim-e a-tr-l-d? Kasa bana a-tr-l-d.
(ka*sa / ki*me / a*t*rl*d ) (ka*sa / ba*na / a*t*rl*d )
Who was made to open the safe? I was made to open the safe.
(Passive causative)
Double causative forms are rarely used in Turkish, therefore they are not
put in the verb frames list above:
Araba-am- ykat-trt-t-m.
(a*ra*ba*m / y*kat*trt*tm )
I asked someone to have my car washed. (Double causative)
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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SOME EXAMPLE SENTENCES OF THE VERB FRAMES It may be useful to give further explanations on word stress before giving
some more example sentences on the verb frames. There are three kinds of
stresses in Turkish: weak stress, secondary stress, and primary stress.
If a syllable is printed in normal type, it is weakly stressed. Turkish words generally have weak stress on the first syllables. The
syllables following the weak syllables are all secondarily stressed, and
when a word is thought important, the last secondarily stressed syllable is
primarily stressed. If a root is monosyllabic, its single syllable is naturally
the last syllable, so it is secondarily stressed. However, there may also be
some other secondarily stressed syllables in the first syllables of some
borrowed words. If a speaker thinks that a word is important, he strengthens the last
secondarily stressed syllable of a word to make it dominant in a sentence.
This definition, however, differs in verb compositions because the verb
roots, stems or frames, whether monosyllabic or polysyllabic, are suffixed
by several inflectional morphemes. In verb compositions, the verb roots,
stems and frames, and the following syllables are all secondarily
stressed. Only one of these syllables in the verb compositions can be
primarily stressed, which does not depend on the speaker's choice.
Besides, some of the morphemes used in the verb compositions are formed
of two or more syllables such as me.li, ma.l, e.cek, a.cak,
e.bil.ir. Only the last syllables of such morphemes can be primarily
stressed, except for "e.mez", a.maz, which are negative making allo-
morphs. One can change the meaning of a sentence by changing a secondary stress
at the end of a word (except the ones in a verb composition) into a primary
stress:
(an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor )
In the sentence above, each word has several secondarily stressed
syllables that are printed in italics. The last secondarily stressed syllables in
each word are not only secondarily stressed, but they also imply the hearer
a suspended juncture as if another word is going to follow it.
The word roots and stems may have one or more syllables. If a word stem
has only one syllable, it is naturally secondarily stressed. If it has two or
more syllables, these syllables are secondarily stressed except for the first
weak syllable. When the stems are suffixed with inflectional or derivational
suffixes, these suffixes are also secondarily stressed together with the other
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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secondarily stressed syllables. Consider the secondarily stressed syllables
in the following words:
(ter*lik), (ter*lik*i), (ter*lik*i*lik); (ba*ba), (ba*ba*s) (ba*ba*s*nn), (ba*ba*sn*dan); (yz), (y*z), (y*z*ne), (y*zn*de), (y*zn*den) However, when one wants to primarily stress one of these words, he can only primarily stress the last secondarily stressed syllable in a word such as:
(ter*lik), (ter*lik*i), (ter*lik*i*lik); (ba*ba), (ba*ba*s), (ba*ba*s*nn),
(ba*ba*sn*dan); (yz), (y*z), (y*z*ne), (y*zn*de), (y*zn*den)
Compare the following sentences:
(an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor ) means, My mother is swimming in the
sea; not any other woman. (an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor ) means, My mother is swimming in the
sea; not in a lake or a river.
(an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor ) means, My mother is swimming in the
sea; not sunbathing or chatting with her friends on the beach. Another point to consider in a language is its intonation, which is the music
of a language that influences its meaning significantly. To describe a piece
of music using words is almost impossible. Therefore, listening to native
speakers speaking it in their own native languages is of vital importance for
students of languages. The longer one is exposed to a foreign language, the
easier and more soundly, he can learn it.
In the following example sentences, some frequently used verb frames and
their syllables are given in brackets. Most of the primarily stressable
syllables are also printed in bold face, but this does not mean that the other
important words in a sentence cannot be stressed. Any one of the words
that is thought important in a sentence can be primarily stressed. The open
junctures (pauses) between words are showed by / slashes:
a:
iek-ler sabah-le.yin a-ar. (Intransitive)
(i*ek*ler / sa*bah*le*yin / a*ar )
Flowers open in the morning. Jack kap-/y/ a-t. (Transitive)
(jack / ka*p*y / a*t )
Jack opened the door.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Jacke kap-/y/ a-tr-d-m. (Causative)
(ce*ke / ka*p*y / a*tr*dm )
I made (had) Jack open the door.
Kap-/y/ a-tr-d-m. (Causative)
(ka*p*y / a*tr*dm )
I had the door opened.
Kap bil-in-me-/y/en bir kii tarafndan a-l-d. (Passive)
(ka*p / bi*lin*me*yen / bir / ki*i / ta*ra*fn*dan / a*l*d )
The door was opened by an unknown person.
Hava a-l-d (at). (Reflexive)
(ha*va / a*l*d) The clouds scattered and the sun began to shine.
Kap, Jacke a-tr-l-d. (Passive causative)
(ka*p /ce*ke / a*t*rl*d )
Jack was made to open the door.
al:
Kitap- al-d-m. (Transitive)
(ki*ta*b / al*dm )
I have taken (received, bought) the book.
Kitap- satn aldr-d-m. (Causative)
(ki*ta*b / sa*t *nal*dr*dm ) (Liaison)
I (have) had the book bought.
Kitap- satn al-drt-t-m. (Double causative)
(ki*ta*b / sa*t*nal*dr(t)*tm ) (Liaison)
I asked someone to have the book bought.
Kitap satn al-n-d. (Passive)
(ki*tap / sa*t*na*ln*d ) (Liaison)
The book has been bought.
Kitap- satn al-dr-d-m. (Causative)
(ki*ta*b / sa*tn / al*dr*dm ) I have had the book bought.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Aldr-ma! (An expression)
(al*dr*ma )
Never mind!
Elma-lar Ahmete al-dr-l-d. (Passive causative)
(el*ma*lar / ah*me*te / al*d*rl*d )
Ahmet was made to buy the apples.
Elma-lar- Ahmete al-dr-d. (Causative)
(el*ma*la*r / ah*me*te / al*dr*d )
She had Ahmet buy the apples.
Bu elma-lar geen hafta al-n-d. (Passive)
(bu / el*ma*lar / ge*en / haf*ta / a*ln*d )
These apples were bought last week.
Bu elma-lar satn al-ma-/y/a de-mez.
(bu / el*ma*lar / sa*tn / al*ma*ya / de*mez )
These apples are not worth buy-ing. (subject complement)
Yarn bana bir bilgisayar al-n-.yor. (Passive)
(ya*rn / ba*na / bir / bil*gi*sa*yar / a*l*n*yor )
A computer is going to be bought for me tomorrow.
Sz-ler-im-den aln-d. (Reflexive)
(sz*le*rim*den / a*ln*d )
She was offended by what I said. (What I said is the object of by.)
anla:
Jack ders-i anla-d. (Transitive)
(jack / der*si / an*la*d )
Jack understood the lesson.
Ders anla-l-d. (Passive)
(ders / an*la*l*d )
The lesson has been understood.
Anla-t-lar. (Reciprocal) (One word)
(an*la*t*lar )
They (have) reached an agreement.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
15
anlat:
Jack biz-e bir masal anlat-t. (transitive)
(jack / bi*ze / bir / ma*sa*lan*lat*t ) (Liaison)
Jack told us a story.
retmen masal- Ahmete anlat-tr-d. (Causative)
(*ret*men / ma*sa*l / ah*me*te / an*lat*tr*d )
The teacher made (had) Ahmet tell the story. Masal- anlat-tr-d-m. (Causative)
(ma*sa*l / an*lat*tr*dm )
I had the story told.
Masal dn anlat-l-d. (Passive)
(ma*sal / dn / an*la*tl*d )
The story was told yesterday.
Masal Ahmete anlat-tr-l-d. (Passive causative)
(ma*sal / ah*me*te / an*lat*t*rl*d)
Ahmet was made to tell the story.
retmen bir konu anlat-.yor (retiyor). (Transitive)
(*ret*men / bir / ko*nu / an*la*t*yor )
The teacher is teaching a subject.
art: Hz art-t. (Intransitive)
(hz / art*t)
The speed increased.
Hz- artr-d. (Transitive)
(h*z / ar*tr*d )
He increased the speed.
Hz artr-l-d. (Passive)
(hz / ar*t*rl*d ) The speed has been increased.
O/n/a hz--/n/ artrt-t. (Causative)
(o*na / h*z*n / ar*trt*t )
He made him increase his speed.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Hz- artrt-t. (Causative)
(h*z / ar*trt*t )
He had the speed increased.
Hz Jacke artrt-l-d. (Passive causative)
(hz / ja*ke / ar*tr*tl*d )
Jack was made to increase the speed.
bala: Oyun bala-d. (Intransitive)
(o*yun / ba*la*d )
The game (has) started.
Hakem oyun-u balat-t. (Transitive)
(ha*kem / o*yu*nu / ba*lat*t )
The referee started the game.
Hakem oyun-u Ahmete balat-t. (Causative)
(ha*kem / o*yu*nu / ah*me*te / ba*lat*t )
The referee made Ahmet start the game.
Oyun Ahmete balat-l-d. (Passive causative)
(o*yun / ah*me*te / ba*la*tl*d )
Ahmet was made to start the game.
Oyun balat-l-d. (Passive)
(o*yun / ba*la*tl*d )
The game was started (by someone).
Oyun-a bala-an-d. (Passive shaped intransitive verb) (o*yu*na / ba*lan*d )
The game was started.
bat: kinci Dnya Sava-/n/da birok gemi bat-t. (Intransitive)
(i*kin*ci / dn*ya: / sa*va*n*da / bir*ok / ge*mi / bat*t )
A lot of ships sank during The Second World War.
kinci Dnya Sava-/n/-da ok gemi batr-d-lar. (Transitive)
(i*kin*ci / dn*ya: / sa*va*n*da / ok / ge*mi / ba*tr*d*lar )
They sank a lot of ships during The Second World War.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Sava-ta birok gemi batr-l-d. (Passive)
(sa*va*ta / bir*ok / ge*mi / ba*t*rl*d )
A lot of ships were sunk during the war. Parmak--/n/a bir ine batr-d. (Transitive)
(par*ma**na / bir / i*ne / ba*tr*d )
She stuck a needle into her figer.
Parmak-m-a ine bat-t. (Intransitive)
(par*ma**ma / i*ne / bat*t )
A needle stuck into my finger.
bul:
Yzk--/n/ bul-du. (Transitive)
(y*z**n / bul*du )
She has found her ring. Yzk--/n/ koca-/s/-/n/a bul-dur-du. (Causative) .
(y*z**n / ko*ca*s*na / bul*dur*du )
She got her husband to find her ring.
Yzk koca-/s/-/n/a bul-dur-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(y*zk / ko*ca*s*na / bul*du*rul*du )
Her husband was made to find the ring.
Yzk--/n/ bul-dur-du. (Causative)
(y*z**n / bul*dur*du )
She had her ring found.
Yzk- bul-un-du. (Passive)
(y*z* / bu*lun*du )
Her ring has been found. al: Birisi o-/n/un anta-/s/-/n/ al-d. (Transitive)
(bi*ri*si / o*nun / an*ta*s*n / al*d )
Somebody stole her handbag.
anta-/s/-/n/ al-dr-d. (Causative)
(an*ta*s*n / al*dr*d )
She had her handbag stolen
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Geen hafta o-/n/un anta-/s/ al-n-d. (Passive)
(ge*en / haf*ta / o*nun / an*ta*s / a*ln*d )
Her handbag was stolen last week.
Jack piyano al-a.bil-ir. (Transitive)
(jack / pi*ya*no / a*la*bi*lir )
Jack can play the piano.
Hakem ddk--/n/ al-d. (Transitive)
(ha*kem / d*d**n / al*d )
The referee blew his whistle.
arp:
Top pencere-/y/e arp-t. (Intransitive)
(top / pen*ce*re*ye / arp*t ), or (top / pen*ce*re*ye / carp*t )
The ball hit the window. (Transitive)
Klp-im sen-in iin arp-.yor. (Intransitive)
(kl*bim / se*nin / i*in / ar*p*yor )
My heart is beating for you.
Araba-/s/-/n/ elektrik direk-i-/n/e arp-t. (Intransitive)
(a*ra*ba*s*n / e*lek*trik / di*re*i*ne / arp*t )
She hit her car to a lamppost.
Kap-/y/ arp-t. (Transitive)
(ka*p*y / arp*t )
He slammed the door.
Kap arp-l-d. (Passive)
(ka*p / ar*pl*d )
The door was slammed.
ki kamyon arp--t. (Reciprocal)
(i*ki / kam*yon / ar*p*t )
Two lorries collided.
al:
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Almanyada al-.yor. (Intransitive)
(al*man*ya*da / a*l**yor )
He is working in Germany.
Motor-u al-tr-a.ma-d. (Transitive)
(mo*to*ru / a*l*t*ra*ma*d )
He couldnt start the engine.
Kar-/s/-/n/ al-tr-ma-.yor. (Causative)
(ka*r*s*n / a*l*tr*m*yor )
He doesnt let his wife work.
Eskiden otomobil motor-lar- el-le al-tr-l-r-d. (Passive) (es*ki*den / o*to*mo*bil / mo*tor*la*r / el*le / a*l*t*r*lr*d )
In the past car engines used to be manually started.
Bu fabrika-da kask-sz al-l-maz.
(bu / fab*ri*ka*da / kask*sz / a*l*l*maz )
It is forbidden (dangerous) to work without helmets in this factory.
(Passive shaped intransitive verb) atla: Bardak atla-d. (Intransitive)
(bar*dak / at*la*d )
The glass (has) cracked.
Kaynar su bardak- atla-at-t. (Transitive)
(kay*nar / su / bar*da* / at*lat*t )
The boiling water cracked the glass.
Bardak- sen atla-at-t-n. (Causative)
(bar*da* / sen / at*lat*tn )
You made the glass crack. (You cracked the glass.)
Bardak atla-at-l-d. (Passive)
(bar*dak / at*la*tl*d )
The glass was cracked.
ek:
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Bu baca iyi ek-er. (Intransitive)
(bu / ba*ca / i*yi / e*ker )
This chimney draws well.
Anne-/s/i-/n/e ek-mi. (Intransitive)
(an*ne*si*ne / ek*mi )
She seems to have taken after her mother.
Araba-/y/ iki at ek-i.yor-du. (Transitive)
(a*ra*ba*y / i*ki / at / e*ki*yor*du )
Two horses were pulling the cart.
Kl--/n/ ek-ti. (Transitive)
(k*l*c*n / ek*ti )
He drew his sword.
Ac ek-i.yor. (Transitive)
(a*c / e*ki*yor )
He is suffering. (Intransitive)
Eskiden insan-lar kuyu-lar-dan su cek-er-di. (Transitive)
(es*ki*den / in*san*lar ~ / ku*yu*lar*dan / su / e*ker*di )
People used to draw water from wells in the past.
Teklif dikkat-im-i ek-ti. (Transitive)
(tek*lif / dik*ka*ti*mi / ek*ti )
The proposal attracted my attention. Araba-am ek-il-di. (Passive)
(a*ra*bam / e*kil*di)
My car has been towed away. Araba-am- ek-tir-di-im. (Causative)
(a*ra*ba*m / ek*tir*dim )
I had my car towed.
Bir di-im-i ektir-di-im. (Causative)
(bir / di*i*mi / ek*tir*dim )
I had a tooth pulled out. ekin-i.yor. (Reflexive) (*She is pulling herself)
(e*ki*ni*yor )
She is avoiding.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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eki-i.yor-lar. (Reciprocal)
(e*ki*i*yor*lar )
They are struggling with each other. (Intransitive)
Can eki-i.yor. (Reciprocal)
(can / e*ki*i*yor )
He is in the death agony.
k: Ev-den k-t. (k is intransitive.)
(ev*den / k*t )
He (has) left home. (Leave is transitive.) Ceket-i-/n/i kar-d. (Transitive)
(ce*ke*ti*ni / *kar*d )
He took off his coat. apka-am- kart-t. (Causative)
(ap*ka*m / *kart*t )
He made me take off my hat. Dar-/y/a k-ar-l-d. (Passive)
(d*a*r / *ka*rl*d )
He was taken out.
Boyuna sorun kar-.yor. (Transitive)
(bo*yu*na / so*run / *ka*r*yor )
He is always creating problems.
z:
Bir problem z-.yor. (Transitive)
(bir / prob*lem / *z*yor )
He is solving a problem. Problem-i baba-/s/-/n/a z-dr-d. (Causative)
(prob*le*mi / ba*ba*s*na / z*dr*d )
She got her father to solve the problem.
Tm sorun-lar-m.z z-l-d. (Passive)
(tm / so*run*la*r*mz / *zl*d )
All our problems have been solved.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Bu dm- z-e.me-i.yor-um. (Transitive)
(bu / d**m / *ze*mi*yo*rum )
I can't untie this knot.
daya:
Merdiven-i duvar-a daya-d. (Transitive)
(mer*di*ve*ni / du*va*ra / da*ya*d )
He leaned the ladder against the wall.
Merdiven-i duvar-a dayat-t. (Causative)
(mer*di*ve*ni / du*va*ra / da*yat*t )
He had the ladder leaned against the wall.
Merdiven duvar-a daya-an-d. (Passive)
(mer*di*ven / du*va*ra / da*yan*d )
The ladder has been leaned against the wall.
dayan: Bu ayakkab-lar daha ok daya-an-r. (Intransitive)
(bu / a*yak*ka*b*lar ~ / da*ha / ok / da*ya*nr )
These shoes last longer.
Bu scak-a dayan-a.ma-.yor-um. (Intransitive)
(bu / s*ca*a / da*ya*na*m*yo*rum )
I can't endure (tolerate) this warm weather. (Transitive)
dal:
Deniz-e dal-d. (Intransitive)
(de*ni*ze / dal*d )
He dived into the sea. El-i-/n/i su-/y/a dal-dr-d. (Transitive
(e*li*ni / su*ya / dal*dr*d )
He (she) plunged his hand into the water.
O/n/u deniz-e daldrt-t. (Causative)
(o*nu / de*ni*ze / dal*drt*t )
He got him to dive into the sea.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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dei:
Sen-i son gr-dk-m-den beri ok dei-ti-in (deimi-sin).
(se*ni / son / gr*d*m*den / be*ri / ok / de*i*tin )
You have changed a lot since I last saw you. (Intransitive)
Ev-e gel-in.ce giysi-ler-i-/n/i dei-tir-di. (Transitive)
(e*ve / ge*lin*ce~ / giy*si*le*ri*ni / de*i*tir*di )
He changed his clothes when he came home.
Eski lastik-ler-im-i dei-tirt-i.yor-um. (Causative)
(es*ki / las*tik*le*ri*mi / de*i*tir*ti*yo*rum )
I am having my old tires changed.
Kirli masa rt-/s/ dei-tir-il-di. (Passive)
(kir*li / ma*sa / r*t*s / de*i*ti*ril*di )
The dirty tablecloth has been changed.
Futbol kural-lar- degi-tir-il-e.cek. (Passive)
(fut*bol / ku*ral*la*r / de*i*ti*ri*le*cek )
The football rules are going to be changed.
dinle: Syle-dik-im-i dinle. (Transitive)
(sy*le*di*i*mi / din*le )
Listen to what I say. (Intransitive)
Bana ark-/s/-/n/ dinle-et-ti. (Causative)
(ba*na / ar*k*s*n / din*let*ti )
She got me to listen to her song.
do:
Ben Adanada do-du-um. (Intransitive),
(ben / a*da*na*da / do*dum )
I was born in Adana. (Passive)
Gne alt-da do-du. (Intransitive)
(g*ne / al*t*da / do*du )
The sun rose at six.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Geen ay bir olan dour-du. (Transitive)
(ge*en / ay / bir / o*lan / do*ur*du )
She gave birth to a son last month.
Ay da dou-dan do-ar. (Intransitive)
(ay / da / do*u*dan / do*ar )
The moon also rises in the east.
dol: Okul hemen ocuk-lar-la dol-du. (Intransitive)
(o*kul / he*men / o*cuk*lar*la / dol*du )
The school soon filled with children.
Sepet-i-/n/i elma/y/-la doldur-du. (Transitive)
(se*pe*ti*ni / el*may*la / dol*dur*du )
She filled her basket with apples.
Sepet-i-/n/i bana elma/y/-la dol-durt-tu. (Causative)
(se*pe*ti*ni / ba*na / el*may*la / dol*durt*tu )
She made me fill her basket with apples.
Sepet-i elma/y/-la dol-dur-ul-du. (Passive)
(se*pe*ti / el*may*la / dol*du*rul*du )
Her basket was filled with apples.
Sepet ban-a dol-durt-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(se*pet / ba*na / dol*dur*tul*du )
I was made to fill the basket.
dn: Tekerlek-ler yava yava dn-.yor. (Intransitive)
(te*ker*lek*ler / ya*va / ya*va / d*n*yor )
The wheels are turning slowly.
Geri dn. (Intransitive)
(ge*ri / dn )
Turn back.
Sa-a dn. (Intransitive)
(sa*a / dn ) (Normal): (sa*a: ~ / dn ) (Military order)
Turn right.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Sonbahar-da yaprak-lar sar-/y/a dn-er (sarar-r). (Intransitive)
(son*ba*har*da / yap*rak*lar / sa*r*ya / d*ner ), or (sa*ra*rr )
Leaves turn yellow in the autumn. (Yellow is subject complement.)
Yz- kzar-d. (Kzar is an intransitive action verb.)
(y*z / k*zar*d ) Her face turned red. (turn is a linking verb.) (Red is subject complement.)
Kasa-/y/ a-mak iin anahtar- evir-di (dndrd). (Transitive)
(ka*sa*y / a*mak / i*in / a*nah*ta*r / e*vir*di )
He turned the key to open the safe. (To open is an adverbial infinitive.)
d: Kalem-im yer-e d-t. (Intransitive)
(ka*le*mim / ye*re / d*t )
My pen fell on the floor.
Kalem-im-i dr-d-m. (Transitive)
(ka*le*mi*mi / d*r*dm )
I dropped my pencil.
Ben-i dr-d. (Causative)
(be*ni / d*r*d )
He made me fall down.
Ar bavul-u-/n/u dr-d. (Transitive)
(a*r / ba*vu*lu*nu / d*r*d )
He let his heavy bag fall.
Dr-l-d-m. (Passive causative)
(d**rl*dm )
I was made to fall down.
ge: Araba-lar n-m-den ge-i.yor. (Intransitive)
(a*ra*ba*lar / *nm*den / ge*i*yor )
Cars are passing in front of me.
Snav- ge-e.me-di-im. (Transitive)
(s*na*v / ge*e*me*dim )
I couldnt pass the exam.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
26
yi gein-i.yor-lar. (Reflexive)
(i*yi / ge*i*ni*yor*lar )
They are getting on well with each other.
n-m-de.ki araba-/y/ ge-ti-im. (nmdeki is a modifier.)
(*nm*de*ki / a*ra*ba*y / ge*tim )
I overtook the car in front of me. (Transitive)
gr: Yanllk- gr-me-di-im. (Transitive)
(yan*l*l* / gr*me*dim )
I didnt (notice) see the mistake.
Yorgun gr-n-.yor-sun. (Reflexive)
(yor*gun / g*r*n*yor*sun )
You look tired. (Tired is a subject complement.) Bu teklif ilgin gr-n-.yor. (Reflexive)
( bu / tek*lif / il*gin / g*r*n*yor )
This proposal sounds interesting. (Interesting is a subject complement.) mkn-sz gr-n-.yor. (Reflexive)
(im*kn*sz / g*r*n*yor )
It seems (sounds) impossible. (mpossible is a subject complement.)
gl: Bebek gl-.yor. (Intransitive)
(be*bek / g*l*yor )
The baby is laughing.
O ben-i her zaman gl-dr-r. (Causative)
(o / be*ni / her*za*man / gl*d*rr )
She always makes me laugh.
Gl-dr-l-d-m. (Passive causative)
(gl*d*rl*dm )
I was made to laugh.
Bu sorun-lar-a gl-n-mez. (Passive shaped intransitive)
(bu / so*run*la*ra / g*ln*mez )
It is not decent to laugh at such problems.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Kz-lar bahe-de gl--.yor-lar-d. (Reciprocal)
(kz*lar / bah*e*de / g*l**yor*lar*d )
The girls were giggling in the garden.
hatrla:
O/n/un isim-i-/n/i hatrla-.yor-um. (Transitive)
(o*nun / is*mi*ni / ha*tr*l*yo*rum )
I remember her name.
Kar-m k-lar- kapat-ma-am- hatrlat-t. (Transitive)
(ka*rm / *k*la*r / ka*pat*ma*m / ha*tr*lat*t )
My wife reminded me to turn off the lights.
Bu eski fotograf bana bykanne-em-i hatrlat-.yor. (Transitive)
(bu / es*ki / fo*tog*ra *lar / ba*na / b*y*kan*ne*mi / ha*tr*la*t*yor )
This old photograph reminds me of my grandmother.
Bu zafer uzun sre hatrla-an-a.cak. (Passive)
(bu / za*fer / u*zun / s*re / ha*tr*la*na*cak )
This victory will be remembered for a long time.
hazrla:
Anne-em le yemek-i-/n/i hazrla-d. (Transitive)
(an*nem / *le / ye*me*i*ni / ha*zr*la*d )
Mother has prepared the lunch.
Anne-em yemek-i bana hazrla-at-t. (Causative)
(an*nem / ye*me*i / ba*na / ha*zr*lat*t )
Mother made me prepare the lunch.
Yemek hazrla-an-d. (Passive)
(ye*mek / ha*zr*lan*d ) The lunch has been prepared.
Hazrla-an-.yor-um. (Reflexive) (*I am preparing myself.)
(ha*zr*la*n*yo*rum )
I am getting ready. (Ready is subject complement.)
i:
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
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Anne-em her sabah bir bardak ay i-er. (Transitive)
(an*nem / her / sa*bah / bir / bar*dak / ay / i*er )
Mother drinks a cup of tea every morning.
Anne-em bana her sabah iki bardak st i-ir-ir. (Causative)
(an*nem / ba*na / her / sa*bah / i*ki / bar*dak / st / i*i*rir )
Mother makes me drink two cups of milk every morning.
Bu su i-il-ir. (Passive)
(bu / su / i*i*lir )
This water is drinkable. (Drinkable is subject complement.)
iit: yi iit-e-bil-i.yor mu-sun? (Intransitive)
(i*yi / i*i*te*bi*li*yor / mu*sun )
Can you hear well?
O/n/un Londrada ol-duk-u-/n/u iit-ti-im. (Transitive)
(o*nun / Lon*dra*da / ol*du*u*nu / i*it*tim )
I heard that he is (was) in London.
O-/n/un yalan syle-dik-i hi iit-il-me-di. (Passive)
(o*nun / ya*lan / sy*le*di*i / hi / i*i*til*me*di )
He has never been heard to tell a lie.
sr: Havla-/y/an kpek sr-maz. (Intransitive)
(hav*la*yan / k*pek / *sr*maz )
A bark-ing dog never bites. (A proverb)
Kopek-in dn bacak-m- sr-d. (Transitive)
(k*pe*in / dn / ba*ca**m / *sr*d)
Your dog bit my leg yesterday.
Kuduz bir kpek tarafndan sr-l-d. (Passive)
(ku*duz / bir / k*pek / ta*ra*fn*dan / *s*rl*d) She was bitten by a mad dog.
Ben-i kopek-i-/n/e srt-t. (Causative)
(be*ni / k*pe*i*ne / *srt*t )
She made (let) her dog bite me.
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T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
29
ka:
ki hkml hapis-ten ka-t. (Intransitive)
(i*ki / h*km*l / ha*pis*ten / ka*t )
Two prisoners (have) escaped from prison.
ki kii be ya-n-da bir ocuk-u kar-d. (Transitive.)
(i*ki / ki*i / be / ya*n*da / bir / o*cu*u / ka*r*d )
Two men kidnapped a five year old child.
Herkes gen kadn-n kar-l-dk--/n/ dn-.yor. (Passive)
(her*kes / gen / ka*d*nn / ka**rl*d**n / d**n*yor )
Everybody thinks that the young woman has been abducted. ocuk-lar- bahe-den kart-t. (Causative)
(o*cuk*la*r / bah*e*den / ka*rt*t )
He frightened the children away from the garden.
Grev-in-i yap-mak-tan ka-n-ma-ma.l-sn. (Reflexive)
(g*re*vi*ni / yap*mak*tan / ka*n*ma*ma*l*sn )
You shouldnt avoid do-ing your duty.
Herkes dei-ik ynler-e ka--t. (Reciprocal)
(her*kes / de*i*ik / yn*le*re / ka**t )