Turkish Lessons

7/28/2019 Turkish Lessons

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Introduction

Grammar

Turkish grammar is simplistic once you get used to the style. However, it can seem to bevery difficult since the grammatical structure is totally different from the Indo-European

languages. This is because Turkish is from a different language family called Ural-Altaiclanguages. Some languages similar to Turkish are ´Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Japanese,Korean, Mongolian, Kazak, Uzbek, Tatar, Manchu´. Compared to English, the mostfundamental differences in Turkish grammar can be listed as:Ordering of sentence partsA typical Turkish sentence is ordered as (subject + object + verb)Arkadaşım [My friend --> subject] araba [car -->object] aldı [bought-->verb].No gender There are no articles in Turkish, and no gender associated with wordsNo gender in personal pronouns (the Turkish word for he, she and it is o)Vowel harmonyHarmony of vowels is a very fundamental property of Turkish. The rules concerning vowel

harmony need to be learned as one of the first steps because they affect the way almost allthe other rules are applied.Use of suffixesSuffixes are very widely used in Turkish. The meaning of prepositions, personal pronounsand tenses are all countered by adding suffixes to word roots.Kalbimdesin [You are in my heart]

Once you get to these differences and learn the basic harmony rules, the rest of thegrammar is quite simple. Almost everything follows well defined, simple rules.Sounds

Another important point is the way you read a written text. There is exactly one sound for

each character in Turkish. A character always represents the same sound, regardless of itsposition in a word or the characters next to it. Therefore, it is straightforward to pronouncea word that you see for the first time once you are familiar with the characters in the Turkishalphabet.Vocabulary

Once you are comfortable or at least familiar with the harmony rules, the main challengewill be the vocabulary. Turkish vocabulary can be very challenging since the words have noresemblance to the European languages except the few words adapted directly from theselanguages.Alphabet

Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters - 8 vowels and 21 consonants.Each letter has exactly one associated sound which never changes.

Three letters of the English alphabet are missing in the Turkish alphabet.(Q-q)(W-w)(X-x)There are seven additional characters not found in the English alphabet.(Ç-ç)(Ğ-ğ)(I-ı)

(İ-i)(Ö-ö)(Ş-ş)(Ü-ü)



The letters of Turkish alphabet and the sounds associated with these are in the followingtable...

Letter Pronunciation

A, alike the a in car B, b like the b in betC, c like the g in gender Ç, ç like the ch in chanceD, d like the d in debtE, e like the e in lessF, f like the f in felonyG, g like the g in gameĞ, ğ this is a very weak sound, not pronouncing at all will be okH, h like the h in helloI, ı like the e in haltedİ, i like the ee in keenJ, j like the s in leisureK, klike the k in kellyL, l like the l in lambM, m like the m in manN, n like the n in neighbor O, o like the a in ballÖ, ö like the u in urgeP, p like the p in penR, r like the r in rent

S, slike the s in sendŞ, ş like the sh in shedT, t like the t in tennisU, u like the oo in goodÜ, ü like the u in nudeV, v like the v in vent Y, y like the y in yesZ, z like the z in zen

3 Numbers

Constructing numbers in Turkish is simple and straightforward. The rule is to line up theparts in decreasing magnitude like in English, but without putting any conjunctive words inbetween. For example, direct translation of 1256 from Turkish would be ´thousand twohundred fifty six´. Let´s continue to construct numbers after you take a look at the tablebelow. The numbers from 0 to 10 definitely need to be learned without any rule, as well as10, 20, ..., 100 and 1,000-1,000,000-1,000,000,000.... After that, it´s all about applying thesimple-straightforward rules and practicing.

0 sıfır 21 yirmi bir 1 bir 22 yirmi iki2 iki 30 otuz3 üç 40 kırk4 dört 50 elli5 beş 60 altmış6 altı 70 yetmiş



7 yedi 80 seksen8 sekiz 90 doksan9 dokuz 100 yüz10 on 137 yüz otuz yedi11 on bir 200 iki yüz12 on iki 300 üç yüz13 on üç 1,000 bin

14 on dört 2,000 iki bin15 on beş 10,000 on bin16 on altı 25,000yirmi beş bin17 on yedi 1,000,000 bir milyon18 on sekiz 1,000,000,000bir milyar 19 on dokuz20 yirmiLooking at the table above, let us see how some numbers are read in different cases:58 -->elli sekiz 63 --> altmış üç 97 --> doksan yedi104 --> yüz dört 148 --> yüz kırk sekiz 752 --> yedi yüz elli iki1,765 --> bin yedi yüz altmış beş 48,392 --> kırk sekiz bin üç yüz doksan iki 305,018--> üç yüz beş bin on sekiz4,762,345,258 --> dört milyar yedi yüz altmış iki milyon üç yüz kırk beş bin iki yüz elli sekizNow, practice time. Try tofigure out the number correspondin to thefollowing (answers arebelow the list) Turkish spelling Number dört ?on dört ?kırk dört ?yüz yetmiş dört ?altı yüz yirmi dokuz ?yedi yüz yirmi dört ?bin yedi yüz seksen beş ?bir milyon üç ?

üç yüz yirmi sekiz ?bin dokuz yüz on dokuz ?iki bin dört ?bin yedi yüz seksen dokuz ?Correct answers in sequence are: 4, 14, 44, 174, 629, 724, 1785, 1000003, 328, 1919, 2004,1789Fractions

Another point to note here is how to read fractions. The most commonly used form, x.5, isread as the whole part of the number followed by buçuk. The only exception to this is the0.5 case, which is read like the other fractions. For the other fractions, the whole part of thenumber is read first, and then the fractional part is read as if it is a seperate number after

saying virgül . Acually virgül means comma, and this word is used for separating the wholepart and the fractional part of a number. Comma is used instead of point or dot because inTurkish convention fractions are separated by comma. Here are some examples:

2.5 --> iki buçuk 274.5 --> iki yüz yetmiş dört buçuk 0.5 --> sıfır virgül beş104.25 --> yüz dört virgül yirmi beş 14.8 --> on dört virgül sekiz 7.52 --> yedivirgül elli iki1.705 --> bir virgül yedi yüz beş 48.012 --> kırk sekiz virgül sıfır on iki305.008 --> üç yüz beş virgül sıfır sıfır sekiz

We should also look at the translations of fraction denoting adjectives. These are:

Half --> Yarım (Be careful that this is used only as an adjective, the word buçuk is usedinstead when you are reading numbers - half a bread is yarım ekmek, one and a half is bir



buçuk)

Quarter --> ÇeyrekSome sentences and prases using these adjectives would be:

Half an hour --> yarım saat

Buy half a bread. --> Yarım ekmek al.

Joe made a foul in the last quarter. --> Joe son çeyrekte bir faul yaptı. Sequence Numbers

Now, let us take a look at how order is indicated using the numbers. The suffix used for order is -inci. Adding this at the and of any number will give the meaning of order. Animportant point to pay attention here, as always, is that this suffix changes according tovowel harmony.1st --> birinci 2nd --> ikinci (not ikiinci, one vowel falls when there istwo next to each other)3rd --> üçüncü 4th --> dördüncü5th --> beşinci 6th --> altıncı (again, not altııncı because one of the double ı´s falls)7th --> yedinci 10th --> onuncu25th --> yirmi beşinci 50th --> ellinci (note the same vowel fall here)

4 Pronouns

1Personal Pronouns

Here are the Turkish translations of the personal pronouns. However, these pronouns aregenerally omitted in sentences since person is implied in the adjectives or the verbs in

sentences. They are often used to stress the person.

i ben i am adjective ben adjective-imyou sen you are adjective sen adjective-sinhe

she

it o he

she | is adjective

it / o adjectivewe biz we are adjective biz adjective-izyou siz you are adjective siz adjective-sinizthey onlar they are adjective onlar adjective-ler

güzel --> beautiful

I am beautiful. --> Ben güzel-im. --> Güzelim. (Personal pronoun is implied)

You are beautiful. --> Sen güzel-sin. --> Güzelsin.

He/she/it is beautiful. --> O güzel. --> Güzel.

We are beautiful. --> Biz güzel-iz. --> Güzeliz.



You are beautiful. --> Siz güzel-siniz. --> Güzelsiniz.

They are beautiful. --> Onlar güzel-ler. --> Güzeller.

kötü --> bad

I am bad. --> Ben kötü-y-üm. --> Kötüyüm. (Note how kötü and -üm are connected with thefusion consonant ´y´.)

You are bad. --> Sen kötü-sün. --> Kötüsün.

He/she/it is bad. --> O kötü. --> Kötü.

We are bad. --> Biz kötü-y-üz. --> Kötüyüz.

You are bad. --> Siz kötü-siniz. --> Kötüsünüz.

They are bad. --> Onlar kötü-ler. --> Kötüler.

geliyor --> coming (present continuous tense)

I am coming. --> Ben geliyor-um. --> Geliyorum.

You are coming. --> Sen geliyor-sun. --> Geliyorsun.

He/she/it is coming. --> O geliyor. --> Geliyor.

We are coming. --> Biz geliyor-uz. --> Geliyoruz.

You are coming. --> Siz geliyor-sunuz. --> Geliyorsunuz.

They are coming. --> Onlar geliyor-lar. --> Geliyorlar.

For nouns other than these pronouns, you must use the third person case.

Marzena is beautiful. --> Marzena güzel.

Marzena is very beautiful. --> Marzena çok güzel.

Joe is bad. --> Joe kötü.

Joe is coming. --> Joe geliyor.

Demonstrative pronouns

These are the pronouns used for obects instead of people. this buthat (between this and that) şuthat othese bunlar those (between these and those) şunlar those onlar



kitap --> book

Bu bir kitap. --> This is a book.

Şu bir kitap. --> That is a book.

O bir kitap. --> That is a book.

Bunlar kitaplar. --> These are books.

Şunlar kitaplar. --> Those are books.

Onlar kitaplar. --> Those are books.Possessive Pronouns

Personal posessive pronouns:myben-im my noun ben-im noun-imyour sen-in your noun sen-in noun-inhis

her

its o-n-unhis

her | noun

its / o-n-un noun-iour biz-im our noun biz-im noun-imizyour siz-in your noun siz-in noun-iniztheir onlar-ın their noun onlar-ın noun-leri

Notice his/her/its is o-n-un instead of o-un. Since two vowels don´t come together inTurkish, one fusion consonant is added in between. It is ´n´ in this case. Either a fusionconsonant is added in between, or one of the vowels is dropped whenever a vowel isfollowed by another vowel. Which technique must be used changes among different rules,but it is consistent in a single rule. This will be mentioned in different lessons whennecessary.ev --> house

my house --> ben-im ev-im --> evim (personal pronoun is implied)

your house --> sen-in ev-in --> evin

his/her/its house --> o-n-in ev-i --> onun evi --> evi

our house --> biz-im ev-imiz --> evimiz

your house --> siz-in ev-iniz --> eviniz

their house --> onlar-ın ev-leri --> evleri

araba --> car

my car --> ben-im araba-m --> arabam (the suffix -im becomes -m when added after a vowel,since two vowels don´t come together in Turkish)

your car --> sen-in araba-n --> araban



his/her/its car --> o-n-in araba-s-ı --> onun arabası --> arabası (Instead of dropping onevowel, here the fusion consonant ´s´ is added between vowels since the suffix is only asingle vowel.)

our car --> biz-im araba-mız --> arabamız

your car --> siz-in araba-nız --> arabanız

their car --> onlar-ın araba-ları --> arabaları

For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third person form is used.

Gizem´s house --> Gizem´in evi

Gizem´s car --> Gizem´in arabası

My mother´s house --> Annemin evi Demonstartive posessive pronouns:of this bu-n-unof that (between this and that) şu-n-unof that o-n-unof these bunlar-ınof those (between these and those) şunlar-ınof those onlar-ın

Bunun evi --> The house of this

Şunun evi --> The house of that

Onun evi --> The house of that

Bunların evleri --> The house of these.

Şunların evleri --> The house of those.

Onların evleri --> The house of those.

For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third person form is used.

The room of the house --> Evin odası

Cat´s food --> Kedinin yemeğiReflexive Pronouns

The way reflexive pronouns are constructed in Turkish is very similar to the way we do it inEnglish. The Turkish word for self is kendi. The reflexive pronouns hence are as follows:

myself kendi-im kendimyourself kendi-in kendinhimself

herself

itself kendi-si kendisiourselves kendi-imiz kendimizyourselves kendi-iniz kendiniz



themselves kendi-leri kendileri

5Pronouns 2

In the previous lesson on pronouns, we covered the basic pronouns. The topics covered were:

Personal pronouns (ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar)

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o, bunlar, şunlar, onlar)

Possessive pronouns

Personal possessive pronouns (benim, senin, onun, bizim, sizin, onların)

Demonstrative possessive pronouns (bunun, şunun, onun, bunların, şunların, onların)

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin, kendisi, kendimiz, kendiniz, kendileri)

There are also other pronouns used for many different situations, like everybody, nothing... Let's now see theTurkish meanings for these pronouns.English TurkishBasic components of these pronounsevery her thing şeynone hiçany herhangibir one, a bir

some bazıall bütünPronounseverything herşeysomething birşey (singular)

birşeyler (plural)nothing hiçbir şeyanything herhangibir şeyeverybody herkessomebody birisi (singular)

birileri (plural)

nobody hiç kimseanybody herhangi birisiall of these (bunların) hepsiall of those (onların) hepsiall of ushepimizall of you hepiniznone of these (bunların) hiçbirinone of those (onların) hiçbirinone of us hiçbirimiznone of you hiçbirinizsome of these (bunların) bazılarısome of those (onların) bazılarısome of us bazılarımız

some of you bazılarınız

In English, some of these pronouns that have negative meanings are used in positive sentences. For example,



There is nobody here. (Instead of there isn't nobody here)

In Turkish, you never do this. If the meaning of a pronoun is negative, it must always be used in a negativesentence. Similarly, pronouns with positive meanings must always be used in positive sentences.

There is nobody here. --> Burada hiçkimse yok.

Now, let's use some of these pronouns in sentences:

Every flower does not smell. --> Her çiçek kokmaz.

What is this thing? --> Bu şey ne?

There is none left. --> Hiç kalmadı.

Some students are here. --> Bazı öğrenciler burada.

All students are here. --> Bütün öğrenciler burada.

Everything's ok. --> Herşey yolunda.

Everything is here. --> Herşey burada.

Ask something. --> Birşey sor.

I saw nothing. --> Hiçbir şey görmedim.

Is there anything? --> Herhangibir şey var mı?

Is everybody here? --> Herkes burada mı?

Somebody came. --> Birisi geldi.

Nobody came. --> Hiç kimse gelmedi.

Anybody can come. --> Herhangi birisi gelebilir.

All of these are mine. --> Bunların hepsi benim.

6 Date and Time

1. Time

Let´s start with simple dialogue sentences about time, the question and differentanswers.Time - English Turkish (Parantheses for explanation only)What time is it? Saat kaç?It is ten o´clock. Saat on (10).It is five past ten. Saat onu (10-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is five past five. Saat beşi (5-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is five past six. Saat altıyı (6-[y]-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is five past three. Saat üçü (3-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is quarter past ten. Saat onu (10-i) çeyrek (quarter) geçiyor.It is ten twenty. Saat onu (10-i) yirmi (20) geçiyor.It is half past ten. Saat on (10) buçuk (half).It is ten thirty five. Saat on bire (11-e) yirmi beş (25) var.

It is ten forty. Saat on bire (11-e) yirmi (20) var.It is quarter to eleven. Saat on bire (11-e) çeyrek (quarter) var.It is ten to eleven. Saat on bire (11-e) on (10) var.It is eleven. Saat on bir (11).



Now, time to explain the words and phrases used in this table. Let´s start with the question,´Saat kaç?´. Word by word:

Saat --> Hour

Kaç --> How many

It is not perfectly logical, but the question sentence used for asking the time is ´Saat kaç?´.Then, you may say, how do you ask how many hours? To say ´How many hours?´ youwould say ´Kaç saat?´. ´Saat kaç?´ is a special phrase for asking the time which otherwisewould not be very meaningful. More or less the same is true for the answer. The best thingis to try to learn the main phrase instead of trying to learn the logic, because the logic usedhere does not apply to other cases in the language. You basically say "Saat xxx.".

From the exact hour to half past, you say the time as minutes past hour. From half past tothe next hour, convention is to sat the time as minutes to hour.The word for past is ´geçiyor´.

The word for to is ´var´.The word for half is ´buçuk´.The word for quarter is ´çeyrek´.The general phrase for "It is minutes past hours" is:

Saat hours-i minutes geçiyor. (Note the vowel harmony rules for the suffix -i)

And the general phrase for "It is minutes to hours" is:

Saat hours-e minutes var. (Note the vowel harmony rules for the suffix -e)

2. Date

Let´s start with the days of the week and months:English TurkishDays of the weekSunday Pazar Monday PazartesiTuesday SalıWednesday ÇarşambaThursday PerşembeFriday CumaSaturday Cumartesi

MonthsJanuary OcakFebruary ŞubatMarch MartApril NisanMay MayısJune HaziranJuly TemmuzAugust AğustosSeptember EylülOctober EkimNovember KasımDecember Aralık

2.1. Day of the week



A simple conversation about the day of the week would be like the following:EnglishTurkish

A. What´s the day? A. Bugün günlerden ne?B1. Today is Monday. B1. Bugün günlerden pazartesi.B2. Monday. B2. Pazartesi.

Let´s examine the parts of the question sentence first:

bu --> this

gün --> day

bugün --> today

günler --> days

günlerden --> from the days (also means among the days)

ne --> what

Putting all these words together, the direct translation of ´Bugün günlerden ne?´ would be´Today among the days what?´. Funny? That´s the way you ask the day of the week. After these explanations and translations, the answer sentence should be clear.2.2. Whole Date

To ask the date, you say:

-Bugünün tarihi ne?

-14 Temmuz 2004.

Vocabulary:

bugün --> today

tarih --> date

bugünün tarihi --> today´s date

ne --> what

Using these, the direct translation of the question sentence would be: ´Today´s date what?´. Actually, this is how you form a regular question sentence in Turkish. You shouldn´t worryabout this yet, we´ll cover it later in another lesson.

The answer doesn´t need much explanation. The day number, followed by month´s name,and finally the year. The day number and the year are both read as a regular numbers. For reading years, it is always read as a whole as a single number. Years are never read as twoparts like it is done in English in the case of 1996 (nineteen ninety six). The way you readthis year in Turkish would be ´bin dokuz yüz doksan altı´ (one thousand nine hundred ninetysix). 3. Seasons

Let´s see the words used for seasons in Turkish:English Turkish



spring bahar or ilkbahar summer yazfall, autumn sonbahar or güzwinter kış

7 Date and Time1. Time

Let´s start with simple dialogue sentences about time, the question and differentanswers.Time - English Turkish (Parantheses for explanation only)What time is it? Saat kaç?It is ten o´clock. Saat on (10).It is five past ten. Saat onu (10-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is five past five. Saat beşi (5-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is five past six. Saat altıyı (6-[y]-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is five past three. Saat üçü (3-i) beş (5) geçiyor.It is quarter past ten. Saat onu (10-i) çeyrek (quarter) geçiyor.It is ten twenty. Saat onu (10-i) yirmi (20) geçiyor.It is half past ten. Saat on (10) buçuk (half).It is ten thirty five. Saat on bire (11-e) yirmi beş (25) var.It is ten forty. Saat on bire (11-e) yirmi (20) var.It is quarter to eleven. Saat on bire (11-e) çeyrek (quarter) var.It is ten to eleven. Saat on bire (11-e) on (10) var.It is eleven. Saat on bir (11).

Now, time to explain the words and phrases used in this table. Let´s start with the question,´Saat kaç?´. Word by word:

Saat --> Hour

Kaç --> How many

It is not perfectly logical, but the question sentence used for asking the time is ´Saat kaç?´.Then, you may say, how do you ask how many hours? To say ´How many hours?´ youwould say ´Kaç saat?´. ´Saat kaç?´ is a special phrase for asking the time which otherwisewould not be very meaningful. More or less the same is true for the answer. The best thingis to try to learn the main phrase instead of trying to learn the logic, because the logic usedhere does not apply to other cases in the language. You basically say "Saat xxx.".

From the exact hour to half past, you say the time as minutes past hour. From half past tothe next hour, convention is to sat the time as minutes to hour.

The word for past is ´geçiyor´.

The word for to is ´var´.

The word for half is ´buçuk´.

The word for quarter is ´çeyrek´.The general phrase for "It is minutes past hours" is:

Saat hours-i minutes geçiyor. (Note the vowel harmony rules for the suffix -i)



And the general phrase for "It is minutes to hours" is:

Saat hours-e minutes var. (Note the vowel harmony rules for the suffix -e)

2. Date

Let´s start with the days of the week and months:English TurkishDays of the weekSunday Pazar Monday PazartesiTuesday SalıWednesday ÇarşambaThursday PerşembeFriday CumaSaturday CumartesiMonthsJanuary OcakFebruary ŞubatMarch MartApril NisanMay MayısJune HaziranJuly TemmuzAugust AğustosSeptember EylülOctober EkimNovember KasımDecember Aralık

2.1. Day of the week

A simple conversation about the day of the week would be like the following:EnglishTurkish

A. What´s the day? A. Bugün günlerden ne?B1. Today is Monday. B1. Bugün günlerden pazartesi.B2. Monday. B2. Pazartesi.

Let´s examine the parts of the question sentence first:

bu --> this

gün --> day

bugün --> today

günler --> days

günlerden --> from the days (also means among the days)

ne --> what

Putting all these words together, the direct translation of ´Bugün günlerden ne?´ would be´Today among the days what?´. Funny? That´s the way you ask the day of the week. After these explanations and translations, the answer sentence should be clear.



2.2. Whole Date

To ask the date, you say:

-Bugünün tarihi ne?

-14 Temmuz 2004.

Vocabulary:

bugün --> today

tarih --> date

bugünün tarihi --> today´s date

ne --> what

Using these, the direct translation of the question sentence would be: ´Today´s date what?´. Actually, this is how you form a regular question sentence in Turkish. You shouldn´t worryabout this yet, we´ll cover it later in another lesson.

The answer doesn´t need much explanation. The day number, followed by month´s name,and finally the year. The day number and the year are both read as a regular numbers. For reading years, it is always read as a whole as a single number. Years are never read as twoparts like it is done in English in the case of 1996 (nineteen ninety six). The way you readthis year in Turkish would be ´bin dokuz yüz doksan altı´ (one thousand nine hundred ninetysix).

3. Seasons

Let´s see the words used for seasons in Turkish:English Turkish

spring bahar or ilkbahar summer yazfall, autumn sonbahar or güzwinter kış8 Love

In this lesson, we will cover the love words and expressions in Turkish. In English, you can

use words like 'honey, darling, sweetheart' to call the person you love. Let's start with a listof love words used to call the person you love in Turkish. A general point here is that youalways use these words with possession in Turkish. Instead of saying 'honey', the word youuse in Turkish means 'my honey'. I will also give the direct translations of these words toEnglish. Although the meaning of some of these words may seem strange, they can all beused to call the person you love. TurkishEnglishaşkımmy lovecanım my lifebi tanem my only onehayatım my lifesevgilim my darlingbalım my honeytatlım my sweety (used for girls)güzelim my beautiful (used for girls)



çiçeğim my flower (used for girls)gülüm my rose (used for girls)meleğim my angel (used for girls)

Now, let's see some common love phrases in Turkish and their meanings: TurkishEnglish

Seni seviyorum.

I love you.Seni çok seviyorum. I love you very much.Senden çok hoşlanıyorum. I like you very much.Benimle çıkar mısın? Would you like to go out with me?Benimle dans eder misin? Would you like to dance with me?Benimle evlenir misin? Will you marry me?Evlenme teklifi. Marriage proposal.Nişanlı FianceeRüyalarımın erkeğisin/kadınısın. You are the man/woman of my dreams.Seninle olmak istiyorum. I want to be with you.Seninle kalmak istiyorum. I want to stay with you.Seni çok özlüyorum. I am missing you very much.Seni çok özledim. I missed you very much.Biraz daha kalabilir misin? Can you stay a little longer?Seni bir daha ne zaman göreceğim? When will I see you next?Bir yerlerde buluşalım. Let's meet somewhere.Seni görmek istiyorum. I want to see you.Çok güzelsin. You are very beautiful.

Now, time to use what you learned.

9 Antonyms

A set of important antonyms you need to know...English Turkishbig-smallbüyük-küçükfast-slow hızlı-yavaşquick-slow çabuk-yavaşfull-empty dolu-boşeasy-difficult kolay-zor heavy-light ağır-hafif open-shut açık-kapalıright-wrong doğru-yanlışold-new eski-yeniold-young yaşlı-genç

first-last ilk-sonbeautiful-ugly güzel-çirkinfree-busy serbest-meşgulgood-badiyi-kötübetter-worse daha iyi-daha kötüthe best-the worst en iyi-en kötüearly-late erken-geçcheap-expensive ucuz-pahalınear-far yakın-uzakhere-there burada-oradaright-left sağ-soltall-short uzun-kısadark-light koyu-açıkhigh-low yüksek-alçak



open-closed açık-kapalıthin-thick ince-kalınslim-fat zayıf-şişman

10Quantity Words

English Turkish

a little, somebirazvery, much, many çokenough yeterliany, no, nonehiçfew aztoo much, too many çok fazlatoo fazlamore daha fazla, daha çokless daha aza few birkaç (tane)

11 Colors

English Turkish

BlackSiyahWhite BeyazRed KırmızıBlue Mavi

Orange TuruncuGreen YeşilPurpleMor Pink PembeBrownKahverengi YellowSarıGrey GriColor RenkLight AçıkDark KoyuThe question for asking colors is constructed similar to the way it´s done in English:

Eng: What color is XXX?

Tr: XXX ne renk? (Here, ne is what and renk is color)

The answer is also simple:

Eng: XXX is red.

Tr: XXX kırmızı.

However, note the difference in word ordering when you want to add a color (or anyadjective) to an indefinite noun.

Eng: A red XXX.



Tr: Kırmızı bir XXX. (Not ´Bir kırmızı XXX´)

Now, try to understand the following sentences. English translations are below the Turkishsentences.

1. Bu araba açık mavi.

2. Evim koyu kırmızı.

3. Gözlerin ne renk?

4. Beyaz bir gömlek aldım.

1. This car is light blue. 2. My house is dark red. 3. What color are your eyes? 4. I bought awhite shirt.

12 Family

English Turkishfather babamother annebrother (erkek) kardeşsister (kız) kardeşelder brother abielder sister ablason oğul - erkek çocukdaughter kız - kız çocukaunt (mother side) teyzeaunt (father side) hala

grandfather dede - büyükbabagrandmother nine - büyükannegrandmother (mother side) anneannegrandmother (father side) babaannenephew, niece yeğenuncle (father side) amcauncle (mother side) dayıcousin kuzenfather-in-law kayınbaba - kayınpeder mother-in-law kaynana - kayınvalidesister-in-law baldızsister-in-law's husband bacanak

son-in-law damatdaughter-in-law gelinsister's husband eniştegrandson, granddaughter, grandchild toruntwin ikiztwin brother, twin sister ikiz kardeşwife eş, hanım, karıhusband kocastep mother üvey annestep father üvey baba

Fruits and vegetables

English TurkishFruits --- Meyveler



bananamuzapple elmaorange portakalgrape üzümcherry kiraztangerine mandalina

sour cherry vişnepear armutavocado avokadopineapple ananasstrawberry çilekcurrant kuşüzümügrapefruit greyfurtfig incir watermelon karpuzmelon kavunapricot kayısıkiwi kivimulberry dutraspberry ahududublackberry böğürtlenplum erikVegetables --- Sebzeler lettuce maruleggplant patlıcanzucchini kabakcucumber salatalık - hıyar parsley maydanozpotato patates

onion soğantomato domatespepper biber cabbage lahanacauliflower karnıbahar lemon limonWeight is measured with kilograms in Turkey like in Europe, unlike pounds used in America.Some sentences useful for buying fruits and vegetables would be:

Sentences for request:

A. Bir kilo domates alabilir miyim? (Can I get one kilogram tomatoes?)

A. İki kilo elma verir misiniz? (Can you give me two kilograms of apple?)

A. Yarım kilo çilek alacaktım. (Something like "I would like to buy half a kilogram of strawberries.")Possible response of the seller:

B. Tabi, buyrun.(Sure, here you are)

B. Hemen. (Immediately)

B. Buyrun, afiyet olsun. (Here you are, good appetite)

Reply to the seller before leaving:



A. Teşekkürler. (Thank you)

A. Hayırlı işler. (Something like "Have a fruitful work day")

A. İyi günler. (Have a nice day)Another point worth noting if you are in Turkey is that bargaining is very common :) You can

buy many things under the display price with some bargaining. However, this is not true if you are shopping from a supermarket where you buy things and pay to the cashier.

Body parts

English TurkishVücudumuz --- Our Bodyheadkafa - başbody vücut - gövdearm kolleg bacakhand elfoot ayakfinger parmakindex finger işaret parmağıthumb baş parmakeye gözear kulakhair saçnail tırnaknose burun

mouth ağıztooth diştongue dilcheek yanakchin çenethroat boğazneck boyuneyelash kirpikeyelid göz kapağıeyebrow kaşforehead alıntemple şakak

wrist bilek - kol bileğiankle ayak bileğiheel topukelbow dirsekknee dizlip dudakmoustache bıyıkbeard sakalshoulder omuzwaist beltoe ayak başparmağıabdomen karınOrgans --- Organlar heart kalplung akciğer



liver karaciğer kidney böbrekstomach midevein damar - toplardamar blood kanbrain beyin

Animals

English TurkishAnimals --- Hayvanlar animal hayvanlion aslantiger kaplansheep koyuncow inekbull boğaox öküzhen tavukrooster horozpig domuzhorse atdonkey eşekturkey hindidog köpekcat kedimouse farefish balıkwhale balinadolphin yunus

shark köpek balığıoctopus ahtapotinsect, bug böcekbutterfly kelebekbee arıant karıncawolf kurtdeer geyikbat yarasabeaver kunduzgull martıhawk şahin

hedgehog kirpisquirrel sincapstork leylekvulture akbabaworm kurt - solucanwasp eşek arısımillipede kırkayakhyena sırtlangrasshopper çekirgezebra zebrafox tilkisnake yılanelephant filbear ayıgiraffe zürafa



penguin penguenspider örümcekcrocodile timsahlizard kertenkeleturtle kaplumbağarabbşt tavşanbird kuş

fish balıkfrog kurbağamonkey maymun

Character English Turkish

Character --- Karakter behavior davranışhonest dürüstpatient sabırlıimpatient sabırsızkind kibar proud gururlupolite kibar impolite kabadecent terbiyeli - nazikskilful yetenekliwitty, clever zeki - akıllıquite suskun - sessizcurious meraklıfunny komikboringsıkıcı

cruel zalimtalkative konuşkangood iyibad kötünaive saf optimistic iyimser pessimistic kötümser shy utangaçstrange garipsensitive duygusalcrazy çılgıntolerant toleranslı

clumsy sakar tidy düzenliuntidy düzensizfriendly cana yakınglad memnunhardworking çalışkanlazy tembel joyful neşelihappy mutluunhappy mutsuzsad üzgünsurprising şaşırtıcıserious ciddicharming çekiciangry sinirli - kızgın



stupid aptalarrogant küstah jealous kıskançunderstanding anlayışlı

excuse özür obedient itaatkar

active aktif nice hoşamusing eğlenceli joyful neşeliarrogant kibirlimodest alçak gönüllü

House and furnitureEnglish Turkish

House --- Evdoor kapıroom odafront door ön kapıback door arka kapıwindow pencerekitchen mutfakbedroom yatak odasıdining room yemek odasıliving room oturma odasıchıldren's room çocuk odasıbathroom banyotoilet tuvalet

balcony balkoncorridor koridor garden bahçebasement bodrumground floor zemin katgarage garajterrace terasyard avluupper floor/story üst katloft tavan arasıcellar kiler stairs merdiven

step basamaklift, elevator asansör wall duvar roof çatıfireplace şömineFurniture --- Eşyalar table masabookcase kitaplıkchair sandalyewardrobe gardropshelf raf armchair koltuksofa koltuk - kanepeshower duştrash bin çöp kutusu



ashtray kül tablasıbathtub küvetdoor mat paspastap muslukheating kalorifer candlemumkey anahtar

lamp lambaframe çerçevesocketprizplug fişmirror aynadoor bell kapı ziliradio radyotelevision televizyoncomputer bilgisayar pan tavaglass bardakbottle şişeplate tabakspoon kaşıkfork çatal

IllnessEnglish Turkish

Sicknessessick hasta, rahatsızheadache baş ağrısı

to catch a cold soğuk almakflu gripmeasles nezletootache diş ağrısıstomach ache karın ağrısıcontagious bulaşıcıulcer ülser cancer kanser to faint bayılmakhiccups hıçkırıkmigraine migrenheart attack kalp krizi

itch kaşıtıto itch kaşınmakangina anjinbronchitis bronşitNow, some sentences for telling you or somebody is sick.

- I am sick. (Hastayım.)

- I am very sick. (Çok hastayım.)

- I have a toothache. (Dişim ağrıyor.)

- I have a cold. (Nezleyim. or Nezle oldum.)

- I got sick. (Hasta oldum. or Hastalandım.)



- I don´t feel well. (İyi hissetmiyorum. )

- My foot is itching. (Ayağım kaşınıyor.)If somebody tells you that he is sick or somebody close to him is sick, you say:

- Geçmiş olsun. (This is like wishing for recovery.)

Major Vowel HarmonyVowel harmony is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of Turkish grammar.Turkish words generally obey two vowel harmony rules, called the major vowel harmonyand the minor vowel harmony. More important than the words obeying these rules, there areways these rules change the vowels in the suffixes added to words. A good understandingof these rules is necessary to be able to use suffixes, hence to be able to make correct andmeaningful sentences.

1. Major Vowel Harmony

The 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet are separated into two groups called hard vowels andsoft vowels. There are 4 hard vowels and 4 soft vowels.Hard vowels: a, ı, o, uSoft vowels: e, i, ö, ü

Words of Turkish origin generally (not always) have all hard or all soft vowels. This is just ageneralization that you won´t use for constructing Turkish words and sentences. Words thathave hard and soft vowels together are said to violate the major vowel harmony. A word thatviolates the major vowel harmony probably has been adopted from another language or hasbeen changed in the lifetime of the Turkish language.Each of the hard vowels are the hard counterparts of one soft vowel (and vice versa).Following this rule, vowels can be paired with their counterparts as follows:Hard Soft

a eı io öu ü

A Turkish word is either a hard word or a soft word depending on its last vowel.ev[home] is a soft word since its last and only vowel, e, is a soft vowel.

okul[school] is a hard word since its last vowel, u, is a hard vowel.

kahve[coffee] is a soft word since its last vowel, e, is a soft vowel.Now, try to guess if the following words are hard or soft. The correct answers are below the

table.Word Hard or Softmeslek[job] ?araba[car] ?güzel[beautiful] ?yemek[food] ?gülümse[smile] ?çabuk[quick] ?gül[rose] ?göl[lake] ?gidelim[let´s go] ?telefon[telephone] ?

(Correct answers: soft, hard, soft, soft, soft, hard, soft, soft, soft, hard)

Major vowel harmony states that:



Any suffix appended to a hard word must have hard vowelsAny suffix appended to a soft word must have soft vowelsAs an example to this rule let´s consider the suffix -de. When added to a noun, this suffixgives the meaning of "at/in the location expressed by that noun". When added to a softword like ev[home], this suffix is -de. However, when added to a hard word likeokul[school], the soft vowels in this suffix are replaced by their hard counterparts and thesuffix becomes -da. Hence:

at home --> evde

at school --> okulda

in the car --> arabada

at the lake --> göldeMinor Vowel HarmonyVowel harmony is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of Turkish grammar.Turkish words generally obey two vowel harmony rules, called the major vowel harmonyand the minor vowel harmony. More important than the words obeying these rules, there areways these rules change the vowels in the suffixes added to words. A good understandingof these rules is necessary to be able to use suffixes, hence to be able to make correct andmeaningful sentences.

2. Minor Vowel Harmony

We saw that the 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet are divided into two groups as hard andsoft vowels. Besides this grouping, the 8 vowels are divided into two groups as roundvowels and flat vowels. There are 4 flat and 4 round vowels. A vowel´s being round or flat isactually determined from the shape of the mouth when pronouncing that vowel, but it can

also be seen in the shape of the capital characters.Flat vowels: A, E, I, İRound vowels: O, Ö, U, ÜA Turkish word is either a round word or a flat word depending on its last vowel.

ev[home] is a flat word since its last and only vowel, e, is a flat vowel.

okul[school] is a round word since its last vowel, u, is a round vowel.

kahve[coffee] is a flat word since its last vowel, e, is a flat vowel.Now, try to guess if the following words are round or flat. Move the mouse over the righttable cell of the word to see the answer.Word Round or Flatmeslek[job] ?

araba[car] ?güzel[beautiful] ?yemek[food] ?gülümse[smile] ?çabuk[quick] ?gül[rose] ?göl[lake] ?gidelim[let´s go] ?telefon[telephone] ?

(Correct answers: flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, round, round, round, flat, round)Minor vowel harmony states that:

If a suffix starting with -i is appended to a round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -u or -ü.This depends on whether the word is hard or soft. The major vowel harmony and the minor



vowel harmony apply to words simultaneously. This means:

If a suffix starting with -i is added to a hard and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -u.okul --> school [a hard vowel]suffix we will add is -im (gives the meaning my)my school --> okulum [the suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes

-um]If a suffix starting with -i is added to a soft and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -ü.gül --> rosesuffix we will add is -im (gives the meaning my)my rose --> gülüm [the suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes -üm]my telephone --> telefonum

my beautiful --> güzelim

my lake --> gölüm

Notes on Vowel HarmonyVowel harmony is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of Turkish grammar.Turkish words generally obey two vowel harmony rules, called the major vowel harmonyand the minor vowel harmony.These rules change the vowels in the suffixes added to words. A good understanding of these rules is necessary to be able to use suffixes, hence to be able to make correct andmeaningful sentences.

3. Practical notes about vowel harmony rules

As far as vowel harmony is concerned, we can separate all the suffixes in Turkish into two

main groups. Thinking in terms of these two cases simplifies these seemingly complicatedrules. These are:Case 1:

The suffixes with first vowel -i (the suffixes -i, -di, -iyor, -im, -in ...)Case 2:

suffixes with first vowel -e (the suffixes -e, -de, -den, -erek, ...)All suffixes with first vowel -i, -ı, -u, -ü fall into the first group, and they are different forms of this case modified according to vowel harmony rules.

bal-ım --> balım (my honey)

ev-im --> evim (my home)

sınıf-im --> sınıfım (my class)

dil-im --> dilim (my tongue)

sol-im --> solum (my left)

göz-im --> gözüm (my eye)

okul-im --> okulum (my school)

üzüm-im --> üzümüm (my grape)All suffixes with first vowel -e, -a fall into the second group, and they are different forms of



this case modified according to vowel harmony rules.

araba-den --> arabadan (from the car)

ev-den --> evden (from home)

kapı-den --> kapıdan (from the door)

deniz-den --> denizden (from the sea)

sol-den --> soldan (from the left)

göz-den --> gözden (from the eye)

okul-den --> okuldan (from school)

kapı-den --> kapıdan (from the door)Note that no suffix has -o or -ö as the first vowel. Actually, no suffix has the letter -ö in it andthere is only one suffix that has the vowel -o (this is the suffix for present continuous tense,-iyor and this -o does not change according to any vowel harmony rules).

bak-iyor --> bakıyor (he/she/it is looking)

gel-iyor --> geliyor (he/she/it is coming)

sık-iyor --> sıkıyor (he/she/it is squeezing)

bil-iyor --> biliyor (he/she/it knows)

koş-iyor --> koşuyor (he/she/it is running)

gör-iyor --> görüyor (he/she/it is seeing)

bul-uyor --> buluyor (he/she/it is finding)

gül-iyor --> gülüyor (he/she/it is laughing)The suffixes in case 1 are affected from both the major vowel harmony and the minor vowelharmony. For example, the suffix -di can become -di, -dı, -du or -dü depending on the wordat which it is appended.

ara-di --> aradı

gel-di --> geldi

kır-di --> kırdı

bil-di --> bildi

sol-di --> soldu

gör-di --> gördü

bul-du --> buldu

üşü-di --> üşüdüThe suffixes in case 2 are affected by only the major vowel harmony rule. For example, thesuffix -erek can become -erek or -arak depending on the word at which it is appended.



bak-erek --> bakarak (with looking)

sev-erek --> severek (with loving)

sık-erek --> sıkarak (with squeezing)

bil-erek --> bilerek (with knowing, knowingly)

koş-erek --> koşarak (with running)

gör-erek -- görerek (with seeing)

vur-erek -- vurarak (with hitting)

bük-erek -- bükerek (with bending)

Vowel RulesBesides the vowel harmony rules, there are other basic rules that affect the way suffixes areused. A vowel following another is never allowed in Turkish, and there are rules to avoidthese situations when they occur as a result of other rules. There are also rules aboutconsonant harmony, that make some consonants change in certain cases.

1. When two vowels come together

In Turkish, two vowels can never come together (note that there are a few exceptions to thisrule). So, what do we do when we need to add a suffix that starts with a vowel at the end of a word that ends with a vowel? There are two cases here:

1.1. Dropping a vowel

To say my house, you append the suffix meaning my (-im) to the word meaning house (ev).Simple enough, ´my house´ --> evim.

You want to say ´my car´.

Car is araba and the suffix that gives the meaning my is -im. Change the suffix according tovowel harmony rules so that is can be appended to araba (a hard and flat word) and -imbecomes -ım.

So, to put it together, my car becomes ´araba-ım = arabaım´. However, two vowels can not

come together in Turkish. Trouble...

To avoid this, we drop one of the vowels in this case.

i. If both of the vowels are in the group "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" than these two vowels have to be thesame (look at the vowel harmony rules to understand why). Since the two vowels are thesame, it does not matter which one we drop in this case.

ii. However, if one of the vowels is in the group "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" but the other is not (meaningthat it is one of "a, e, o, ö") then generally the vowel in the group "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" is dropped.There are some exceptions to this, however, and these exceptions will be noted whennecessary.

Applying these rules, ´my car´ becomes ´arabam´.



1.2. Adding a buffer consonant in between

You are asked where you are going. You want to say "(to) home". Hence, you append thesuffix giving the direction meaning (-e) to the word meaning home (ev) and your replybecomes "eve".

However, if you are going to the car and you want to tell this to your friend, things are not

that simple for you:First, change the suffix -e according to vowel harmony rules according to araba and itbecomes -a.Now, add this suffix -a at the end of our word araba, and get arabaa.

We have two vowels together. Drop one? Unfortunately, not this time.

In this case we need to add a buffer consonant between the two vowels. There is not asimple rule to tell why. Sometimes one of the two vowels is dropped, sometimes one buffer consonant is added in between.

However, what you do is consistent for a given suffix. If you are adding the suffix -e to aword that ends with a vowel (like araba), you always add the fusion consonant y in between.Saying to the car then becomes arabaya.

Too much effort spent to say a very simple word? More to come. Let´s practice on a fewother words:

Coast --> Kıyı | To the coast --> Kıyı-e --> Kıyıya

Room --> Oda | To the room --> Oda-e --> Odaya

Ship --> Gemi | To the ship --> Gemi-e --> Gemiye

This may take some time to get used to, definitely doable. Unfortunately, that´s noteverything. The buffer consonant is not y every time. y is the most common one, so you canput y whenever you don´t remember which one to put, chances are high you´ll be right. Theother consonants that are sometimes used as fusion consonants are s and n.

Let´s see different cases where these fusion consonants are used:a. The suffix -i

If the suffix -i is used as the -i form of a noun, making it a direct object (like the in English),then the fusion consonant y is used.

araba-i sat -> araba-y-ı sat -> arabayı sat (sell the car)

yazı-i oku -> yazı-y-ı oku -> yazıyı oku (read the text)

If the suffix -i is used as the third person posessive (his-her-its), then the fusion consonants is used.

araba-i -> araba-s-ı -> arabası (his-her-its car)

para-i -> para-s-ı -> parası (his-her-its money)

kedi-i -> kedi-s-i -> kedisi (his-her-its cat)

* Note that the word for water (su) is an exception for this case, the fusion consonant y isused with the word su (water).

su-i -> su-y-u -> suyu (his-her-its water)



b. The suffix -e (direction suffix, adds the meaning of preposition to)

When the direction suffix -e is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusionconsonant y is added in between.

araba-e -> araba-y-a -> arabaya (to the car)

konu-e -> konu-y-a -> konuya (to the topic)

pencere-e -> pencere-y-e -> pencereye (to the window)c. The suffix -in (gives the genitive meaning, like Andy´s)

When the suffix -in is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant n isadded in between.

araba-in -> araba-n-ın -> arabanın (of the car, the car´s)

konu-in -> konu-n-un -> konunun (of the topic)

pencere-in -> pencere-n-in -> pencerenin (of the window)

* Note that the suffix -in is also used with the second person posessive meaning.

If the suffix -in used as second person possessive is added to a word that ends with avowel, than the letter i of the suffix is dropped. The same is true for the first personpossessive suffix, -im, first person plural possessive suffix, -imiz and second person pluralpossessive suffix, -iniz.

araba-im -> araba-m -> arabam (my car)

kedi-in -> kedi-n -> kedin (your cat)

kapı-imiz -> kapı-mız -> kapımız (our door)

para-iniz -> para-nız -> paranız (your (plural) money)

pencere-im -> pencere-m -> pencerem (my window)There are also other uses of fusion consonants besides separating two vowels.d. The suffix -le (with, by)

When the suffix -le is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant y is

added in between.

araba-le git -> araba-y-la git -> arabayla git (go by car)

kedi-le oyna -> kedi-y-le oyna -> kediyle oyna (play with the cat)

gemi-le gel -> gemi-y-le gel -> gemiyle gel (come by ship)

e. The suffix -de (location, like propositions at, in, on) and the suffix -den (proposition from)

When the suffix -de or -den is added to a word as the first suffix, no fusion consonant isused. But when one of -de or -den/ is added to a word that already has a suffix or a series of suffixes that end with a vowel, the fusion consonant n is added in between.

araba-de -> araba-da -> arabada (in the car)



kedi-den -> kediden (from the cat)

araba-si-de -> araba-sı-n-da -> arabasında (in his-her-its car)

kedi-in-ki-den -> kedi-n-in-ki-n-den -> kedininkinden (from the cat´s)

gemi-leri-den -> gemi-leri-n-den -> gemilerinden (from their ship)Consonant HarmonyBesides the vowel harmony rules, there are other basic rules that affect the way suffixes areused. A vowel following another is never allowed in Turkish, and there are rules to avoidthese situations when they occur as a result of other rules. There are also rules aboutconsonant harmony, that make some consonants change in certain cases.2. Consonant Harmony

Vowel harmony rules cause the vowels of suffixes to be modified when they are added tosome words. There are similar rules about consonants. However, you may feel that all theserules are too many just for a simple start. Then, I advice you to omit the consonant harmonyrules when you want to say or write something, just for the beginning. You will still beunderstood. Consonant harmony is mainly for making speech more fluent, it does not havea major effect on understandability. You will eventually learn these if you decide to continuelearning Turkish, as you read sentences or listen to Turkish speakers.Tip

Consonant harmony is mainly for making speech more fluent, it does not have a major effect on understandability.There are two different cases of consonant harmony - either the last consonant of the mainword changes, or the first consonant of the suffix changes. The trouble making consonantsin this case are p, ç, t and k. Let´s call the words that end with one of p, ç, t or k the troublewords.

CASE A - Word mutation.

Two conditions must be satisfied for word mutation to occur:

You have a word ending with one of ´p, ç, t, k´.

You want to add this word a suffix that starts with a vowel.

If the word has only one syllable, like saç, you are safe. The word usually does not change.

saç-ı --> saçı (his/her/its hair)

sap-a --> sapa (to the handle)However, if the word has more than one syllable, than the consonant at the end usuallychanges.p becomes bç becomes ct becomes dk becomes ğAnd here are some examples to this:

ağaç-a --> ağaca (to the tree)

şarap-ın --> şarabın (of the wine)



kağıt-a --> kağıda (to the paper)

geyik-e --> geyiğe (to the deer)Tip

There are exceptions to both the single syllable and multiple syllable cases mentionedabove. For example:

kap-a --> kaba (to the container)

saat-in --> saatin (the clock´s) You should still learn and apply the rules though, there are not too many of theseexceptions.

CASE B - Suffix mutation.

Two conditions must be satisfied for suffix mutation to occur: You have a word ending with one of p, ç, t, k, f, h, s, ş. You want to add this word a suffix that starts with c or d.

In this case, the first letter of the consonant changes.c becomes çd becomes tExamples:

Leh --> Polish (people)

Leh-ce --> Lehçe --> Polish (language)Türk --> Turkish (people)

Türk-ce --> Türkçe --> Turkish (lanuage)yap --> do

yap-di --> yaptı --> he didInfinitives and Plurals1. Infinitives

Verbs in Turkish, when used alone, have the imperative meaning as in English.

do --> yap

come --> gel

go --> git

drink --> iç

sleep --> uyuIn order to make a verb infinitive, the suffix -mek is used.

to do --> yapmak (changes to -mak since yap[do] is a hard word)

to come --> gelmek

to go --> gitmek

to drink --> içmek



to sleep --> uyumak

The following are examples to the use of infinitives in Turkish:

It is good to sleep. --> Uyumak iyi(dir).

It is difficult to study. --> Çalışmak zor(dur).

I want to go. --> Gitmek istiyorum.

I want to walk. --> Yürümek istiyorum.

2. Plurals

To make plurals of nouns, the suffix -ler is used. Below are some examples, note how thesuffix -ler becomes 'sometimes -ler, sometimes -lar' obeying the rules of vowel harmony.

road(s) --> yol --> yollar

tree(s) --> ağaç --> ağaçlar

rose(s) --> gül --> güller

room(s) --> oda --> odalar

house(s) --> ev --> evler

job(s) --> meslek --> meslekler

Negatives1. Negatives of nouns and adjectives

To make a noun or adjective negative, add the word değil at the end of the adjective or noun. Positive NegativeBu bir araba. [This is a car.] Bu bir araba değil. [This is not a car]O bir ev. [That is a house.] O bir ev değil. [That is not a house]O çok güzel. [She is very beautiful.] O çok güzel değil. [She is not very beautiful.]Bu araba beyaz. [This car is white.] Bu araba beyaz değil. [This car is not white]

2. Negatives of verbs

To make a verb negative, add the suffix -me at the root of the verb.

to come --> gel-mek

not to come --> gel-me-mek (the negating suffix is always added at the verb root)

Note how the suffix is added at the root. This is always the case. A verb may have manysuffixes, but the negating suffix is always immediately after the verb root. All the other suffixes follow as if they are being added to the positive of the verb.

gel-di --> geldi --> he came

gel-me-di --> gelmedi --> he did not come

ol-mak ya da ol-ma-mak --> olmak ya da olmamak --> to be or not to be



3. There is, there is not

In Turkish, there are special words for there is and there is not. In particular:

there is --> var

there is not --> yok

Let's make sentences with these words:

There is a book on the table. --> Masada bir kitap var.

There isn't a table in this room. --> Bu odada (bir) masa yok.

The words 'var' and 'yok' are more important than this, since they are used when you wantto say "I have" or "I don't have" as well. In Turkish, to say "I have something", you say"There is my something". Let's give examples:

I have a book. --> (Benim) kitabım var.

Aylin has a car. --> Aylin'in arabası var.

This woman has seven cats. --> Bu kadının yedi kedisi var. (Like saying "There is thiswoman's seven cats")

I don't have a car. --> (Benim) arabam yok.

My uncle does not have a daughter. --> Amcamın kızı yok.

Noun statesIn Turkish, a noun has 5 fundamental states, produced using suffixes, that correspond tomeanings of some prepositions in English. It is not necessary to learn these as the states of nouns, but learning these suffixes is important since they are very commonly used. State

MeaningNothing state (no suffix) Just the plain noun.-i state Marks the noun as the subject of an action.-e state Adds the meaning of direction (very similar to the proposition to)-de state Adds the meaning of position (Used for the prepositions in, at, on)-den state Adds the meaning of from, used for this preposition

An important thing to note here is the use of the -i form. It is used to denote the subject of an action, and adds the meaning of "being known, specified" just as the meaning given by"the". This will be more clear after looking at the sentences below. (bir --> one, kedi --> cat,gördüm --> I saw)

Bir kedi gördüm. --> I saw a cat. (Note that although cat is the object of the action here, the-i form of kedi is not used since it is not known, i.e. it is a cat, not the cat)

Kediyi gördüm. --> I saw the cat. (Note that kedi has the suffix -i, but the two -i's areseparated by the fusion consonant 'y'.)

Now, example sentences for all the cases.Nothing state:



This is a house. --> Bu bir ev.-i state:I saw the house. --> Evi gördüm.

-e state:

Go home. --> Eve git. (House and home are the same word in Turkish, 'ev'.)

-de state:

The pen is on the table. --> Kalem masada.

Joe is at school. --> Joe okulda.

Your mother is in that room. --> Annen o odada.

-den state:

I came from home. --> Evden geldim.

To be

The verb to be (for the ´is´ in English) is handled in a special way, it is different from theother verbs. This is also the case in Turkish, the use of the verb to be is very unique. Unlikeall the other verbs, to be is expressed with suffixes. It can be in one of present tense or pasttense. Let´s see it in present tense and past tense for different cases of personal pronouns.

English Turkish SuffixPresent tense to be

i am xxx ben xxx-im -imyou are xxx sen xxx-sin -sinhe \

she | is xxx

it / o xxx -(none)

or

-dir we are xxx biz xxx-iz -izyou are xxx siz xxx-siniz -sinizthey are xxxonlar xxx

or

onlar xxx-ler



none

or

-ler Past tense to be

i was xxx ben xxx-dim -dimyou were xxx sen xxx-din -dinhe \

she | was xxx

it / o xxx-di -diwe were xxx biz xxx-dik -dikyou were xxx siz xxx-diniz -dinizthey were xxx onlar xxx(-y)-diler (-y)-diler

NOTE 1

For the third person of the present tense to be, there are two cases. One with no suffix andone with -dir. If you are making a personal statement or you are talking in a casual way, youuse the no suffix case. However, if you want to make a definitive or informative statementlike one in an encyclopedia, you use the suffix -dir. Both have the same meaning, andsometimes can be used interchangeably. Let´s see examples to this.

This house is very big. --> Bu ev çok büyük.

That is my house. --> O benim evim.

He is a student. --> O bir öğrenci.

Spider is an animal. --> Örümcek bir hayvandır. (The -dir case is used since this is aninformative statement)

Sun is larger than earth. --> Güneş dünyadan daha büyüktür. (Again, this is an informativestatement)NOTE 2

When constructing the third person plural past tense form of to be, the suffix -ler can be

ommitted in some cases. These are explained below:

a. Humans or objects that have no individuality take singular conjugation for third personplural. But if the speaker wants to give objects individuality then he can use plural. Thiswould be a poetic sentence.

b. Humans and other things that have individuality (for instance animals that have names)can take either singular or plural conjugation. Usually if the subject is defined (if we knownthem) then we use plural conjugation. If the subject is undefined then we use singular conjugation.

NOTE 3

Since the verb to be is different for each personal pronoun, personal pronouns can beomitted in speech or writing. The meaning of person is given with this verb. To say "I am



beautiful." you can use one of:

"Ben güzelim."

"Güzelim.".

Using the personal pronoun adds the meaning of stressing person. We will use the

personal pronoun in parenthesis to indicate that it is optional.

Now, let´s see where to be is used:To construct a sentence with a noun or adjective instead of a verb, like in English. The verbto be is the implicit verb here. You are beautiful. --> (Sen) güzelsin. You were beautiful. --> (Sen) güzeldin.This is a house. --> Bu bir ev.That was a house. --> O bir evdi.To construct verbs in different tenses, the suffix for each tense is used with either presenttense of to be or past tense of to be. Actually, it is present tense of to be in all cases exceptthe regular past tense.

Adjective and noun clausesIn this lesson, we will learn how adjective clauses (for describing a noun using an adjective,like beautiful girl) and noun clauses (for describing ownership relationships betweennouns, like car's door) are formed in Turkish. First, let's start with the adjective clauseswhich is simpler and then we'll look at noun clause construction.Adjective clauses

Constructing adjective clauses in Turkish is very simple and straightforward, almost thesame as in English. The only thing you need to do is to put the correct adjective before thenoun.

beautiful girl ==> güzel kız

fast car ==> hızlı araba

big house ==> büyük ev

thick book ==> kalın kitap

high building ==> yüksek bina

hard lesson ==> zor ders

slow train ==> yavaş trenIf you don't add the adjective before the noun but use it as the main expression in thesentence, the word order changes in English and it changes the same way in Turkish.

This girl is beautiful. --> Bu kız güzel

This car is fast. --> Bu araba hızlı.

Ahmet is tall. --> Ahmet uzun.

I am tall. --> Ben uzunum. (Note the use of verb to be with the adjective)

You are tall. --> Sen uzunsun.However, note that when you want to say a beautiful girl, the word for a (bir) is placed



between the adjective and the noun.

a small piece ==> küçük bir parça

a greedy man ==> açgözlü bir adam

a blue book ==> mavi bir kitap

a short tree ==> kısa bir ağaç

a long movie ==> uzun bir film

Let's now apply what we've learned in the construction of a few sentences.

This is a red rose. ==> Bu kırmızı bir gül.

Joe is a quiet kid. ==> Joe sessiz bir çocuk.

Joe is a very quiet kid. ==> Joe çok sessiz bir çocuk.Noun clauses

Two nouns form a clause in three different ways in Turkish:Case1:

The first noun tells what the second noun is made of (i.e. metal box, plastic plate...). In thiscase, you just write these nouns in the same order as you do in English without adding anysuffixes.

metal box ==> metal kutu

plastic plate ==> plastik tabakCase2:

The first noun describes the second noun, wıth any relationship except for the made-of relationship we saw above and the specific ownership relationship. Examples to this casecan be car key, book shelf, garden door, window glass... In this case, you write the nouns inthe same order as English, but add the suffix -i at the end of the second noun. If the noun towhich you append suffix -i already ends with a vowel, you add the fusion consonant -sbetween these vowels to separate the two vowels. The third example below demonstratesthis case.

car key ==> araba anahtarı

book shelf ==> kitap rafı

garden door ==> bahçe kapısı (note the fusion consonant s here)

window glass ==> pencere camıCase 3:

There is a specific ownership relationship between the two nouns (the key of the car, thedoor of the garden, Kemal's daughter, the door of the car). In this case, you write thedescribing noun first and the described noun second as it was done in the preceding twocases. However, you add the suffix -in to the first noun and the suffix -i to the second noun.If the noun to which you append the suffix -in already ends with a vowel, you add the fusionconsonant n between the two vowels to separate them. For the suffix -i, the fusionconsonant is same as told in the previous case. You add the consonant s to separate the



word ending with a vowel from the suffix -i.

the key of the car ==> arabanın anahtarı (note the use of fusion consonant n here for thefirst noun, araba)

the door of the garden ==> bahçenin kapısı

Kemal's daughter ==> Kemalin kızı

the door of the car ==> arabanın kapısı (note the use of fusion consonant n for the firstnoun and the fusion consonant s for the second noun)

exception: The word for water, su, is an exception for the fusion consonants in nounclauses. The fusion consonant for water (su) is always 'y'.

color of water --> su-in renk-i --> suyun rengi (not sunun rengi)

water of Kemal --> Kemal-in su-i --> Kemal'in suyu. (not Kemal'in susu)

(Note that ' is used in Turkish to separate the suffixes from private words that need to bealways capitalized, like Kemal in this case)Present Continuous TenseTenses

There are 5 fundamental tenses in Turkish. These are:

Present simple tense (Geniş zaman)

Present continuous tense (Şimdiki zaman)

Future tense (Gelecek zaman)

Past tense with -di (-di'li geçmiş zaman) --> Regular past tense

Past tense with -miş (-miş'li geçmiş zaman) --> Also called the story past tense

In the basic grammar lessons, we will cover the present continuous tense and the futuretense. Rest will be covered in the intermediate level lessons.

To start with, let's review some verbs we'll use in the following lessons and their meanings:

gelmek --> to come

gitmek --> to go

okumak --> to read

kapatmak --> to close

koşmak --> to run

aramak --> to call



konuşmak --> to talk

vermek --> to give

kaynamak --> to boil

çalışmak --> to work

yemek --> to eat

beklemek --> to waitThe meaning of tenses are given using some suffixes. There are some important propertiescommon to all these suffixes denoting tense:

The suffix for tenses is added right after the verb root if the verb is positive, or after thenegating suffix if the verb is negative.

The present tense for of 'to be' comes after the suffix for tense.

Therefore, the order becomes: verb root + (negative) + tense + present tense to be

This is different only for the regular past tense, where past tense form of to be is used.1. Present continuous tense (Şimdiki zaman)

The suffix for present continuous tense is -iyor. Present continuous tense is used, verymuch like the one in English:

To tell what you are currently doing

I am working now. --> Şimdi çalışıyorum.

I am eating ice cream. --> Dondurma yiyorum.

To tell something you will do in the close future

Wait, I'm coming in 5 minutes. --> Bekle, 5 dakika içinde geliyorum.Present continuous tense is used only for verbs, it is not meaningful for nouns andadjectives.Present continuous tense of a verb is constructed this way:

verb root + (negative) + iyor + present tense to be

If the verb you want to add the suffix -iyor ends with a vowel, drop the last vowel and add-iyor. Otherwise, just simply add -iyor. Be careful about the vowel harmony rules for the 'i' of -iyor. Let's see how a verb is put into present continuous tense on the following examples:

gel-iyor --> geliyor --> he is coming



git-iyor-im --> gidiyorum --> i am going

oku-iyor --> okuyor --> he is reading

kapat-iyor-iz --> kapatıyoruz --> we are closing

koş-iyor --> koşuyor --> he is running

ara-iyor-sin --> arıyorsun --> you are calling

konuş-iyor --> konuşuyor --> he is talking

ver-me-iyor --> vermiyor --> he is not giving

ye-me-iyor --> yemiyor --> he is not eating

gel-me-iyor-siniz --> gelmiyorsunuz --> you are not coming (plural you)And let's see how present continuous tense is used with different cases of person.English

Turkishto come --> gelmeki am coming (ben) geliyor-im --> geliyorumyou are coming (sen) geliyor-sin --> geliyorsunhe \

she | is coming

it / (o) geliyor we are coming (biz) geliyor-iz --> geliyoruzyou are coming (siz) geliyor-siniz --> geliyorsunuzthey are coming (onlar) geliyor-ler --> geliyorlar

Future TenseTenses






Past tense with -miş (-miş'li geçmiş zaman) --> Also called the story past tense

In the basic grammar lessons, we will cover the present continuous tense and the futuretense. Rest will be covered in the intermediate level lessons.To start with, let's review some verbs we'll use in the following lessons and their meanings:

gelmek --> to come

gitmek --> to go



okumak --> to read

kapatmak --> to close

koşmak --> to run

aramak --> to call

konuşmak --> to talk

vermek --> to give

kaynamak --> to boil

çalışmak --> to work

yemek --> to eat

beklemek --> to waitThe meaning of tenses are given using some suffixes. There are some important propertiescommon to all these suffixes denoting tense:

The suffix for tenses is added right after the verb root if the verb is positive, or after thenegating suffix if the verb is negative.

The present tense for of 'to be' comes after the suffix for tense.

Therefore, the order becomes: verb root + (negative) + tense + present tense to be

This is different only for the regular past tense, where past tense form of to be is used.2. Future tense (Gelecek zaman)

The suffix for future tense in Turkish is -ecek. There are not two different cases like inEnglish will and is going to. Future tense is always constructed using the suffix -ecek. Theuses of the Turkish future tense is just like a union of the uses of will and going to inEnglish.

To express any action that will take place in the future.

Future tense is used only for verbs, it is not meaningful for nouns and adjectives.

Future tense of a verb is constructed this way:

verb root + (negative) + ecek + present tense to beWhen you want to append the suffix -ecek to a verb that ends with a vowel, you add thefusion consonant 'y' between the verb and the suffix to separate the two vowels. Otherwise, just simply add the suffix -ecek. Be careful about the harmony rules though, as always.Let's see how future tense is obtained using some example verbs:

gel-ecek --> gelecek --> he will come



git-ecek-im --> gideceğim --> I will go

oku-ecek-sin --> okuyacaksın --> you will read

kapat-ecek-iz --> kapatacağız --> we will close

koş-ecek-siniz --> koşacaksınız --> you will run (plural you)

ara-ecek-ler --> arayacaklar --> they will call

konuş-me-ecek --> konuşmayacak --> he will not talk

ver-me-ecek-sin --> vermeyeceksin --> you will not give

To see the use of future tense with different cases of person, check the following table:English Turkishto close --> kapatmaki will close (ben) kapatacak-im --> kapatacağımyou will close (sen) kapatacak-sin --> kapatacaksınhe \

she | will close

it / (o) kapatacakwe will close (biz) kapatacak-iz --> kapatacağızyou will close (siz) kapatacak-siniz --> kapatacaksınızthey will close (onlar) kapatacak-ler --> kapatacaklar

QuestionsQuestion Sentences

Question sentences in Turkish can be classified into two groups like in English: Yes-no questionsRegular questions

There are also question tags, i.e. questions of the form "You are coming, aren't you?".

In this lesson, we will see how these different types of questions can be asked in Turkish.

Before looking at how questions are constructed, let's see the question words in Turkish.English Turkishwhat? ne?who? kim?

which? hangi?where? nere?when?ne zaman?how? nasıl?how many? kaç tane?how much? ne kadar?how often? ne sıklıklaNow, let's see how different types of question sentences can be constructed.1. Yes-no questions

In Turkish, yes-no questions are constructed with the question suffix '-mi'. It is important tonote, however, the question suffix -mi is written separate from the word it is appended to. You can ask at this point: "Why is it a suffix instead of a separate word if it is writtenseparately?". The reason question suffix -mi is regarded as a suffix is that it has to satisfythe major and minor vowel harmony rules for the word it is appended to. Let's see some



example sentences demonstrating the use of the question suffix -mi.

A. This is a book. --> Bu bir kitap.

B. Is this a book? --> Bu bir kitap mı? (Note how the regular sentence is turned into a yes-noquestion sentence by the addition of the question suffix -mi)

A1. Yes, this is a book. --> Evet, bu bir kitap.

A2. No, this is not a book. This is a notebook. --> Hayır, bu bir kitap değil. Bu bir defter.

A. His name is Ahmet. --> Onun adı Ahmet.

B. Is his name Ahmet? --> Onun adı Ahmet mi?

A1. Yes, his name is Ahmet.

A2. No, his name is not Ahmet. His name is Mehmet. --> Hayır, onun adı Ahmet değil. Onunadı Mehmet.

A3. No. His name is Mehmet. --> Hayır. Onun adı Mehmet.

A. This is my house. --> bu benim evim

B. Is this your house? --> Bu senin evin mi?

A1. Yes, this is my house. --> Evet, bu benim evim.

A2. No, this is not my house. This is my mother's house. --> Hayır, bu benim evim değil. Buannemin evi.

2. Regular questions

Regular questions are the ones constructed using the question words listed above and theanswers to these questions are not simply yes or no. In English, there is a certain wordorder for regular question sentences. The question word comes first, and the rest of thesentence elements follow it. In Turkish, however, questions are constructed in a quitedifferent way. To learn how to construct a question, a simple way is to follow the followingsteps. This will work in most cases:Construct the answer sentence.Locate the word or phrase that is the actual answer to the question.

Just replace that word or phrase with the appropriate question word.

Let's apply this on an example. The question we want to ask is, "Who is this?".The answer sentence will be something like "This is my brother. --> Bu benim kardeşim."The answer to the question is the phrase "my brother --> benim kardeşim".Replace this phrase with the question word "who --> kim" and the question sentencebecomes "Bu kim?".

To summarize, a question sentence has the same word order as a regular sentence. Thedifference is that the part of the sentence that is asked is replaced by the appropriatequestion word. The question word takes all the suffixes of the word it is replaced for.

Consider the sentence "Ahmet eve gidiyor. --> Ahmet is going home."

Who is going home? --> Kim eve gidiyor? (Ahmet in the regular sentence is replaced by



who. The rest of the sentence is the same.)

Where did Ahmet go? --> Ahmet nereye gitti? (ev in the regular sentence is replaced bynere. Note that the question word nere also takes the suffix -e of the word ev and becomesnereye, meaning 'to where')

What is Ahmet doing? --? Ahmet ne yapıyor? (The phrase 'eve gidiyor' in the original

sentence is replaced by "ne yapıyor --> what's he doing")Note that to make a question sentence asking a verb, we use :

"What + to be (in the appropriate tense) + object + to do (in the appropriate tense)"

Ex1: What are you doing?

Ex2: What did Ahmet do?

In Turkish, this structure becomes:

"Object + ne + yapmak (in the appropriate tense and person)"

Ex1: (Sen) ne yapıyorsun?

Ex2: Ahmet ne yaptı?

This is simply the regular sentence where the action is replaced by "ne + yapmak", which isconsistent with our rule for constructing question sentences.3. Question tags

Question tags are the questions of the form:

You are home, aren't you?

He did his homework, didn't he?

Mehmet will come today, won't he?Constructing question phrases in Turkish is very simple and straightforward. You just add"değil mi" at the end regardless of the sentence. The translations for the question tagsabove are then:

Evdesin, değil mi?

Ödevini yaptı, değil mi?

Mehmet bugün gelecek, değil mi?

Imperatives - LetMaking a verb imperative for the second singular person (sen), is the same as it is done inEnglish. Just use the plain verb without any suffix or change. When you want to order something to a single person listening to you, you just say the plain verb. Examples:

Come! --> Gel!

Go! --> Git!

Read! --> Oku!

Sit down! --> Otur!



Stand up! --> Kalk!

However, different from English, there is an imperative form for different cases of person.Let´s see now how these are constructed:Personal Pronoun SuffixBen No first person singular form

Sen- (no suffix)O -sinBiz No first person plural formSiz -inOnlar -sinler Now, let´s see the meaning of each case using the verb to go (gitmek).Case Meaning(sen) gitgo! (singular, to a single person)(o) git-sin --> gitsinlet him go (not like "allow him to go", this has the meaning that you want him to go in animperative way)(siz) git-in --> gidin go! (plural, to multiple people)(onlar) git-sinler --> gitsinler let them go (again, the meaning is not like "allow them togo", gitsinler means that you want them to go and you are expressing this in an imperativeway)As you can see, a commonly used clause, "let´s", is included in the imperative definition. If you want to say "Let´s go to the movie", it becomes "Sinemaya gidelim" in Turkish. Now, let´s see how the example verbs we used above are made imperative with respect to differentcases of person.

Personal Pronoun

gelmek - to come gitmek - to go okumak - to read oturmak - to sit downkalkmak - to stand upsengel git oku otur kalko gelsin gitsin okusun otursun kalksınsiz gelin gidin okuyun oturunkalkınonlar gelsiler gitsinler okusunlar otursunlar kalksınlar There is no first person singular or first person plural form of the imperatives, but there isanother form called wish clause that gives a similar meaning for the first person singular and plural. Note that only the first person singular and first person plural forms of the wishclause are used in practice. Here is how the wish clause is constructed:Personal Pronoun

Suffix

Ben-eyim

Biz-elimCaseMeaning

(ben) git-eyim --> gideyimlet me go

(biz) git-elim --> gidelimlet´s go



Personal Pronoungelmek - to comegitmek - to gookumak - to readoturmak - to sit downkalkmak - to stand up

BenGeleyimgideyimokuyayımoturayımkalkayım

BizGelelimgidelimokuyalımoturalımkalkalım

Degrees of AdjectivesComparatives and superlatives are constructed in a very straightforward way in Turkish.Besides these, there is a special way of making adjectives stronger in Turkish and this isnot very trivial. I this lesson, we will cover all these topics.1. Comparatives1.1. More, Less

Comparative of an adjective is obtained by adding the word "daha" before the adjective. Wecan say that daha is the word for more and all adjective comparatives are constructed like

'more clever' (not like faster).

faster --> daha hızlı

slower --> daha yavaş

more intelligent --> daha zeki

more hardworking --> daha çalışkan

more beautiful --> daha güzelIf you want to say less beautiful or less hardworking, then replace the word 'daha' with

'daha az'.

less fast --> daha az hızlı

less intelligent --> daha az zeki

less hardworking --> daha az çalışkan

less beautiful --> daha az güzel

Now, let's see how the comparative form of an adjective is used in sentences.

I am beautiful. --> (Ben) güzelim.

I am more beautiful. --> (Ben) daha güzelim.



You are more beautiful. --> (Sen) daha güzelsin.

She is more beautiful. --> (O) daha güzel.This is a fast car. --> Bu hızlı bir araba.

This is a faster car. --> Bu daha hızlı bir araba.

This car is faster. --> Bu araba daha hızlı.1.2. More than

If you want to compare two nouns with respect to an adjective, the structure used inEnglish is as follows:

noun1 is more adjective than noun2

Ex1: Ahmet is more hardworking than Mehmet.

Ex2: I am more intelligent than you.

The structure to express the same meaning in Turkish is as follows:

noun1 noun2-den daha adjective

Ex1: Ahmet Mehmet'ten daha çalışkan. (Note that the ' sign is used to separate privatenames from their suffixes)

Ex2: Ben senden daha zekiyim.

Now, let's see a few example sentences with this expression.

- Beril is beautiful. --> Beril güzel.

- Gökçe is more beautiful. --> Gökçe daha güzel.

- Gökçe is more beautiful than Beril. --> Gökçe Beril'den daha güzel.

- He is more hardworking than me. --> O benden daha çalışkan.

- My car is faster than your car. --> Benim arabam senin arabandan daha hızlı.

- US is larger than Turkey. --> Amerika Türkiye'den daha büyük.

1.3. As ... as

If you want to say that two nouns are equal with respect to an adjective, the strıctıre used inEnglish is:

noun1 is as adjective as noun2

Ex1: Beril is as beautiful as Gökçe.

Ex2: I am as beautiful as you.

The structure to express the same meaning in Turkish is as follows:



.noun1 noun2 kadar adjective

or

noun1 de noun2 kadar adjective

Both of these expressions have the same meaning, you will understand the very slight

difference as you see them used. One point to note here is that if noun2 is a simple pronoun(like ben, sen, bu, şu) then it is used in possessive form (like benim, senin, bunun, şunun).

Ex1: Beril de Gökçe kadar güzel.

Ex2: Ben de senin kadar güzelim.

Now, let's see a few example sentences with this expression.

- Beril is beautiful. --> Beril güzel.

- Gökçe is also beautiful. --> Gökçe de güzel. (de means 'also', 'as well')

- Gökçe is as beautifl as Beril. --> Gökçe de Beril kadar güzel.

- He is as hardworking as me. --> O da benim kadar çalışkan.

- My car is as fast as your car. --> Benim arabam da senin araban kadar hızlı.

- US is almost as large as China. --> Amerika neredeyse Çin kadar büyük. (neredeyse meansalmost)2. Superlatives

Superlatives are also straightforward in Turkish, like it is in English. Instead of 'the most',you use 'en', and all superlatives are constructed using this word.

the fastest --> en hızlı

slower --> en yavaş

the most intelligent --> en zeki

the most hardworking --> en çalışkan

the most beautiful --> en güzel

Now, let's see how the superlative form of an adjective is used in sentences.

I am beautiful. --> (Ben) güzelim.

I am more beautiful. --> (Ben) daha güzelim.When you want to use the superlative form in a sentence, there are two different cases:

I am the most beautiful. --> (Ben) en güzelim. (This has the meaning of describing yourself,like an answer to the question "What are your traits?")

I am the most beautiful. --> En güzel benim. (This has the meaning of the answer to thequestion "Who is the most beautiful?")I am the most beautiful girl. --> En güzel kız benim.

I am the most beautiful girl in this class. --> Bu sınıftaki en güzel kız benim.



You are the most beautiful girl in this class. --> Bu sınıftaki en güzel kız sensin.

She is the most beautiful girl in this class. --> Bu sınıftaki en güzel kız o.3. Making an adjective stronger 3.1. Very

In English, when you want to make an adjective stronger, you use the word 'very'. Sayingvery fast is a stronger statement than just saying fast. The same method is applied also inTurkish, and the word for very is 'çok'. Hence:

very fast --> çok hızlı

very slow --> çok yavaş

very intelligent --> çok zeki

very hardworking --> çok çalışkan

very beautiful --> çok güzel

You are very beautiful. --> (Sen) çok güzelsin.

She is a very beautiful girl. --> (O) çok güzel bir kız.

This girl is very beautiful. --> Bu kız çok güzel.3.2. Too

Another way of making an adjective stronger, but this time giving the meaning extreme, isto use the word too. Saying something is too fast gives the meaning that it is extremely fast

and should be slower. The word for too in Turkish is 'fazla'.

too fast --> fazla hızlı

too slow --> fazla yavaş

too intelligent --> fazla zeki

too hardworking --> fazla çalışkan

too beautiful --> fazla güzel

We are too fast. --> (Biz) fazla hızlıyız.

This car is too fast. --> Bu araba fazla hızlı.3.3. Other ways

A third way commonly used in Turkish (which is not seen in English) to make an adjectivestronger is adding a modified form of the first syllable before the adjective. Important pointsto note here are:There is not a rule for how this first syllable should be modified, which makes this rule hardto learn.This gives the same meaning as using the word 'very' and makes the adjective stronger.All adjectives can't be made stronger using this method, and there is not a rule tounderstand for which adjectives this method can be used. A group of adjectives you canalways use this method is colors, to express that the color is strong. However, there is norule to exactly say which adjectives can be made stronger like this.



Because there is not a well-defined rule, it will be very difficult to go over adjectives and seewhat the stronger form of each adjective is. I think you should not try to learn this for eachadjective at this step. The best strategy here would be to note that there is a rule like thisand when you see it used, you will understand what it means. In your sentences, you simplycan use 'çok + adjective' instead and you will be clearly understood.

Let's see some examples to this rule:

hızlı --> fast

hıphızlı --> very fast

sarı --> yellow

sapsarı --> very yellow, strong yellow

mavi --> blue

masmavi --> very blue, strong blue

beyaz --> white

bembeyaz --> very white, strong white

çabuk --> quick

çarçabuk --> very quick

kalın --> thick

kapkalın --> very thickAnother way to make an adjective stressed and stronger is to repeat it twice. Again, this isnot done with all adjectives and the best way to learn for which adjectives this rule isapplicable is to note when you hear an adjective used like this. Don't be afraid by theserules, you will learn how to use them if you start reading Turkish texts or if you speak tonative speakers. You can still express yourself without using these methods for makingadjectives stronger. Simply use the word 'çok' before the adjective. I am giving these rulesnow so that you know the meaning when you see such a usage somewhere.

büyük büyük evler --> big houses, the property big is stressed

sarı sarı elmalar --> yellow apples, the property yellow is stressed

There is also another way to stress an adjective and make it stronger. That is, adding amodified form of the adjective after the original form. This is again an irregular rule and youdon't need to know this completely, just understand it when you see this usage. Sometimes,an adjective followed by the modified form of that adjective may have a slightly differentmeaning.

yaşlı --> old (for people)

yaşlı başlı --> old, mature

eski --> old (for objects)

eski püskü --> very old and useless



Present Simple TenseTenses

There are 5 fundamental tenses in Turkish. These are:Present simple tense (Geniş zaman)

Present continuous tense (Şimdiki zaman)Future tense (Gelecek zaman)

Past tense with -di (-di'li geçmiş zaman) --> Regular past tensePast tense with -miş (-miş'li geçmiş zaman) --> Also called the story past tensePresent simple tense (Geniş zaman)The present simple tense is used, very much ike the one in English:To make general statementsWater boils at 100 degrees. --> Su 100 derecede kaynar.To mention things you do regularlyI run every morning. --> Her sabah koşarım.Present simple tense is used only for verbs, it is not meaningful for nouns and adjectives.Present simple tense of a verb is constructed this way:

verb root + ir or er + present tense to beThe suffix for constructing the present simple tense of a verb is not always the same. Thesuffix is sometimes -ir, sometimes -er. This is the only tense with this irregularity, but thereare certain rules that will tell you which one to choose most of the time. The rules that willhelp you choose which one of -ir or -er to use as suffix are as follows:

If the verb ends with a vowel, the vowel of the suffix falls and you add only -r.ara-r --> arar --> he calls

oku-r --> okur --> he reads

If the verb has more than one syllable, use -ir

kapat-ir --> kapatır --> he closes

konuş-ir --> konuşur --> he talks

If the verb has only one syllable:

If the vowel of this syllable is 'a' or 'e' and if the verb ends with 'l', 'n' or 'r' then use -ir

gel-ir --> gelir --> he comes

ver-ir --> verir --> he gives

Use -er for the other single syllable cases

git-er --> gider --> he goes



koş-ar --> koşar --> he runs

Now, let's look at how the present simple tense is used with different personalpronouns:English TurkishExample 1

to come --> gelmeki come(ben) gelir-im --> gelirimyou come (sen) gelir-sin --> gelirsinhe \

she | comes

it / (o) gelir we come (biz) gelir-iz --> gelirizyou come (siz) gelir-siniz --> gelirsinizthey come (onlar) gelir-ler --> gelirler Example 2

to talk --> konuşmaki talk (ben) konuşur-im --> konuşurumyou talk (sen) konuşur-sin --> konuşursunhe \

she | talks

it / (o) konuşur we talk (biz) konuşur-iz --> konuşuruzyou talk (siz) konuşur-siniz --> konuşursunuz

they talk (onlar) konuşur-ler --> konuşurlar

The negative of present simple tense is a little different than just adding the negative-making suffix -me. Construction of negatives of present simple tense is given in the tablebelow. The negative-making suffix becomes -mez except for I and we. Moreover, whennegative suffix is used, the present simple tense suffix is not used. English TurkishExample 1

to come --> gelmeki don't come (ben) gel-me-im --> gelmemyou don't come (sen) gel-mez-sin --> gelmezsinhe \

she | doesn't come

it / (o) gel-mez --> gelmezwe don't come (biz) gel-me-iz --> gelmeyizyou don't come (siz) gel-mez-siniz --> gelmezsinizthey don't come (onlar) gel-mez-ler --> gelmezler Present simple tense is the most irregular tense in Turkish, it's not simple as the nameimplies.

Past TenseTenses








Past tense with -miş (-miş'li geçmiş zaman) --> Also called the story past tensePast tense with -di (-di'li geçmiş zaman) --> Regular past tense

There is no suffix for the regular past tense. The only point is that you must use the pasttense form of to be. Be careful about the harmony rules though, as always. The use of thepast tense with -di is almost the same as the English past tense.

To tell an action that took place in the past.

He came. --> Geldi.

To make a statement that was true in the past.

She was beautiful. --> Güzeldi.

The same way regular past tense is applied to verbs, it can also be applied to nouns andadjectives using the past tense form of to be. The meaning in this case is the same as themeaning of 'was' in English.

He was good. --> İyiydi.

I was successful. --> Başarılıydım.

Regular past tense of a word is constructed this way:

word root + (negative) + past tense to be

Let's see how a verb is used in regular past tense on the following examples:

gel-di --> geldi --> he came

git-me-di --> gitmedi --> he did not go

oku-di --> okudu --> he read

kapat-dik --> kapattık --> we closed

koş-din --> koştun --> you ran

ara-diniz --> aradınız --> you called (plural you)

konuş-me-di --> konuşmadı --> he did not talk



ver-me-dim --> vermedim --> I did not give

çalış-ma-dik --> çalışmadık --> we did not work

ye-diler --> yediler --> they ate

bekle-me-diler --> beklemediler --> they did not waitNote that making the past tense of a verb and making the past tense of a noun or adjectiveis the same, but only as long as they are positive. The negative suffix for verbs is -me, butnegatives of nouns and adjectives are constructed using değil. Değil is not a suffix, it isused as a seperate word. Let's see a few examples to how nouns and adjectives areexpressed in past tense.

She was beautiful. --> Güzeldi.

She was not beautiful. --> Güzel değildi. (Note what we did is just to replace the suffix -mefor verbs with the word değil in the case of nouns and adjectives. The ordering is still thesame. Past tense of to be, which followed -me for verbs, is now put after değil)

You were not kids. --> Çocuk değildiniz.Let's see how these personal suffixes are used on some example verbs:English Turkishto wait --> beklemeki waited (ben) bekle-dim --> bekledimyou waited (sen) bekle-din --> bekledinhe \

she | waited

it / (o) bekle-di --> bekledi

we waited (biz) bekle-dik --> bekledikyou waited(siz) bekledi-niz --> bekledinizthey waited (onlar) bekle-diler --> beklediler to work --> çalışmaki worked (ben) çalış-dim --> çalıştımyou worked (sen) çalış-din --> çalıştınhe \

she | worked

it / (o) çalış-di --> çalıştı

we worked (biz) çalış-dik --> çalıştıkyou worked(siz) çalış-diniz --> çalıştınızthey worked (onlar) çalış-diler --> çalıştılar

Story Past TenseTenses

There are 5 fundamental tenses in Turkish. These are:Present simple tense (Geniş zaman)Present continuous tense (Şimdiki zaman)Future tense (Gelecek zaman)Past tense with -di (-di'li geçmiş zaman) --> Regular past tensePast tense with -miş (-miş'li geçmiş zaman) --> Also called the story past tense

To obtain the story past tense of a verb, we append the suffix -miş to the verb. Be careful



about the harmony rules. Past tense with -miş is used:To talk about something you learned from somebody else or some other resource, there issome uncertainty in the statement. If you use the story past tense when talking aboutsomething, it implies that you are not the source of the information and you shouldn't beresponsible for the mistakes.

I talked to his mother. He went to school. --> Annesiyle konuştum. Okula gitmiş. (The part

about talking to the mother is your direct experience, so you tell it using regular past tense.However, the part about he going to school is information you got from the mother, so youtell it using story past tense.)

To talk about something you just learned or understoodIs this your daughter? She is very beautiful. --> Bu senin kızın mı? Çok güzelmiş. (You justnoticed that she is beautiful, and you express this using story past tense)Simple stories are written and told in using this tense.

Story past tense of a word is constructed this way:

word root + (negative) + miş + present tense to be The same way story past tense is applied to verbs, it can also be applied to nouns andadjectives.

I talked to Kemal about her. She is sick. --> Kemal'le onun hakkında konuştum. Hastaymış.(You learned that she is sick from Kemal)

Prime minister was in France yesterday. --> Başbakan dün Fransadaymış. (You use storypast tense because you learned this from somebody else or from the news)

Prime minister was not in France yesterday. --> Başbakan dün Fransada değilmiş.

(Remember that negatives of non-verbs are made with değil)Let's see the use of story past tense on some example verbs.

gel-miş --> gelmiş --> he came

git-miş-siniz--> gitmişsiniz --> you went (plural you)

oku-miş-sin--> okumuşsun --> you read

kapat-miş-ler--> kapatmışlar --> they closed

koş-me-miş--> koşmamış --> he did not run

ara-me-miş-sin--> aramamışsın --> you did not call

konuş-me-miş-ler--> konuşmamışlar --> they did not talk

ver-miş-iz--> vermişiz --> we gave

Finally, let's see how a verb is used in the story past tense with different personalpronouns. English Turkishto wait --> beklemeki waited (ben) beklemiş-im --> beklemişimyou waited (sen) beklemiş-sin --> beklemişsinhe \

she | waited



it / (o) beklemişwe waited (biz) beklemiş-iz --> beklemişizyou waited(siz) beklemiş-siniz --> beklemişsinizthey waited (onlar) beklemiş-ler --> beklemişler

Must, Have to, Need to, Want to1. Must

The best counterpart in Turkish for the meaning of necessity that is given with 'must' inEnglish is the suffix '-meli'. The skeleton for using a verb with this suffix is as follows:

verb-meli-to beI must go --> git-meli-im --> gitmeliyim (note the use of the fusion consonant y)

We must study --> çalışmalıyız (note that the suffix -meli becomes -malı due to the major vowel harmony)

You must sit down (plural) --> oturmalısınız

You must go home now. --> Şimdi eve gitmelisin.We can show how to express the necessity of a verb the for different cases of person:Personal Pronoun SuffixBen -meliyimSen-melisinO -meliBiz -meliyizSiz -melisinizOnlar -meliler

2. Have to

The meaning of formal obligation that 'have to' gives in English is best given by the word'lazım' in Turkish. The structure for using this construct is as follows:

verb-me-possession (blank space) lazım

This might seem confusing, let us explain how this structure works. The suffix -me allows averb to be used like a noun, it is similar to a gerund. You might ask at this point, wasn't thesuffix -me used for negating verbs? That is right, but the suffix for negating verbs and thesuffix for using a verb like a noun are the same. So, okuma can mean either don't read or

reading according to the context in which it is used. In this case, we are concerned aboutthe second meaning. So, in the phrase okumam lazım, the part okumam means my readingand the part lazım means required. When we put these together, it becomes my reading isrequired and this is what we use for I have to read in Turkish. Let's look at a few examplesto clarify this further:

I have to go to school tomorrow. --> Yarın okula gitmem lazım.

I have to work now. --> Şimdi çalışmam lazım.

We have to get ready. --> Hazırlanmamız lazım.

You have to go. --> Gitmen lazım.

3. Need to



This is very similar to the use of have to, both in meaning and structure. The word we use togive the meaning of need to is 'gerekiyor'. It is similar to 'have to' in meaning, so that it canbe used interchangeably with have to (lazım). It is similar in structure, which can be seen inthe structural skeleton:

verb-me-posession (blank space) gerekiyor

The following examples will clarify this further:

I need to go home. --> Eve gitmem gerekiyor.

You need to be here at 2. --> Saat ikide burada olman gerekiyor.

You need to sleep early. --> Erken uyuman gerekiyor.

She needs to see a doctor. --> Doktora gitmesi gerekiyor.

4. Want to

The use of want to is logically almost identical to the English counterpart. One importantdifference is that you use the verb 'to want' in present continuous tense instead of presentsimple. The turkish verb for to want is istemek. The structure goes as follows:

verb(infinitive) (blank space) istiyor-to be

I want to go. --> Gitmek istiyorum.

I want to sleep. --> Uyumak istiyorum.

I want to take a rest. --> Dinlenmek istiyorum.

I want to go home. --> Eve gitmek istiyorum.

What do you want? --> Ne istiyorsun?

Konuşmak istiyor musun? --> Do you want to talk? ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________

Pazar: SundayPazartesi (Pazar + ertesi, the day after Sunday): MondaySalı: TuesdayÇarşamba: WednesdayPerşembe: ThursdayCuma: FridayCumartesi (Cuma + ertesi, the day after Friday): Saturday.In Turkey, Cumartesi and Pazar are official holiday days, working days are Pazartesi, Salı,Çarşamba, Perşembe and Cuma.Ocak: JanuaryŞubat: FebruaryMart: MarchNisan: April



Mayıs: MayHaziran: JuneTemmuz: JulyAğustos: AugustEylül: September Ekim: October Kasım: November

Aralık: December In Turkey, new year begins by 01 Ocak and ends by 31 Aralık.And these are numbers:Bir: One

İki: Two

Üç: Three

Dört: Four

Beş: Five

Altı: Six

Yedi: Seven

Sekiz: Eight

Dokuz: Nine

On: Ten

Yirmi: Twenty

Otuz: Thirty

Kırk: Fourty

Elli: Fifty

Altmış: Sixty

Yetmiş: Seventy

Seksen: Eighty

Doksan: Ninety

Yüz: Hundred

Bin: Thousand

Yüz Bin: Hundred Thousand

Milyon: Million

Trilyon: Billion.

For example, to say "Fifty five" , "Elli + beş = 55"



Eleven: On + bir = On bir = 11

Twelve: On + iki = On iki = 12

Three thousand: Üç + bin = Üç bin = 3000

And these are colors:blackwhitegreenredyellowbluedark bluepinkvioletorange

siyahbeyazyeşilkırmızısarımavilacivertpembemor turuncuOther Time Concepts:

Saniye: SecondDakika: MomentSaat: Hour Gün: DayHafta: WeekAy: Month Yıl/Sene: Year On Yıl: Decade Yüzyıl: CenturyBugün: TodayDün: Yesterday Yarın/Ertesi Gün: Tomorrow

Sabaha Karşı: Time period between midnight and sunrise.Sabah: MorningÖğlen: NoonÖğleden Sonra: Afternoonİkindi: Time period between afternoon and sunsetAkşamüstü: Time period between sunset and twilight.Akşam: EveningGece: Night (After nine oćlock generally)Geceyarısı: Midnight Yarım: 12:30 and 00:30 are called as "yarım".HOURS (SAATLER):In Turkey we use 24-hour system.Immediate Hour Concepts:Saat üç: It´s three oćlock (may be 03:00 or 15:00)Saat beş: It´s five oćlock (may be 05:00 or 17:00)



Çeyrek: Quarter Buçuk: Half Saat beş buçuk: It is half past five (17:30 or 05:30)Saat dört buçuk: It is half past four It is quarter to four:Saat dörde çeyrek var.Its quarter past six:

Altıyı çeyrek geçiyor.Note: For another time, we use "geçe" and "kala"Dörde çeyre kala: When it is quarter to four.Dördü çeyrek geçe: When it is quarter past four.In here, we use Accusative and Dative Forms, so I will tell about these at next unites.

Relative Pronouns and Relative SuffixesIn English, we use six main relative pronouns; "my, your, her/his/its, our, your, their."In Turkish, we use six main relative pronouns, too. But additional to relative pronouns, wealso use "relative suffixes" for each pronoun.Unfortunately, the personal pronoun and relative pronoun of 1st Singular Pronoun lookssame, and it is very possible to get confused. Because of that, I am always going to use"relative pronouns" with nouns.Usage of relative pronouns is not compulsory, but in order not them to mix with personalpronouns, I am going to use relative pronouns always.With a simple formula, a sentence with relative pronouns and relative suffixes are done likebelow:relative pronoun + noun+relative suffixFirst of all, let´s see relative pronouns and their suffixes with a simple table:R.Pronoun/Last Vowel - Suffix

MeaningIf last vowel is “a,ı”If last vowel is “e,i”

If last vowel is “o, u”If last vowel is

“ö, ü”

mybenim-(ı)m-(i)m-(u)m-(ü)m

yousenin-(ı)n-(i)n-(u)n-(ü)n

his, her, itsonun-(s)ı-(s)i-(s)u-(s)ü

our



bizim-(ı)mız-(i)miz-(u)muz-(ü)müz

your

sizin-(ı)nız-(i)niz-(u)nuz-(ü)nüz

their onların-ları-leri-ları-leriDon´t allow that table to fear your eyes, lean your back and read this table for a minute. Andthen watch the text below:Let´s start by looking at "ev" word. And let´s say "my home."My means "benim" in Turkish. "Benim ev" is correct but sounds like something are minusthere. Relative suffixes are going to help us for that. Look at the table now, "benim" has gotfour suffixes. "If last vowel is e,i" what is going to noun recieve? It is going to receive "-(i)m"!NOTE: If noun ends with a VOWEL, we never put VOWELS of RELATIVE SUFFIXES whichare shown in paranthesyses. You´ll now see what I´m trying to say.Benim evim: My home!Senin okulun: Your school!

Benim defterim: My notebook!Senin defterin: Your notebook!Sizin okulunuz: Your school!Ev, okul and defter. Attention at their last vowels. We have selected suffixes according totheir last vowel.Now, I have prepared four tables for "ev, okul, defter" and "araba (car)" nouns:English SentenceTurkish Meaningmy car benim arabam

your car

senin araban

his/her/its car onun arabası

our car bizim arabamız

your car sizin arabanız

their car onların arabası/arabalarıEnglish SentenceTurkish Meaning



my notebookbenim defterim

your notebooksenin defterin

his/her/its notebookonun defteri

our notebookbizim defterimiz

your notebooksizin defteriniz

their notebookonların defteri/defterleriEnglish SentenceTurkish Meaning

my schoolbenim okulum

your schoolsenin okulun

his/her/itsonun okulu

our schoolbizim okulumuz

your schoolsizin okulunuz

their schoolonların okulu/okullarıEnglish SentenceTurkish Meaning

my name

benim adım

your namesenin adın

his/her/its nameonun adı

our namebizim adımız

your namesizin adınız

their name



onların adı/adlarıHave you seen how easy it is! Look at the examples below:Onun şarkısı: Her song.Bizim düşüncemiz: Our thought/idea.Sizin kitabınız: Your notebook (plural).NOTE: If one of "p, t, k and ç" remains between two vowels (such as "kitap") they become"b, d, ğ and ç"

Ağaç: treeBenim ağacım: My treeNext unit is going to be "Possesive Constructions."

Respond to question of "yakamozz" user: Because at daily speech, both are used.

Even though at "their car" "car" is not plural, onların arabaları is correct, too; for dailyspeech. Sorry, I should have added that note.

Personel Pronouns and Personel Endings - TO BETO BE VERB IN TURKISH!Hello again. In this lesson, we are going to discuss about the personal pronouns and their personal endings. Because of Personal Pronouns and Personal Endings are one of themost important topics of Turkish language lessons, I have put this lesson at Beginner Level. Let´s start the lesson!In English, we use six personal pronouns and these are; I am, You are, he/she/it is, We are, You are (plural) and They are.In Turkish, we have got six personal pronouns too. Let´s see these pronouns with simpletable below:PronounTurkishIben

You (singular)sen

He, She, Ito

Webiz

You (plural)siz

Theyonlar In English, we describe personal pronouns by "am/is/are" postposition. In Turkish, we don´tdo like this. In Turkish, we do this by the personal-ending-suffixes.First, let´s see personal endings table and then talk about it:PronounTurkishPersonal Ending

Iben-(u,ı,i,ü)m

You (singular)



sen-s(u,ı,i,ü)n

He, She, Itono ending

Webiz-(u,i,ü,ı)z

You (plural)siz-s(u,ı,i,ü)n(u,ı,i,ü)z

Theyonlar -ler/-lar

Now relax! Never allow this table to fear your eye, vowel in paranthysis may fear you but wewill detect them according to Major Vowel Harmony. By a simpler table below, you are gointto see that personal endings are too easy to use:Last Vowel/Per.End.bensenbizsiz

u, o-um

-sun-uz-sunuz

ü, ö-üm-sün-üz-sünüz

a, ı-ım

-sın-ız-sınız

e, i-im-sin-iz-sinizAs you see, we choose these vowels according to the last vowel of words. Now, describepersonal pronouns by some very-known adjectives. We are going to use "öğrenci (student),uzun (tall), short (kısa), zeki (clever, intelligent), güzel (beautiful) :Pronoun/Wordöğrenciuzun



kısazekigüzel

Benöğrenciyimuzunum

kısayımzekiyimgüzelim

Senöğrencisinuzunsunkısasınzekisingüzelsin

Oöğrenciuzunkısazekigüzel

Bizöğrenciyizuzunuzkısayızzekiyiz

güzeliz

Sizöğrencisinizuzunsunuzkısasınızzekisinizgüzelsiniz

Onlar öğrenciler uzunlar

kısalar zekiler güzeller

As you see, by using the conjugation table of personal endings, it is easier to decide whichsuffix we are going to use. Note that we always look at last vowel. When adding suffix, wedon´t care other vowels of words. By the way, I hope you have noticed about the unbold "y"character This is a connection word for two vowels. If word ends with a vowel and if suffixstarts with a vowel, too, then we put "y" between them.Ben bir öğrenciyim: I am a student.Sen bir öğrencisin: You are a student.Biz öğrenciyiz: We are students.Ben uzunum: I am tallSen kısasın: You are short.



Sen çok zekisin: You are very clever.O çok güzel: She is very beautiful.Now, let´s conjugate "aç, tok, mutlu and mutsuz" adjectives.Aç: hungry ... tok: not hungry, full ... mutlu: happy ... mutsuz: unhappy.Conjugation for "aç" and "tok" adjectives:Pronoun/Adjactiveaç (hungry)

tok (not hungry, full)

Benaçımtokum

Senaçsıntoksun

Oaç(tır)tok(tur)

Bizaçıztokuz

Sizaçsınıztoksunuz

Onlar

aç(lar)tok(lar)

Conjugation for "mutlu and mutsuz" adjectives:Pronoun/Adjectivemutlu (happy)mutsuz (unhappy)

Benmutluyummutsuzum

Senmutlusunmutsuzsun

Omutlu(dur)mutsuz(dur)

Bizmutluyuzmutsuzuz

Sizmutlusunuzmutsuzsunuz



Onlar mutlu(lar)mutsuz(lar)

Ben çok mutluyum: I am very happy.Sen çok mutsuzsun: You are very unhappy.

Biz açız: We are hungry.Siz toksunuz: You are not hungry, you are full.Examples:Biz turistiz: We are tourists.Siz öğretmensiniz: You are teachers.We can also use this to structure to express our Occupations!Ben bir doktorum: I am a doctor.Ben bir pilotum: I am a pilot.Siz hemşiresiniz: You are nurses.Ben bir askerim: I am a soldier. You are going to understand better this structure as you set new sentences. Next topic isgoing to be the negative form of "to be."

Question Form of Personal Pronouns, TO BE and Negative Questions.The simplest question suffix (I call it suffix but it is always written apart) is "mi?" in Turkih.Ev mi? A home?Sen mi? You?"Mi" is conjugated according to both Vowel Harmony and Personal Pronouns. First, let´ssee how we can conjugate "mi" according to Vowel Harmony:Last VowelConjugated Form

a, ı

mı?

e, imi?

o, umu?

ö, ümü?Okul mu? School?Araba mı? Car?

Now, let´s see the table of "mi" for conjugation table for both Vowel Harmony and PersonelEndings:Pronoun/Vowelsa, ı (mı?)e,i (mi?)o, u (mu?)ö, ü (mü?)

Benmıyım?miyim?muyum?müyüm?

Sen



mısın?misin?musun?müsün?

Omıdır?

midir?mudur?müdür?

Bizmıyız?miyiz?muyuz?müyüz?

Sizmısınız?misiniz?musunuz?müsünüz?

Onlar mı?mi?mu?mü?Note that "y" characters at table are "connection characters."

Did you notice? Just like in "değil" structure, we don´t conjugate Adjective or Noun, weconjugate QUESTION SUFFIX:

With a simple formula:Personal Pronoun + Simple Form of Adjective/Noun + Conjugated "Mi"Let´s ask: Are you student?Sen öğrenci misin?Have you seen that we have congujated "mi" for both Vowel Harmony (according to the lastvowel of "öğrenci" noun) and Personal Ending.

Personal Ending is conjugated according to the vowel of QUESTION SUFFIX !Ben uzun muyum?

Am I tall?Biz kısa mıyız?Are we short?Let´s conjugate "aç, tok, mutlu and mutsuz" adjective according to that structure:Pronoun/Adjectiveaç (hungry)tok (not hungry, full)

Benaç mıyım?tok muyum?

Senaç mısın?tok musun?



Oaç mı?tok mu?

Bizaç mıyız?

tok muyuz?

Sizaç mısınız?tok musunuz?

Onlar aç(lar) mı?tok(lar) mı?Now, let´s do it for "mutlu and mutsuz"Pronoun/Adjectivemutlu (happy)mutsuz (unhappy)

Benmutlu muyum?mutsuz muyum?

Senmutlu musun?mutsuz musun?

O

mutlu mu?mutsuz mu?

Bizmutlu muyuz?mutsuz muyuz?

Sizmutlu musunuz?mutsuz musunuz?

Onlar

mutlu mu?mutsuz mu?Mixed Examples:

Sen şişman mısın? (are you fat) Hayır, ben şişman değilim. (no i’m not fat)Biz yaşlı mıyız? (are we old?) Hayır, biz yaşlı değiliz, biz genciz. (no we aren’t old, we areyoung)Onlar uzun mu? (are they tall?) Evet, onlar uzunlar. (yes, they are tall)Let’s talk about “yoksa”. It means “or”. For example:Sen bir öğrenci misin yoksa işadamı mı? (are you a student or a businessman?) YOU DON’T HAVE TO CONJUGATE THE SECOND QUESTION WORD FOR PERSONALENDINGS.Sen bir doktor musun yoksa bir pilot mu? (are you a doctor or a pilot?)Ben doktor değilim, ben bir pilotum. (i am not a doctor, i am a pilot)Biz hemşire miyiz yoksa veteriner mi? (are we nurse or veterinerian?)



Biz veteriner değiliz, biz hemşireyiz. (we arent veterinerian, we are nurse)Sen bir avukat mısın yoksa ev hanımı mı? (are you lawyer or a house-wife?)Sen bir şoför müsün yoksa mimar mı? (are you a driver or an architect?)Ben bir mimar değilim, ben bir şoförüm (i am not an architect, i am a driver)O bir oyuncu mudur yoksa bir şarkıcı mı? (is he an actor or a singer?)O bir oyuncu değil, o bir şarkıcı (he is not an actor, he is a singer)Sen uzun musun yoksa kısa mı? (are you tall or short?)

Ben uzun değilim, ben kısayım. (i am not tall, i am short)Ben güzel miyim yoksa çirkin mi? (am i beautiful or ugly?)Sen çirkin değilsin, sen güzelsin. (you aren’t ugly, you are beautiful)Siz şişman mısınız yoksa zayıf mı? (are you fat or thin?)Biz şişman değiliz, biz zayıfız. (we aren’t fat, we are thin)Sen emekli misin yoksa doktor mu? (are you retired or doctor?)Ben emekli değilim, ben bir doktorum. (i’m not retired, i’m a doctor.)Siz aç mısınız? (are you hungry)Hayır, biz aç değiliz, biz tokuz. (no we aren’t hungry, we are full)Sen aç mısın? (are you hungry?)Hayır, ben aç değilim, ben tokum. (no i’m not hungry, i’m full)Sen mutlu musun yoksa mutsuz mu? (are you happy or unhappy?)Ben mutsuz değilim, ben mutluyum. (i’m not unhappy, i’m happy!)For the negative form of this structure, just put "değil" between adjective/noun andconjugated "mi".

As "mi" is conjugated here, we NEVER conjugate "değil" .

Negative Form of TO BE - Negative Sentence with "değil" Postposition.At previous lesson, we learned how to describe pronouns by personal ending suffixes. So,question is how we can make these forms “negative” ? It too easy with magical “değil”word! It means “not”. We put it at the end of sentence.When we want to use negative forms of pronouns, first we detect which pronoun we will

use. Then we put noun or adjactive in front of pronoun.Most important rule of negative form is that we conjugate “değil” word, WE DON’TCONJUGATE NOUN OR ADJACTIVE.With a very simple formula:Pronoun + simple/unconjugated form of adjective + conjugated form of "değil."Before examples, let´s see the conjugation table of "değil" structure:PronounConjugation

Bendeğilim

Sendeğilsin

Odeğil

Bizdeğiliz

Sizdeğilsiniz

Onlar değiller "Ben uzunum" means "I am tall."



So, how can we say "I am not tall?"Ben uzun değilim: I am not tall!As you see, we didn´t conjugate the adjective, we conjugated "değil" structure.Sen uzun değilsin: You aren´t tall.Biz kısa değiliz: We aren´t short.Biz kısa değiliz, biz uzunuz: We aren´t short, we are tall.Ben asker değilim, ben bir pilotum: I am not a soldier, I am pilot.

Next lesson is going to be the question form of "TO BE."Note: "değil" is pronounced close to "deyil."Plural Suffixes and Relative Suffixes for Plural Nouns (Subtitle I)We don´t use different relative suffixes for Plural Nouns. But, first, let´s see how we createplural nouns in Turkish.We do it by two suffixes "-ler/-lar". We select one of them according to the Vowel Harmony.If last vowel is one of "a , ı , o, u" we add "-lar" because of vowel harmony.If last vowel is one of "e , i , ö , ü" then we add "-ler" because of vowel harmony.ev: house > evler: housesaraba: car > arabalar: carsdefter: notebook > defterler: notebookskalem: pen/pencil > kalemler: pens/pencilsgün: day > günler: daysşarkı: song > şarkılar: songsders: lesson > dersler: lessonsdüşünce: idea/thought > düşünceler: ideas/thoughtsşehir: city > şehirler: citiesNow, I´m going to tell you a very important clue:Plural Suffixes always come before Relative Suffixes and Relative Suffixe MAY CHANGEACCORDING TO THE STRUCTURE OF PLURAL SUFFIXbenim evim: my home > benim ev + ler + im: my homes in here, relative suffix did notchange.benim arabam: my car > benim araba + lar + ım in here, relative suffix HAS CHANGED

because"arabalar" noun has ended with a consonant.benim günüm: my day > benim gün + ler + imAs you see, we detect relative suffix according to "-ler/-lar"senin evin: your house > senin evlerin: your houses.bizim defterimiz: our notebook > bizim defterlerimiz: our notebookssizin düşünceniz: your idea/thought > sizin düşünceleriniz: your idea/thought.

Possessive Constructions I In Turkish, we create Possessive Construction with a very simple rule:Tamlayan + Tamlanan

"Tamlayan" tells what "tamlanan" belongs to. For example, at sentence of "the door of car",the door belongs to car, so door is "tamlanan" and car is "tamlayan."In Turkish, we do it at opposite side; "car´s door" explains this better. We add some suffixesnearby both Tamlanan and Tamlayan. Let´s see their suffixes.Tamlayan Suffix:Last Vowel of First NounSuffix

a, ı-ın

e, i-in

o, u



-un

ö, ü-ün"Tamlayan" noun welcomes these suffixes. Vowel Harmony is going to help us at choosingwhich suffix we are going to use.Let´s see suffixes of Tamlayan, Tamlayan welcomes 3rd Singular Person´s Relative Suffixes

as shown at the table below:R.Pronoun/Last Vowel - Suffix

MeaningIf last vowel is “a,ı”If last vowel is “e,i”If last vowel is “o, u”If last vowel is

“ö, ü”

his, her, itsonun-(s)ı-(s)i-(s)u-(s)üHow to say "the door of car?"Let´s replace the nouns and turn it into "car´s door."arabanın kapısı (note: if at this structure, tamlayan ends with a vowel, put "n" for connection between TWO vowels.)How to say "window of home?"Window: Pencere, Home: Ev ...Evin penceresi: Home´s window/Window of home.

Page: Sayfa Notebook: Defter Notebook´s Page >> Defterin SayfasıRoof: Çatı Ev: HomeHome´s Roof/ Roof of Home >> Evin ÇatısıAt unit "Possesive Constructions II" I am going to tell about plurals.Possessive Constructions II - Plurals What happens if one of Tamlayan or Tamlanan is plural? Such as "the doors of car" or "door of cars" ?Or, "windows of home".When I told you about the plural structure of Relative Mode, I said the Plural Suffixes havegot priority. Same rule is valid here, too. We put plural suffix before Tamlayan/Tamlanan

Suffixes.When Tamlanan is Plural:Evin kapısı : the door of home >> the doors of home > Evin kapılarıBecause of "kapılar" ends with a consonant, we just put "ı", which is relative suffix of 3rdsingular person.Page of notebook: defterin sayfası > pages of notebook: defterin sayfalarıBook of student: Öğrencinin kitabı > Books of student: Öğrencinin kitaplarıHand: El ... Kid: ÇocukHand of Kid: Çocuğun eli >> Hands of Kid: Çocuğun elleriNote: Underlined "n" at "öğrencinin" character is connection character here.When Tamlayan is Plural:Ön: FrontArka: BackFront of School: Okulun önü >> Front of schools: Okulların Önü.Back of Building: Binanın arkası >> Back of Buildings: Binaların arkası.



Roof of House: Evin Çatısı >> Roof of Houses: Evlerin Çatısı.When Tamlayan and Tamlanan are Plural at Once:Fronts of Schools: Okulların ÖnleriBacks of Buildings: Binaların ArkalarıRoofs of Houses: Evlerin Çatıları.Possessive Construction III - Undefitine Possessive ConstructionsAt previous lesson, we have learnt that both "tamlayan" and "tamlanan" have received

suffixes. But sometimes, "tamlayan" may not need a suffix. That happens when a noundescribes another noun.Such as:"Winter night" is noun sentence, "winter" and "night" are both noun. Althought "winter" isnot anADJECTIVE, it describes the noun "night". When this happens in Turkish, we do not addany suffixes atnoun, which describes the noun in front of it.Let´s see it with an example:Winter: Kış Night: GeceKış Gecesi : Winter Night.Did you see? Second noun has met its "tamlanan" suffixes (if you don´t remember tamlayanand tamlanan suffixes, turn back to Possessive Constructions I and read the tables again)Wednesday Day: Wednesday noun describes "Day" noun.Çarşamba Günü : Wednesday Day (We use days in Turkish like that)Turkish Flag > Turkish: Türk , Flag: BayrakTürk Bayrağı : Turkish Flag (Not that "k" became "ğ" when it took its place between twovowels)House wife: Ev hanımıBusinessman: İş adamı (Daily usage is, İşadamı)Song Contest: Şarkı YarışmasıRain Cloud: Yağmur Bulutu (Bulut exceptionally does not become "bulud" when "t"consonant take its place between two vowels)

Public School: Devlet OkuluPossesive Constructions + Relative Pronouns (For Singular and Plural)Now, we know Relative Pronouns/Relative Suffixes and Possessive Construction. Let´scombine them.For example: The door of my car. How can we say that? It is very easy. Let´s go step mystep:1) As a principle, start to translate FROM THE END OF SENTENCE. Because Turkishsentences are set by the opposite side of English sentences.First let´s say my car: benim arabam2) In here, we are going to imagine "benim arabam" as a single noun. "The doof my car."Now, let´s go on. "....of my car": benim arabamın .. Did you see it ? We go from the end of sentence.

3) And now, we will imagine "benim arabamın" as an apart noun: "the door of my car"my car´s door: benim arabamın kapısıKapı is tamlanan in here, so it MUST MEET TAMLANAN SUFFIX. "benim arabam" isTAMLAYAN. SO, IT IS GOING TO MEET TAMLAYAN SUFFIX!Let´s make another example:The garden of my home:Home: EvGarden: Bahçe1) Start by the end of sentence. my home: benim evim.2) Walk from the end of sentence straight to the start of sentence. Now, we are in the middleof sentence:....of my home: benim evimin. (my home´s)3) let´s add tamlanan right now: garden of my home: benim evimin bahçesi.bahçe is tamlanan, that´s why it meets tamlanan suffixes.Another example:



Front of your school (your is plural your, "sizin")1) your school: sizin okulunuz.2) ...of your school/your school´s: sizin okulunuzun.3) and adding tamlanan; sizin okulunuzun önü.Another example:the page of his notebook1) his notebook: onun defteri.

2) ...of his notebook/his notebook´s: onun defterinin.note: underlined "n" is connection word. tamlayan suffix came nearby a vowel, so we added"n")3) adding tamlayan: onun defterinin sayfası."sayfa" is tamlanan, it met tamlanan suffixes.Another example:Back of our homeas a reminder, back: arka1) our home: bizim evimiz.2) ...of our home/our home´s: bizim evimizin.3) adding tamlanan: bizim evimizin arkası.FOR PLURAL NOUNS:Plural suffix is going to have priority in here, too. Let´s make plural the sentences above:the gardens of my homes:1) my homes: benim evlerim.2) ...of my homes: benim evlerimin.3) adding tamlanan:garden: bahçe ... gardens: bahçeler 4) benim evlerimin bahçelerithe pages of his notebooks:1) his notebooks: onun defterleri.2) ...of his notebooks: onun defterlerinin.(underlined "n" is connection word!)

3) adding tamlanan:page: sayfa ... pages: sayfalar 4) onun defterlerinin sayfaları.Simple Present Tense IWelcome to the lesson again. At previous lesson, we made an entrence for the usage of verbs and we have learnd positive/negative forms of Imperative Mood. Imperative Mood wasfirst step for us, because it is the simplest form of a verb. Now, let´s start to learncomplicated verb forms. Our second step is going to be learning Simple Present Tense.In English, we use Simple Present Tense without using any suffixes (except "s" suffix for he/she/it) and we use the simplest forms of verbs. But in Turkish, this is not like that.When we want to creat a verb such as "I go", we follow these three steps1) We detect the verb root/stem and we seperate stem and infitinty suffix (-mek/-mak)

2) Then we add "Simple Present Tense Suffix" nearby the verb root/stem and we handle"Main Simple Present Tense Form of Verb, shortly Main Form."3) Then we congjugate this Main Form by Personal Endings and we create our sentence.The main Simple Present Suffix is "-r" suffix. If a verb ends with o vowel, we directly put "-r". But, if a verb ends with consonant, we add vowel between last consonant and "-r" suffixwhich we choose according to the vowel Harmony. Let´s see this table:Last VowelSimple Present Form Suffix

a, ı-(a)r

e, i-(e)r



i, e-(i)r (this is only for “bilmek” and "gelmek")

u-(u)r

ö, ü

-(ü)r Simple Form or Main Form for Present Tense is also Present Tense Conjugation of 3rdSingular Pronoun. When we add one of these suffixes nearby the verb root/stem, we gainboth Present Tense Conjugation of 3rd Singular Pronoun and Main Form of Verb for PresentTense. Because we conjuagte this form for other pronouns. First, lets handle the Main Formof Present Tense for verbs, which is also going to be Present Tense Conjugation of 3rdSingular Pronoun.Let´s look at "Yapmak" verb, which means "to do, to make"Verb root is "yap" . What is the last vowel? Last vowel of this verb is also its only vowel andit is "a". Look at the table. What happens if last vowel of a verb is "a"? We add -(a)r nearbythe verb root/stem. Yap + ar ! : He, she, it does!Let´s do this for "Bakmak" which means "to look".Verb root/stem is "bak" and its last and only vowel is "a".Bak + ar ! : He, she, it looks!Now, let´s find the Simple/Main Forms of verbs below:Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , içmek (to drink) ,atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come) :Bak + ar ! : He, she, it looks!Oku + r : He, she, it reads. Yaz + ar : He, she, it writes. Ye + r : He, she, it eats.İç + er : He, she, it drinks.

At + ar : He, she, it throws.Gid + er : He, she, it goes (t became d)Kapat + ır : He, she, it closes (Kapat is an exception and receives -(ı)r.)Bil + ir : He, she, it knows. (Bil is an exception and receives -(i)r.)Gel + ir : He, she, it comes. (Gel is an exception and recieves -(i)r.)Let´s look the Present Tense forms of Other Pronouns. I will tell conjugation for eachPersonal Pronoun. Let´s start:1) Present Tense for "Ben" (I am) Pronoun.When we want to say "I go" or "I do" in Turkish, we should follow the steps below:a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called MainForm for Present Tense.b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "ben". Let´s remember the

Personal Endings of "ben" with a table below:R.Pronoun/Last Vowel - Suffix


“ö, ü”

Iben-(ı)m-(i)m-(u)m



-(ü)mLet´s start and conjugate the verbs below:Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , içmek (to drink) ,atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come),unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), görmek (to see) :Bak + ar + ım : I look! Yap + ar + ım : I do!

Oku + r + um : I read! Yaz + ar + ım : I write! Ye + r + im : I eat!İç + er + im : I drink!At + ar + ım : I throw!Gid + er + im : I go!Kapat + ır + ım : I close!Bil + ir + im : I know!Gel + ir + im : I come!Unut + ur + um : I forgetGiy + er + im : I wear!Gör + ür + üm : I see!2) Present Tense for "Sen (You are)" Pronoun:a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called MainForm for Present Tense.b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "sen". Let´s remember thePersonal Endings of "sen" with a table below:R.Pronoun/Last Vowel - Suffix


“ö, ü”

yousen-sın-sin-sun-sünLet´s start and conjugate the verbs below:Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , içmek (to drink) ,atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come),

unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), görmek (to see) :Bak + ar + sın : You look! Yap + ar + sın : You do!Oku + r + sun : You read! Yaz + ar + sın : You write! Ye + r + sin : You eat!İç + er + sim : You drink!At + ar + sın : You throw!Gid + er + sin : You go!Kapat + ır + sın : You close!Bil + ir + sin : You know!Gel + ir + sin : You come!Unut + ur + sun : You forgetGiy + er + sin : You wear!Gör + ür + sün : You see!



3) Present Tense for Biz (We) Pronoun.a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called MainForm for Present Tense.b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "biz". Let´s remember thePersonal Endings of "biz" with a table below:Let´s remember the conjugation table for "biz":R.Pronoun/Last Vowel - Suffix


“ö, ü”

webiz-ız-iz-uz-üzLet´s start and conjugate the verbs below:

Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , içmek (to drink) ,atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come),unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), görmek (to see) :Bak + ar + ız : We look! Yap + ar + ız : We do!Oku + r + uz : We read! Yaz + ar + ız : We write!

Ye + r + iz : We eat!İç + er + iz : We drink!At + ar + ız : We throw!Gid + er + iz : We go!Kapat + ır + ız : We close!Bil + ir + iz : We know!Gel + ir + iz : We come!Unut + ur + uz : We forgetGiy + er + iz : We wear!Gör + ür + üz : We see!4) Present Tense for "Siz" Pronoun:a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called Main

Form for Present Tense.b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "siz". Let´s remember thePersonal Endings of "siz" with a table below:R.Pronoun/Last Vowel - Suffix


“ö, ü”

yousiz-sınız



-siniz-sunuz-sünüzLet´s start and conjugate the verbs below:Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , içmek (to drink) ,atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come),unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), görmek (to see) :

Bak + ar + sınız : You look! Yap + ar + sınız : You do!Oku + r + sunuz : You read! Yaz + ar + sınız : You write! Ye + r + siniz : You eat!İç + er + siniz : You drink!At + ar + sınız : You throw!Gid + er + siniz : You go!Kapat + ır + sınız : You close!Bil + ir + siniz : You know!Gel + ir + siniz : You come!Unut + ur + sunuz : You forgetGiy + er + siniz : You wear!Gör + ür + sünüz : You see!5) For the Present Tense for "Onlar", you can use Main Form or add Plurality Suffixes -ler/-lar.IMPORTANT! EXCEPTIONAL RULES:If a verb root has got more than one vowels;a) If last vowel is a and ı, it receives -ır b) If last vowel is e and i, it receives -ir Anlatır: He/she/it tells.Saldırır: He/she/it attacksPatlatır: He/she/it blows

Verb root/stem + Present Simple Tense Suffix + Personal Endings.A funny note:I have added a song with name "Yanarım" from Sertab Erener, meaning "I burn" Yanmak: Yan + ar + ım : I burn :)SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE I - Pronoun + Obj. + VerbUnlike many other languages, syntax in Turkish is different. We put verbs at the end of sentences.We mainly seperate sentences in two branches:1) Regular Sentences2) Irregular SentencesWe will first start with Regular Sentences.

We can simply formulize RS as shown here:Pronoun (Özne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil / Yüklem)In English, this formula is "pronoun + verb + object". In Turkish, verb and object changeplace. Let´s see:I read book: I; pronoun + read; verb + book; object.In Turkish; I is "ben" , read is "okumak" and book is "kitap". "I read" is a Simple PresentTense for 1.Singular Pronoun;Okumak > Okurum = I readLet´s remember the formula:Pronoun (Özne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil / Yüklem)

Ben + kitap + okurumHave you seen the difference?Let´s do it with "I am studying lesson".study: çalışmak and lesson: dersPronoun (Özne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil / Yüklem)



Ben + ders + çalışıyorumLet´s do it for "We are studying lesson"

Biz + ders + çalışıyoruzSentences: You read book, we studied lesson.Siz kitap okudunuz, biz ders çalıştık.They drunk tea, we drunk coke.

Onlar çay içti, biz kola içtik.I watched television.Ben televizyon izledim/seyrettim.I´m playing computer.Ben oyun oynuyorum. You didn´t do homework:Sen ödev yapmadın.I saw the teacher:Ben öğretmeni gördüm.We didn´t see the teacher:Biz öğretmeni görmedik.In next chapter, we will see sentences with "Dolaylı Tümleç"; when an object receives "-e,-de and -den" suffixes.

Let´s remember dative, locative and ablative suffixes of Turkish:Dative: -a, -eLocative: -de, -da, -te, -taAblative: -den, -dan, -ten, -tanIn Turkish, when an object meets any of these suffixes, it turns to "Dolaylı Tümleç (IndirectObject)" from "Object (Nesne)".Dolaylı Tümleç looks for the answers these questions:To where, Whom, To what - Nereye, kime, neye? (Dative Form)Where? Whom? In What? - Nerede, kimde, neyde? (Locative Form)

From Where? From Whom? From What? - Nereden? Kimden? Neyden? (Ablative Form)For example; I went school. By asking "Where did you?" to this question, you can findIndirect Object, Dolaylı Tümleç.Simple Formula is;Pronoun (Özne) + Indirect Object (Dolaylı Tümleç) + Verb (Fiil / Yüklem)(Ben) Okula gittim: I went to school.(Sen) Nereye gittin? (Where did you go?)(Ben) Evden çıktım: I left home. (çıkmak; also means "leaving a place" and it is an ablativeverb.)(Sen) Nereden çıktın? : Where did you leave?Arkadaşta kaldım: I stayed at friend(´s home).(Sen) Nerede kaldın? : Where did you stay at?

(Sen) Nereden baktın? Where did you look from?(Ben) Pencereden baktım: I look from window.Okuldan çıktım ve eve gittim: I left school and went home.SENTENCES WITH "DOLAYLI TÜMLEÇ" AND "NESNE":I saw him, in here, "him" is accusative.Shortly, let´s remember the acc. dat. loc. and abl. forms of "him/her/it"Accusative > onuDative > onaLocative > ondaAblative > ondanI saw him > Onu gördümI saw him in market: Onu markette gördüm.markette is a Dolaylı Tümleç (Indirect Object, meets locative form suffix "-te")Now a little warning here; if who you saw is more important than where you saw, then putobject before verb.



Markette onu gördüm: I saw him in market; when I went to market, I saw him. Market,location is not important here.But, in "onu markette gördüm", location is more important. We set "stress" by this way.Ondan kitap aldım: I borrowed a book from her. "Kitap" is important here, and we stressthat noun because it comes before verb.Bu kitabı ondan aldım: I borrowed this book from her; person is important here, from whoyou borrowed it.

Benden kağıt ve kalem istedi: He asked me for paper and pencil.But, "kağıt ve kalem benden istedi" is incorrect; becuase "kağıt" and "kalem" do not meetany form suffixes here!Kağıdı ve kalemi benden istedi; is correct. It is more important that who he asked for paper and pencil! "Benden" is Dolaylı Tümleç (Ind. Obj.), "kağıdı ve kalemi" is Acc. Object, Nesne.Bu kitabı evden getirdim: I brought this book from home; location is important because"evden" is before verb, "getirdim"Evden bu kitabı getirdim: This book I brought from home (obj. is important).It may look a little complicated. If you have any questions about this text, share by"comment" with us.

SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE III - Time Concepts for VerbIn previous lessons, we learnt to combine verbs and location and quatity. In this lesson,

we are going to combine time concepts and verbs and create new lessons.First of all, I should remind you some known time concepts and teach you new ones:bugün : todaybu ay : this monthbu yıl / sene : this year dün : yesterdayyarın : tomorrowsabah : morningsabahleyin : at morningöğlenleyin : at noon

öğleden sonra : afternoonakşam : eveningakşamleyin / akşama : at eveninggece : nightgeceleyin : at nightAnd now, let´s learn to express date:Ayın + (number + 3rd singular relative suffix) = ...th day of Month.Ayın beşi : fifth day of month.Ayın yedisi : seventh day of monthAyın üçü : third day of month.Do we remember the names of Months? Let´s remember them shortly by order:Ocak, Şubat, Mart, Nisan, Mayıs, Haziran, Temmuz, Ağustos, Eylül, Ekim, Kasım and Aralık.

Examples:Haziran´ın beşi or Haziran´ın 5í : 5th of JuneMart´ın dördü or Mart´ın 4´ü : 4th of MarchTemmuzún on dokuzu or Temmuzún 19ú : 19th of JulyGeneral question:Bugün ayın kaçı ? What is date today ?Bugün ayın ikisi : Today is the second day of month (that we are in).Now, let´s start to sentence examples. Likewise in previous lessons, "stress" is importanthere, too. With two simple formulas, let´s see it:If "what time" you are going to is more important than "where are you going to go/ what areyou going to do" then use this formula:Dolaylı Tümleç / Nesne + Time Concept + VerbAnd here are the examples:İstanbulá bugün dönüyorum : I´m turning to Istanbul today.Ödevi yarın teslim edeceğim : I will deliver my homework tomorrow. (teslim etmek : deliver)



Sınava dün girdim : I attended to examination yesterday.Q: Dersler ne zaman başlayacak? When are lessons going to start?A: Dersler ayın beşinde başlayacak: Lessons are going to start in fifth day of month.Q: Ankaraýa ne zaman gideceksin? (When are you going to go to Ankara?)A: Ankaraýa Temmuzún üçünde gideceğim (I´m gonna go to Ankara in 3rd of July)Q: Sınav sonuçlarını ne zaman açıklayacaklar? (When are they going to announce theresults of examination?)

A: Sınav sonuçlarını Mart´ın 8índe açıklayacaklar: They are going to announce the resultsof exam on 8th of March.(Sınav: exam. Sonuç: Result. Sonuçlar: Results. Sınav Sonuçları : Exam Results. SınavSonuçlarını : to the exam results, accusative form suffix)2) If "where you are going to go / what you are going to do" is more important than "timeconcept", then use this formula:Time Concept + Dolaylı Tümleç / Nesne + VerbTemmuzún 3´ünde Ankaraýa gideceğim: I´m gonna go to Ankara, on 3rd of July.Bugün İstanbulá dönüyorum: I´m turning to İstanbul, today.Mart´ın 8índe sınav sonuçlarını açıklayacaklar: They´re gonna announce results on 8th of March.Mixed Examples:Akşama markete gideceğiz: We´re gonna go to market at evening.Biz dün okula gitmedik: We haven´t been at school yesterday.Sabahleyin kahvaltı etmedi: He didn´t have breakfast at morning.Ben İzmiré geçen yıl gittim: I went to İzmir last year. (It was last year when I have been toIzmir).Hava birazdan yağacak: It is gonna rain a few later.

Verbs / Subtitle I - Accusative FormBefore start to talk about verbs, we have to know about "Accusative, Dative, Locative and

Dative Forms and Suffixes."In Turkish, by the suffixes that they cause a noun to meet, we can seperate verbs at four

branches:1) Accusative Verbs2) Dative Verbs3) Locative Verbs4) Ablative VerbsA verb might be an Dative Verb or might be both Dative and Ablative Verb. As we continueto talk about verbs, I will tell which verbs is what. And, by time, you are going to understandyourself that which verbs is what. Now, let´s start with Accusative Form and Suffixes:ACCUSATIVE FORM:Accusative Form, or Belirtme Durumu in Turkish, receives one of "-ı, -i, -u and -ü" suffixes.A noun can end by a vowel. When this happens, as a connection character, we are going touse "y". This will prevent confussion.

Let´s see these suffixes with a simple table:Last VowelSuffix Form

a, ı-ı

e, i-i

o, u-u

ö, ü-ü



As you see, just like other suffixes, these suffixes work according to the Vowel Harmony,too. We are going to look at last vowel and then add suffix.Example, let´s use "door / kapı" at Accusative Mode:Kapı, ends with a vowel, and its last vowel is "ı". I said that when a noun ended with vowel,we will use "y" as connection character.Not, let´s look at the table. What does table say us? Which suffix are we going to use whenlast vowel is "ı"?

Table say: Use "ı" if last vowel is "ı"Kapı + y + ı : Kapı is noun, y is connection character and "ı" is accusative form suffix.Let´s use "school / okul" noun at Accusative Form:Okul ends with a consonant, you we don´t need "y" connection character. Let´s look attable, table says that if last vowel is "u", then use "-u" suffix.Okul + u : Okul is noun, "u" is accusative form suffix.(Note: Do not confuse these suffixes with 3rd Singular Person Relative Suffixes. You willmake this discrimination by the time :) )I have prepared a table for you below. At this table, you can see Accusative Form usages of some nouns. I have written suffixes with dark characters, and underlined "y" connectioncharacters:English WordMeaning/Nom.FormAccusative Form

houseevevi

car arabaarabayı

buildingbinabinayı

treeağaçağacı

gardenbahçebahçeyi

bookkitapkitabı

door kapıkapıyı

chair sandalyesandalyeyi

tablemasamasayı



schoolokulokulu

studentöğrenci

öğrenciyi

songşarkışarkıyı

notebookdefter defteri

driver şoför şoförüIt is too simple. My friends, don´t fear. These suffixes may be seen complicated and youmay not know how to use them. But when we start to talk about verbs, you are going tounderstand exactly. But now, study and learn Accusative, Dative, Locative and AblativeForm suffixes.And these are accusative forms for Personal Pronouns:Personal PronounAccusative form

benbeni

senseni

oonu

bizbizi

sizsizi

onlar onlarıVerbs / Subtitle II - Dative FormDative Form, or Yönelme Durumu in Turkish, is easier than Accusative Form, because it hasgot only two suffiex, "-a and -e" which changes by Vowel Harmony. Just like in AccusativeForm, we are going to use "y" connection character when a nound ended with a vowel.Now, with a simple table, let´s see the usage of Dative Form suffixes:Last Vowel of PronounSuffix Form

a, ı, o, u-a

e, i, ö, ü



-eLet´s use "door / kapı" at Dative Form. Kapı ends with a vowel, so we must use "y"connection character. Kapı ends with "ı", table says us "use "-a" when the noun ends with"ı" vowel:Kapı + y +a : Kapı is noun, "y" is connection character and "-a" is Dative Form Suffix.Now, let´s use "garden / bahçe" at Dative Form. "bahçe" ends with a vowel too, we will use"y" again. And this noun´s last vowel is "e". Table says, use "-e" if noun´s last vowel is "e"

Bahçe + y + e: Bahçe is noun, y is connection and "-e" is Dative Form Suffix.I have prepared a table for usage of Dative Form at some Nouns.houseeveve

car arabaarabaya

buildingbinabinaya

treeağaçağaca

gardenbahçebahçeye

book

kitapkitaba

door kapıkapıya

chair sandalyesandalyeye

table

masamasaya

schoolokulokula

studentöğrenciöğrenciye

songşarkışarkıya



notebookdefter deftere

driver şoför şoföre

It is too easy. And, a table for Dative Forms of Personal Pronouns.Personal PronounAccusative form

benbana

sensana

oona

bizbize

sizsize

onlar onlara

Verbs / Subtitle III - Locative Form

I have told for two times about Locative Form at Beginner Level Lessons. But I am going totell it for one more time for you to understand it better.Locative form has got four vowel, "-de, -da, -te, and -ta" which change according to bothConsonant Mutation and Vowel Harmony.With a simple table, let´s see the usage of suffixes:I have prepared this table for both Consonant Mutuation and Vowel Harmony. Read it for aminuteLast VowelLast ConsonantSuffix

e, i, ö, ü

Soft Consonants-de

a, ı, o, uSoft Consonants-da

e, i, ö, üp, ç, t, k, s, ş, h-te

a, ı, o, up, ç, t, k, s, ş, h-taLet´s use "kapı" noun at Locative form: Kapı ends with a vowel, so we will accept it as "soft



consotant ended". And ends with "ı". According to the table, we will use "-da"Kapı + da : KapıdaLet´s to the same for "breathe / soluk" noun. Soluk ends with "k", which is a hardconsonant. And last vowel is "u". Table says use "-ta"Soluk + ta: SoluktaI have prepared a table for usage of Locative Form at some nouns:English Word

Meaning/Nom.FormLocative Form

houseevevde

car arabaarabada

buildingbinabinada

treeağaçağaçta

gardenbahçebahçede

bookkitapkitapta

door kapıkapıda

chair sandalyesandalyede

tablemasamasada

schoolokulokulda

studentöğrenciöğrencide

songşarkışarkıda



notebookdefter defterde

driver şoför

şofördeAnd, Locative Form for Personal Pronouns:

Personal PronounLocative Form

benbende

sensende

oonda

bizbizde

sizsizde

onlar

onlarda Verbs / Subtitle IV - Ablative FormAblative Form, or Ayrılma Durumu in Turkish, is simply a respond to "from..." in Englis."From school, from home etc.."Ablative form has got four suffixes, "-den, -dan, -ten, -tan" which change according to bothConsonant Mutuation and Vowel Harmony.Let´s look at the table below for the suffixes of Ablative Form:Last Vowel of Pro.Soft Consonantp,ç,t,k,s,ş,h Consonants

a, ı, o, u-dan-tan

e, i, ö, ü-den-tenKapı, ends is a vowel, you we will accept it as it ends with a "soft consonant". It also endswith "ı". Table tell us to choose "-dan" suffixKapı + dan: KapıdanLet´s do the same for "bahçe / garden". Bahçe ends with a vowel, too and it´s "e". Tabletells us to put "-den" suffix.Bahçe + den: BahçedenI have prepare a table for the usage of this Form at some nouns:English Word



Meaning/Nom.FormAblative Form

houseevevden

car arabaarabadan

buildingbinabinadan

treeağaçağaçtan

gardenbahçebahçeden

bookkitapkitaptan

door kapıkapıdan

chair sandalyesandalyeden

tablemasamasadan

schoolokulokuldan

studentöğrenciöğrenciden

songşarkışarkıdan

notebookdefter defterden

driver şoför



şofördenAnd Ablative Form for Plural Nouns:Personal PronounAblative Form

benbenden

sensenden

oondan

bizbizden

sizsizden

onlar onlardan Simple Present Tense II - Negative FormIn this lesson, we are going to talk about the negative form of Simple Present Tense.

We use a different structure when we express negativeness for Simple Tense for eachpronoun. We do it by "-ma/-me". Let´s see.1) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Ben"We can formulize the structure basicly;"Verb root + -ma/me + m"

Bil + me + m : I don´t know. Yap + ma + m : I don´t do.Kapat + ma + m : I don´t close.Unut + ma + m : I don´t forget.Gör + me + m : I don´t see.Oku + ma + m : I don´t read.2) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Sen"With a simple formula:"Verb root + -me/ma + z + -sin/-sın"Bil + me + z + sin : You don´t know Yap + ma + z + sın : You don´t doKapat + ma + z + sın : You don´t close

Unut + ma + z + sın : You don´t forgetGör + me + z + sin : You don´t seeOku + ma + z + sın : You don´t read3) Negative Form of Present Tense for "O"With a simple formula;"Verb root + -me/-ma + z"Bil + me + z : He/she/it doesn´t know Yap + ma + z : He/she/it doesn´t doKapat + ma + z : He/she/it doesn´t forgetUnut + ma + z : He/she/it doesn´t forgetGör + me + z : He/she/it doesn´t seeOku + ma + z : He/she/it doesn´t read4) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Biz"With a simple formula;"Verb root + -me/-ma + y + -iz/-ız"



Bil + me + y + iz : We don´t know Yap + ma + y + ız : We don´t doKapat + ma + y + ız : We don´t closeUnut + ma + y + ız : We don´t forgetGör + me + y + iz : We don´t seeOku + ma + y + ız : We don´t read5) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Siz"

With a simple formula;"Verb root + -me/-ma + z + -siniz/-sınızBil + me + z + siniz : You don´t know Yap + ma + z + sınız : You don´t doKapat + ma + z + sınız : You don´t closeUnut + ma + z + sınız : You don´t forgetGör + me + z + siniz : You don´t seeOku + ma + z + sınız : You don´t read6) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Onlar" You can add "-ler/lar" nearby Negative Form for "o".Introduction to Verbs and Imperative Mood

We have told about the Accusative, Dative, Locative and Ablative modes. Let´s start at theverbs!In Turkish, we seperate a verbs at two pieces, root of verbs (called "kök" in Turkish") and"infitity suffix" of verbs.Infinity suffixes provide the verb to sound "idle". In English, this is provided to say "to go,to do." We do this by "-mek/-mak" suffixes, shown at the table below:This

Last Vowel of VerbForm of Infinitive Suffix

a, ı, o, u

-mak

e, i, ö, ü-mek Yap + mak : to do, to make. (Bold word is the root of verb.)Git + mek: to goBil + mek: to knowGiy + mek: to wear Duy + mak: to hear Gör + mek: to seeKapat + mak: to closeFor us, verb roots are more important. Because we provide verbs to gain meaning by

adding suffixes at their roots. In here, there is an important point that verb root is alsoimperative for 2nd Singular Person, "sen" Yap! Do!Gör! See!Kapat! Close!We can also make imperative mood of 3rd Singular person "o" by adding "-sin/-sın/-sun/-sün" suffixes.Bak + sın: Let him/her/it look Yap + sın: Let him/her/it doKapat + sın: Let him/her/it closeUnut + sun: Let/him/her/it forget

Present Continious Tense I

Today, we are going to talk about "Present Continious Tense / Şimdiki Zaman."



"I am going, she is reading, etc.." are sentences that belong to Present Continious Tense. InEnglish, we create this structure by using "-ing" suffix. In Turkish, we do this by adding asuffix, too.-yor is the suffix for Present Continious Tense, and it never changes form for VowelHarmony, -yor is one of some suffixes that doesn´t meet Vowel Harmony principles.Do you remember the previous lessons about Simple Present Tense? At those lessons, wehad told about "Main Form of Simple Present Tense (also Simple Present Tense form of

verb for 3rd Singular Person)". Same principle is valid here, too. When we connect VERBROO/STEM and -yor suffix, it is the Main Form of Verb for PCT, and PCT form of 3rd Singular Person, "o")But, there is a little difference here. When we want to combine verb root and -yor suffix, weput A VOWEL behind these two structures and we select this according to Vowel Harmony."Yap + yor" is incorrect, in here, for an easier pronounce we put a vowel between "yap" and"-yor".We select these connection vowel by the principle below:1) If last vowel of verb stem is "a or ı" , use "ı" as connection vowel,2) If last vowel of verb stem is "e or i" , use "i" as connection vowel,3) If last vowel of verb stem is "u or o", use "u" as connection vowel,4) If last vowel of verb stem is "ü or ö" , use "ü" as connection vowel."He/she/it is doing"To do is "yapmak" in Turkish. Verb stem/root is "yap". We will combine "yap" and "-yor". Wewill need connection vowel for this. Last vowel of "yap" is "a", so we need "ı" vowel to put. Yap + ı + yor : He / she / it is doing!Let´s use a different verb this time, "anlatmak" means "to tell". Verb stem/root is "anlat" andlast vowel is "a". So, we will put "ı" between verb root/stem and -yor suffix.Anlat + ı + yor : He / she / it is telling!Let´s use these verbs:

Bakmak (to look), Bilmek (to know), Görmek (to see), Duymak (to hear), Oturmak (to sitdown), Kalkmak (to stand up), Yazmak (to write), Öğrenmek (to learn), Öğretmek (to teach) :

Bak + ı + yor : He / she / it is lookingBil + i + yor : He / she / it is knowingGör + ü + yor : He / she / it is seeingDuy + u + yor : He / she / it is hearingOtur + u + yor : He / she / it is sitting downKalk + ı + yor : He / she / it is standing up Yaz + ı + yor : He / she / it is writingÖğren + i + yor : He / she / it is learningÖğret + i + yor : He / she / it is teachingWhat is going to happen if a verb ends with a vowel?Last vowels of some verbs change when they meet "-yor" suffix. We call it "vowelnarrowing."

For "okumak" word, there is not a problem. Oku + yor is correct.But, there is a little complicated rule if verb ends with "a or e" vowel, at this point:Atlamak, means "to jump". Verb root/stem ends with "a". And, when it meets "-yor", it getsnarrowed. "a" vowel generally narrows and becomes "ı" but, althought not at commonverbs, if there is a vowel before "a" and if it is "o" or "u", it becomes "u".Atla + yor > Atlı + yor! : He/she/it is jumping!Anlamak is "to understand."Anla + yor > Anlı + yor : He/she/it is understanding!Saklamak is "to hide"Sakla + yor > Saklı + yor : He/she/it is ending. Yaşamak is "to live" : Yaşa + yor > Yaşı + yor : He/she/it is living.If last vowel is "e", it becomes "i".Eklemek means "to add":Ekle + yor > Ekli + yor : He/she/it is adding



Beklemek means "to wait":Bekle + yor > Bekli + yor : He/she/it is waitingExceptionally, if there is a vowel before "e" and it is "ö" , "e" becomes "ü":Söylemek means "to say"Söyle + yor > Söylü + yor > He/she/it is sayingAt next lesson, we are going to conjugate this structure for personal pronouns:"I am going, you are doing etc..."

Present Continious Tense IIIn previous lesson, we have told about the Main Form of Present Continious Tense. Now,we are going to talk about how we can use Present Continious for Personal Pronouns.We have seen that "-yor" never meets the the principles of Vowel Harmony as an exception.Because of this rule, we are going to use only one suffix for each personal ending.We can see Present Continious Personal Endings at the table below.ben -umsen -suno -biz -uzsiz -sunuzonlar -lar Let´s say "I am doing."1) First, we should find the Main Form for Present Continious Tense; Yap + ı + yor : He/she/it is doing (also Main Form)Now, let´s conjugate this Main Form for each Personal Pronoun: Yapıyor + um : I am doing Yapıyor + sun : You are doing Yapıyor : He/she/it is doing Yapıyor + uz : We are doing Yapıyor + sunuz : You are doing Yapıyor + lar : They are doingLet´s conjugate this verbs for each personal pronoun according for the Present ContiniousTense:

Gitmek (to go), Bilmek (to know), İçmek (to drink), Görmek (to see), Anlatmak (to tell),Söylemek (to say), Konuşmak (to speak), Gülmek (to laugh), Yazmak (to write), Anlamak (tounderstand), Kapatmak (to close):1) Gitmek:Main Form is : Gid + i + yor Gidiyor + um : I am goingGidiyor + sun : You are goingGidiyor: He/she/it is goingGidiyor + uz : We are goingGidiyor + sunuz : You are goingGidiyor + lar : They are going2) Bilmek

Main Form : Bil + i + yor.Biliyor + um : I knowBiliyor + sun : You knowBiliyor : He/she/it is knowsBiliyor + uz : We knowBiliyor + sunuz : You knowBiliyor + lar : They know3) İçmekMain Form > İç + i + yor İçiyor + um : I´m drinkingİçiyor + sun : You are drinkingİçiyor : He/she/it is drinkingİçiyor + uz : we are drinkingİçiyor + sunuz : You are drinkingİçiyor + lar : They are drinking



4) GörmekMain Form > Gör + ü + yor Görüyor + um : I seeGörüyor + sun : You seeGörüyor : He/she/it seesGörüyor + uz : We seeGörüyor + sunuz : You see

Görüyor + lar : They see5) AnlatmakMain Form > Anlat + ı + yor Anlatıyor + um : I am tellingAnlatıyor + sun : You are tellingAnlatıyor : He/she/it is tellingAnlatıyor + uz : We are tellingAnlatıyor + sunuz : You are tellingAnlatıyor + lar : They are telling6) SöylemekMain Form > Söylü + yor Söylüyor + um : I am sayingSöylüyor + sun : You are sayingSöylüyor : He/she/it is sayingSöylüyor + uz : We are sayingSöylüyor + sunuz : You are sayingSöylüyor + lar : They are saying7) KonuşmakMain Form > Konuş + u + yor Konuşuyor + um : I´m speakingKonuşuyor + sun : You are speakingKonuşuyor : He/she/it is speakingKonuşuyor + uz : We are speaking

Konuşuyor + sunuz : You are speakingKonuşuyor + lar : They are speaking8) GülmekMain Form > Gül + ü + yor Gülüyor + um : I´m laughingGülüyor + sun : You are laughingGülüyor : He/she/it is laughingGülüyor + uz : We are laughingGülüyor + sunuz : You are laughingGülüyor + lar : They are laughing9) YazmakMain Form > Yaz + ı + yor

Yazıyor + um : I´m writing Yazıyor + sun : You are writing Yazıyor : He/she/it is writing Yazıyor + uz : We are writing Yazıyor + sunuz : You are writing Yazıyor + lar : They are writing10) AnlamakMain Form > Anlı + yor Anlıyor + um : I understandAnlıyor + sun : You understandAnlıyor : He/she/it understandsAnlıyor + uz : We understandAnlıyor + sunuz : You understandAnlıyor + lar : They understand11) Kapatmak



Main Form > Kapat + ı + yor Kapatıyor + um : I am closingKapatıyor + sun : You are closingKapatıyor : He/she/it is closingKapatıyor + uz : We are closingKapatıyor + sunuz : You are closingKapatıyor + lar : They are closing

Note: I wrote some English verbs in Simple Tense Form because of they aren´t used inPresent Continious

form.

Pleasantries

In Turkish there are set pleasantries for certain occasions. Learn a few and you can getaway with knowing fewer words in Turkish!.Afiyet olsun!af-ee-yeht ul-sunSaid to someone who is eating or has just finished eating (literal translation: Bon Appetite/Let Health Be).Elinize sağlık! el-ee-nee-ze saah-likSaid to praise someone’s cooking (literal translation: Health to your hands).Kolay gelsin! koh-lay gel-sinSaid to someone working (literal translation: May it come easy).Geçmiş olsun! gech-mish ol-suhnSaid to someone who is ill (literal translation: Get well soon/ may it pass).Çok yaşa! chok yash-ah

Said to someone who just sneezed, similar to god bless you (literal translation: Live long).Sıhhatler olsun! suh-hut-ler ol-suhnSaid to someone who just took a shower, or to a guy who just got a haircut or shaved(literal translation: Let there be health).

Common expressions in TurkishAs your holiday in Turkey progresses, you’ll probably find that your ear slowly becomesattuned to the Turkish around you. That’s when you’ll start to hear the same key words andphrases everywhere you go.Sometimes you’ll even hear the same word in a variety of different situations. Here we lookat some of those words and phrases, examine what they mean and how you can respond.1. Buyurun

Pronunciation: Booh-rohn You’ll hear the word buyurun everywhere you go in Turkey, in shops, restaurants andmarkets in particular. There is no direct English equivalent. Instead, buyurun acts as an all-purpose word to prompt you – meaning welcome, please come in, sit down, there you are,how can I help you or would you like anything else, depending on the context in which it isused. You may also hear a variation – buyurun efendim. (Pronounced booh-rohn afen-dehm)Efendim is a gender-neutral way of addressing a man or a woman, a polite way of saying Sir or Madam. You may also hear Turkish people answering the telephone using this form of

address.2. Hadi!

Pronunciation: had-ee



You will no doubt hear hadi almost as often as buyurun in Turkey. It means Come on! Or goon!3. Hoş geldiniz

People may say this to you when you arrive in Turkey, check into your hotel, go to arestaurant, enter a shop or visit someone’s home. It translates as Welcome in English.There is a set response expected to this – hoş bulduk. Your response equates to ‘Happy to

be here’.

Welcome hoş geldiniz hosh-gel-dinn-izHappy to be here hoş bulduk hosh-bol-duhk4. Nasılsınız?

This is a popular greeting when two people meet. It loosely translates as ‘How are you’?Again, there is a set response to this – iyiyim, teşekkür ederim. This means I am fine, thankyou.

How are you? Nasılsınız? nah-suhl-suhn –uzI am fine İyiyim ee-yeemThank you teşekkür ederim teh-she-kewr eh-deh-rehmWhen the Turkish speak English

Turkish people will be delighted if you try to speak even a few words of their language, butif you holiday in the resorts around the country, you’ll probably find quite a lot of the Turksthere want to speak English. Sometimes even when you don’t want them to!That said, however, it’s not always that easy to understand their English either. Here wehighlight a couple of little facts that might help you understand their English a little better!Turks can’t traditionally pronounce th as there is no equivalent sound in Turkish. You mayfind that they say Tank you instead of Thank you or Der instead of There.They also have a tendency to pronounce W as V. That’s because there is no W in the

Turkish alphabet!Turkish has a different rhythm of language to English. If a Turk hasn’t fully mastered theEnglish rhythm, you may still find it difficult to understand them even if they use the rightwords.They may confuse you by saying they are going to ‘drink smoke’. Really, they probablymean they are going to have a cigarette but in Turkish to verb to drink and the verb tosmoke is the same – içmek. No wonder they’re confused!

Term Definitionbiliyorum I knowbiliyorsun you know (s)biliyor he knows

biliyoruz we knowbiliyorsunuz you know (p)biliyorlar they knowgörüyorum I seegörüyorsun you see (s)görüyor he seesgörüyoruz we seegörüyorsunuz you see (p)görüyorlar they seeokuyorum I am readingokuyorsun you are reading (s)okuyor he is readingokuyoruz we are readingokuyorsunuz you are reading(p)okuyorlar they are reading



başlıyorum I am beginningbaşlıyorsun you are beginning(s)başlıyor he is beginningbaşlıyoruz we are beginningbaşlıyorsunuz you are beginning(p)başlıyorlar they are beginningsöylüyorum I am saying

söylüyorsun you are saying(s)söylüyor he is sayingsöylüyoruz we are sayingsöylüyorsunuz you are saying(p)söylüyorlar they are sayingkalıyorum I am stayingkalıyorsun you are staying (s)kalıyor he is stayingkalıyoruz we are stayingkalıyorsunuz you are staying (p)kalıyorlar they are stayingyapıyorum I am doingyapıyorsun you are doing (s)yapıyor he is doingyapıyoruz we are doingyapıyorsunuz you are doing (p)yapıyorlar they are doinggidiyorum I am goinggidiyorsun you are going (s)gidiyor he is goinggidiyoruz we are goinggidiyorsunuz you are going (p)gidiyorlar they are going

Turkish simple past tense

Term Definition

geldim I camegeldin you came (s)geldi he camegeldik we camegeldiniz you came (p)geldiler they camebaktım I looked

baktın you looked (s)baktı he lookedbaktık we lookedbaktınız you looked (p)baktılar they lookedgördüm I sawgördün you saw (s)gördü he sawgördük we sawgördünüz you saw (p)gördüler they sawkoştum I rankoştun you rankoştu he rankoştuk we ran



koştunuz you ran (p)koştular they ranyedim I ateyedin you ate (s)yedi he ateyedik we ateyediniz you ate

yediler they ateiçtim I drankiçtin you drank (s)içti he drankiçtik we drankiçtiniz you drank (p)içtiler they drankkaldımI stayedkaldın you stayed (s)kaldı he stayedkaldık we stayedkaldınız you stayed (p)kaldılar they stayedyazdım I wroteyazdınyou wrote(s)yazdı he wroteyazdık we wroteyazdınız you wrote(p)yazdılar they wroteokudum I readokudun you read (s)okudu he readokuduk we read

okudunuz you read (p)okudular they readanlamadım I understoodanlamadın you understood (s)anlamadı he understoodanlamadık we understoodanlamadınız you understood (p)anlamadılar they understoodoturdum I satoturdun you sat (s)oturduhe satoturduk we sat

oturdunuz you sat (p)oturdular they satgittim I wentgittin you went (s)gitti he wentgittik we wentgittiniz you went (p)gittiler they went

Most Missed Wordsthey came → geldiler - 3 missesI ran → koştum - 3 missesyou ran (p) → koştunuz - 3 missesyou stayed (p) → kaldınız - 3 misseshe sat → oturdu - 3 misses



I came → geldim - 2 misseshe came → geldi - 2 misses

Turkish Adjectives

kırmızıredpahalı expensive

güçlü strongyorgün tiredaptal stupidkötü badaç hungarysiyah blackbeyaz whitekahverengi brownmutlu happymutsuz unhappykalabalık crowdedsıcak warmzayıf skinnyyakışıklı handsomegüzel beautifulküçük smallbüyük bigsoğuk coldeski old thingsyaşlı old peopleakıllı intelligentAmerikalı Americanaşk love

az littleberaber together çalışkan diligentçok manyerken earlygenç youngharika wonderfulhemen hemen almostilginç interestingıslak wetiyi goodkahranlık dark

karışıkcomplicatedkirli dirtykısa shortmemnum pleasedmeşgul busyrahat comfortablesakin calmsarhoş drunksinirli nervousşışman fattecrübeli experiencedtuhaf strangeucuz inexpensiveünlü famousüzgün sad



uzun longuzun boylu tallyakın near yeni newyoksulpoor zenginrichmavi blue

sarı yellowyeşil greenpembe pinkmor purplelacivert navy bluebej beigeturuncu orangegri graysarışın blondeaçık (in shade of color) lightkoyu darkrenk color renksiz colorlessbütün wholebüyük bigciddi seriousçirkin uglygenış spacioushazır readyşirin cutetembel lazynefıs exquisitelezzetli delicious

boş empty/vacantdahil includedhariç excludedönemli importanthızlı fasten kötü worsten iyi besthayatta değil deceasedemekle retiredhayatta alivegerçek realityyararla useless

farklı differentortalama averageen çokmostfazla muchaçık opensahte fakekapalı closedbekar singletehlikeli dangerousdaha ucuz cheaper daha pahalı more expensivelux luxuriousdeğişik different

All 19 Terms Term Definition



büyük/küçük big/smalluzun/kısa long/shortyeni/eski new/oldtemiz/pis clean/dirtypahalı/ucuz expensive/cheapgüzel/çirkin beautiful/uglyzor/kolay difficult/easy

genç/yaşli young/oldzengin/fakir rich/poor iyi/kötü good/badyorgun tiredsıcak/soğuk hot/coldmavi/turuncublue/orangesiyah/beyaz black/whiteyeşil/kırmızı green/redsarı/mor yellow/purplekahverengi brownpembe pinkaçık/kapalı open/closed

Turkish verbsgecik-mek to be late, delayedkap-mak to grab, to snatchtak-mak to attach; to wear a tie, jewelrykravat tak- to wear a tiekoy- (dat) to put, place (in)seyret-mek to watch, look at (= izle-)şaşır- (dat) to be surprised (at)destekle- to supportharaket et- to act, to move

durdurlu-mak to be stopped (by s.o.)tutuklan-mak to be arrestedtutukla-mak to arrest s.o.ait ol- (dat) to belong (to s.th.)dine-mek to trykatıl-mak to participate; to joinişbirliği yap-mak to cooperateidam et-mek to hang(escude)geliş-mek to progress (intransitive)merak et-mek to worry (about)destekle-mekto supporteşlik et- (dat) to accompany (s.o.)

değerini bil-mek to appreciate (s.th.); to know s.th.´s valueata bin-mek to ride a horsevur-mak to hit, strikeyalan söyle-mek to lieyasakla-mak to forbidetkile-mek to affect, influencerica et- (acc)mek to ask, request (s.th.)düşün- (acc)mek to think about, consider tartış-mak to debate, discusstavsiye et- (-ma verbal noun indirect speech) to recommendgörün-mek to appear, look like (eg to look good)öner-mek to suggestyaşlan-mak to grow olduyan-mak to wake up (self)şikâyet et-mek to complain



kararmak to get dark, to darkenkısalmak to shorten, to shrinksinirlen- (dat)mek to be nervous/ mad (about)sevin- (dat)mek to be pleased (by)alış- (dat)mak to be accustomed/ used (to)utan- (abl)mak to be embarrassed (by)duygular emotions, feelings

rahatsız ol- (abl)mak to make uncomfortable (about)emin ol- (abl)mak to be sure, confident (of)üşü-mek to feel coldzorluk çek-mek to have difficultysusa- (-e)mak to thirst (for); to get thirstyumurunda olmak (= umursamak) to care aboutiyileşmek to recover (from an illness); to improve, get better gecik-mek to be late, delayedkap-mak to grab, to snatchtak-mak to attach; to wear a tie, jewelrykravat tak-mak to wear a tiekoy- (dat)mak to put, place (in)seyret-mek to watch, look at (= izle-)şaşır- (dat) to be surprised (at)destekle- to supportharaket et- to act, to movedurdurlu- to be stopped (by s.o.)tutuklan- to be arrestedtutukla- to arrest s.o.ait ol- (dat) to belong (to s.th.)dine- to trykatıl- to participate; to joinişbirliği yap- to cooperate

idam et- to hanggeliş- to progress (intransitive)merak et- to worry (about)destekle- to supporteşlik et- (dat) to accompany (s.o.)değerini bil-mek to appreciate (s.th.); to know s.th.´s valueata bin-mek to ride a horsevur-mak to hit, strikeyalan söyle-mek to lieyasakla-mak to forbidetkile-mek to affect, influencerica et- (acc) to ask, request (s.th.)

düşün- (acc) to think about, consider tartış-mak to debate, discusstavsiye et- (-ma verbal noun indirect speech) to recommendgörün-mek to appear, look like (eg to look good)öner-mek to suggestyaşlan-mak to grow olduyan-mak to wake up (self)şikâyet et- to complainkararmak to get dark, to darkenkısalmak to shorten, to shrink

ConversationsTAKSİDE

Müşteri : Boş musunuz? (Are you available?)



Taksici : Buyurun

Müşteri: Taksim’e lütfen. (To Taksim please)

Taksi şöförü. Neresine? (to where (of it))

Müşteri: Meydana (to the square) Ne kadar? (How much)

Taksi şöförü: 22,5 TL.

Müşteri: Teşekkürler. Buyurun. İyi günler. (Thanks. Here you are. Have a nice day.)

Vocabulary for the taxi

Müşteri: Customer

Düz gidin: Go straight

Sağa sapın: Turn right SAĞ: RİGHT

Sola sapın: Turn left SOL: LEFT

Geldik: We came/arrived

Tamam, burası: okay, here we are.

Sağdan ikinci sokak:The second streeet from the right

Birine soralım: Let’s ask someone.

Shopping

Ahmet bey: Bu kazak ne kadar? (How much is this sweater?)

Satıcı: Bu kazak indirimde, 85 TL. (This sweater is on sale, it´s 85 TL)

Ahmet bey: OO çok pahalı. Daha uygun hangi kazak var? (OO it´s very expensive. Is there

any cheaper one?)

Satıcı: Şuradaki kazaklar 75 TL. Daha ucuz yok. (Those overe there cost 75 TL. There are nocheaper ones.)

Ahmet bey: Tamam. 44 beden bir siyah kazak denemek istiyorum lütfen. (Okay. I want to trya black, size 44 sweater please.)

A guest

Ahmet bey: Hoşgeldiniz. Böyle oturun lütfen. Bir şey içer misiniz? Çay , kahve? (Wellcome.Sit here please. Would you like to drink anything? Tea, coffee?)



Ayşe hanım : Hoşbulduk. Bir kahve alırım. (I would take a coffee.)

Ahmet bey: Nasılsınız? Aileniz nasıl? (How are you? How is your family?)

Misafir: Hepimiz iyiyiz. Teşekkürler. (We are all fine. Thank you.)

Ayşe hanım : Eşim ameliyat oldu. Hastanede. (My spouse had an operation. He is in the

hospital.)

Ahmet bey: Çok geçmiş olsun. Nesi var? (I hope he will get better (again an idiom) What hashe got?)

Ayşe hanım: Göz ameliyatı oldu. Şimdi çok iyi. (He had an eye operation. Now he is fine.)

Geçmiş olsun: Idiom that is said to wish for the problem or the sickness should be pastand finished. It means it should be past and finished....olsun is imperative form for to beolmak)

Hoşbulduk: (Found pleasantly) a funny idiom!!!

Turkish Lessons

Documents

Transcript of Turkish Lessons