Turbo TAKS Week 2 Lesson 1- Cells Lesson 2- Taxonomy Lesson 3- DNA Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis.
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Transcript of Turbo TAKS Week 2 Lesson 1- Cells Lesson 2- Taxonomy Lesson 3- DNA Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis.
Turbo TAKS
Week 2
Lesson 1- CellsLesson 2- TaxonomyLesson 3- DNALesson 4- Protein Synthesis
Lesson 1: Cells
2 Types of Cells
Prokaryotes- “pro”= no; “kary”- nucleus– DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES– Example: Bacteria
Eukaryotes- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleus - CONTAINS A NUCLEUS - CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES - Examples: Plant and Animal
MAJOR ORGANELLES
Cell Processes• Permeability
– Diffusion vs. Osmosis
• Cell Reproduction– Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• Photosynthesis– Carbon dioxide + water + sun glucose + oxygen
• Cell Respiration– Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + ATP
• Storage and Transport
Lesson 2: Taxonomy
ClassificationThe largest and least specific category is a Kingdom
Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in a particular order
Animals are called by there genus and species name
Ex] Panthera pardus or Homo sapiens
ClassificationAnimals most closely related will be in the
same levels of classification
Test tip: Most closely related organisms will have the same genus!!!
Group Domestic Cat Leopard Deer
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
Order Carnivora Carnivora Artiodactyla
Family Felidae Felidae Cervidae
Genus Felis Panthera Odocoileus
Species Felis cattus Panthera pardus Odocoileus virginianus
Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know?
Kingdoms of Life2 Prokaryotic Kingdoms:
• Archaebacteria
• Lives in harsh conditions (without oxygen, extreme temperatures, in different chemical environments)
• Eubacteria
• Bacteria found on and around us
• Remember: makes you sick!
Kingdoms
• Fungi– Decomposers/
heterotrophic– Mushrooms
• Protista– Is mush pot kingdom
(has characteristics of other 3 eukaryotic kingdoms)
– Live in water– Amoebas, paramecium,
euglenas– Has pseudopodia, cilia
and/or flagella for movement
• Plantae– Multicellular– Autotrophic– True roots, stems, and
leaves
• Animalia– Multicellular– Motile (able to move)
4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms:
Lesson 3: DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid structureC
P
D
C
P
D
C
P
D
P
DG
P
D GP
D T
P
DA
P
DT
P
D A
P
DG
Nucleotide
Nucleotides-
the building blocks of DNA
NitrogenBase
Phosphate group
Deoxy-ribose
There are four kinds of nitrogen bases, so there are four kinds of nucleotides...
Adenine,Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine...
C
P
D
P
DG
Adenine pairs with Thymine.
P
D T
P
DA
Because of its chemical properties, DNA is shaped like a Double Helix (twisted ladder)
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE The order of the nucleotides forms the unique genetic code for the organism.The more closely related two organisms are, the more alike the order of their nucleotides will be.
DNA replication– DNA makes a copy of its self
Mutation– A change in the sequence of
nucleotides– Can happen in any cell, but
only can be passed on to offspring if occurs in gamete cells
Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis
DNA Replication
Copying a DNA molecule is called REPLICATION (A = T; C = G)
This is needed for mitosis and meiosis
TranscriptionDNA codes for proteins. The Order of the nucleotides
is the code for which protein will be made.
Making a copy of RNA from DNA is TRANSCRIPTION (A = U; C=G)
Occurs in the nucleus
Translation
The message on the RNA is read by ribosomes that translate that message into a protein
Occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes
Genetic Code• Based on
mRNA sequence
• Every three letters (codons) is an amino acid
• Ex] CCC codes for Proline