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CONSERVATION

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In situ Ex situ

In situ:

Conservation of species in their naturalhabitat

E.g. natural parks, nature reserves

Ex situ:

Conserving species in isolation of their

natural habitat E.g. zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks

2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
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In situconservation

Setting up wild lifereserves is not just amatter of building afence around an area

and letting it grow wild

Without grazing animalsheathlands which containa number of rare specieswill revert to woodland


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Nature reserves and national parks

First the area that is suitable for thecreation of a reserve has to be identifiedand delimited

This requires surveys to collect data onkey species

Property may have to be expropriated

A legal framework may need to be set up

to control human activities in the area andin its immediate surroundings

Policing the area may also be necessary


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Les Ecrins National Park, France

Park

Park

Bufferzone


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Nature reserves and national parks

If part of the area hasbeen degraded due to badland use it may needrestoring

Alien species that havepenetrated the area mayneed excluding oreliminating

Constant management willbe needed to maintain thehabitat of the speciesbeing conserved

This may mean arrestingnatural succession


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The advantages ofin situconservation

The species will have allthe resources that it isadapted too

The species will

continue to evolve intheir environment

The species have morespace

Bigger breedingpopulations can be kept

It is cheaper to keep anorganism in its naturalhabitat

Wordpress.com

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However there are problems

It is difficult to controlillegal exploitation(e.g. poaching)

The environment mayneed restoring andalien species aredifficult to control

Sciencemuseum.org

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Ex situconservationCaptive breeding

The Hawaiian goose waspractically extinct in thewild

12 birds were taken intocaptivity

A population of 9000was released back intothe wild

The experiment failedbecause the original

cause rats had not beeneliminated.

The rats eat the eggsand the nestlings of thegeese


State Symbols USA
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Pere Davids deer success or failure?

Pere Davids deer was anative species of China

In 1865 18 were takeninto zoologicalcollections

Meanwhile it becameextinct in the wild

By 1981 there were 994individuals scatteredthrough zoologicalcollections America Zoo

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Ex situconservation

Captive breeding of endangered species isa last resort

These species have already reached the

point where their populations would notrecover in the wild

It works well for species that are easilybred in captivity but more specialised

animals are difficult to keep (aye aye) Isolated in captivity they do not evolve

with their environment


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Zoos: The land of the living dead?

They have a very small gene pool in which to mixtheir genes

Inbreeding is a serious problem Zoos and parks try to solve this by exchanging

specimens or by artificial insemination where itis possible In vitro fertilisation and fostering by a closely

related species has even been tried(Indian Guar large species of cattle - cloned)

Even if it is possible to restore a population incaptivity the natural habitat may havedisappeared in the wild

Species that rely on this much help are oftenconsidered to be the living dead


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Botanical gardens

Botanical gardens show the same problems ascaptive breeding of animals

Originally the role of botanical gardens waseconomic, pharmaceutical and aesthetic

There range of species collected was limited

The distribution of botanical gardens reflects thedistribution of colonial powers

Most are found in Europe and North America But plant diversity is greatest in the tropics


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Seed banks

Seeds can be maintained for decades or evencenturies if the conditions are controlled

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The doomsday vault - Spitzbergen

Bergen Nat Acc of ArtsBBC
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International agencies CITES

(The Convention inInternational Trade inEndangered Species)

Set up in 1988 to control and

encourage the sustainableexploitation of species

The CITES conferencesdetermine the status of aspecies and whether or not its

exploitation requiresregulation

Species are placed intodifferent appendicesdepending on their status

CITES

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CITES Appendices

Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation

Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subjectto quotas

Appendix 3: Species requiring protectionin certain states only

Species are reassessed every 2 years


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WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature

formerly World Wildlife Fund)

Set up in 1961 as a non-governmentalorganisation

Raises funds forconservation Lobbies parliaments for

conservation Runs education

programmes Provides advice to

government conservationagencies

Raises awareness on

conservation issues WWF 2008 P l Billi t ODWS
http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/mongolia/our_solutions/species/index.cfmhttp://www.saburchill.com/IBbiology/bio_hp.htmlhttp://www.saburchill.com/IBbiology/bio_hp.htmlhttp://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/where/mongolia/our_solutions/species/index.cfm

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