Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan CHL …geolsoc.org.hk/pdf/seminar/Tunnel Inspection and...
Transcript of Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan CHL …geolsoc.org.hk/pdf/seminar/Tunnel Inspection and...
11
Technical Seminarorganised by
HKIE Geotechnical Division,Geological Society of Hong Kong Professional Branch and NTU Alumni Association (Civil & Geology) in Hong Kong
Chia-Han Lee
United Geotech, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan
28 June 2012
Tunnel Inspection and Maintenance in Taiwan
2222
Outline
� Introduction
� Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly
� Inspection methods and diagnosis
� Preliminary inspection
� Specific inspection
� Case studies
� Case study 1 - Wushanlin hydraulic tunnel
� Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Future researches
� Conclusions
3333
Introduction
� Tunnels differ from above-ground structures, and their
design conditions vary case by
case. So the deformation mechanism of tunnel is more
complicated than bridge.
4444
Flap
Lining
Tram lineWater leakage
(Up) (Down)
Introduction - Shinkanmon Tunnelin Japan
� Due to leakage caused by power outages, opera t ion o f the Sh inkansen was suspended for 2.5 hours. (1998.04.04)
Water leakage
Leakage induce spalling
of concrete lining block
5555
Introduction - Fukuoka Tunnel in Japan
� The spalling of concrete lining block from cold joints, hit the train on the Shinkansen, resulting in vehicle damage and suspension of operations. (1999.06.27)
Falling concrete block
The formation of cold joint.
The vibration of steel support,
influence of formwork release. The formation of crackThe formation of crack
Generation of cold joint
1
2
The formation of crack
The formation of cold joint.
The vibration of steel support,
influence of formwork release. The formation of crackThe formation of crack
Generation of cold joint
11
22
The formation of crack
Water leakage, changes of air pressure,
temperature, train vibration.
Crack developmentCrack development
Changes in air pressure
and train vibrations.
The formation of crack
3
Crack development
4
DroppedDropped
Water leakage, changes of air pressure,
temperature, train vibration.
Crack developmentCrack development
Changes in air pressure
and train vibrations.
The formation of crack
33
Crack development
44
DroppedDropped
6666
Introduction - Kitakyushu Tunnelin Japan
� The spalling of concrete lining block, suspended Shinkansen operating for 10 hours, affecting 62,000 people. (1999.10.09)
Falling concrete block
Roof
Sidewall
Construct joint
Protrusion area
The occurrence of crackThe occurrence of crack
Lining
Water leakage,
changes of
temperature,
train vibration
Crack developmentCrack development
DroppedDropped
Self-weight
The differential
settlement after
lining or early
mold release at
the underside of
the formwork.
Water
Water
leakage
1
2
3
Protrusion
area Crack
Roof
Sidewall
Construct joint
Protrusion area
The occurrence of crackThe occurrence of crack
Lining
Water leakage,
changes of
temperature,
train vibration
Crack developmentCrack development
DroppedDropped
Self-weight
The differential
settlement after
lining or early
mold release at
the underside of
the formwork.
Water
Water
leakage
11
22
33
Protrusion
area Crack
77
Phenomena and causes of tunnel anomaly
8
Tectonic plate motion
� Lies on western rim of circum-pacific seismic zone
� Located on convergent and compressive boundary between Eurasian and Philippine Sea Plates
� Collision formed buck of island through on-going orogenic process
9
Topography and Geological in Taiwan
� The rock formation is quite young, resulted in weak and soft
geo-environment.
South Africa
AustriaChina
Japan
Taiwan
Age of oldest stratum (100 My)
Age of latest orogeny (10 My)
Elevation of highest mountain (m)
30
3482
28
2469
5.5
6.5 3779
29
6.6
8848
4.5 2.5
3776
0.80.6
3952
Norway
10
Climate and typhoons in Taiwan
� The climate is very unfavorable. Typhoons and torrential
rains are common occurrences.
11
Annual Precipitation in Taiwan
� Global comparison of annual precipitation
12121212
(Wang et al., 2007)
Abnormal phenomena of mountain tunnel
(a) Longitudinal cracks
(b) Opening cracks
(c) Breaking away of lining
(d) Spalling of lining
(e) Scattered spalling
(f) Falling of lining (g) Dislocation of
lining
(h) Exposed
reinforcement
(i) Cavity behind
lining
(j) Lining
deformation
(k) Sidewall billow (l) Heaved invert (m) Leakage (n) Efflorescence (o) Dislocated
construction joint
1313
Abnormal phenomena of road tunnel
(Wang, 2010)
141414
Abnormal phenomena of MRT tunnel
14
crack caused by force of Jack thrust
crack caused by stress
concentration when the
TBM advancing
cracks around the iron frame
squeeze crack
shrink cracking
around the hole of
back-fill grout
cracks around the
iron connector
the crack caused by ring
connector open
crack caused by force of Jack thrust
crack caused by stress
concentration when the
TBM advancing
cracks around the iron frame
squeeze crack
shrink cracking
around the hole of
back-fill grout
cracks around the
iron connector
the crack caused by ring
connector open
(RTRI, 2007)
15151515
Possible causes of tunnel anomaly(JSCE, 2003)
Natural causes Artificial causes
External loading
Topography: unbalanced pressure, slope creeping, landslide
Geology: plastic earth pressure, loose earth pressure, insufficient soil bearing capacity
Groundwater: water pressure, frost heave pressure
Other: earthquake, earth crust deformation
Adjacent construction Train vibration, air pressure variation
External factors
Environmental factors
Ageing: rock weathering, neutralization, material deterioration
Groundwater: Leakage, Frost damage
Other: salt damage, toxic water
Smoke, fire
Material ---- Inferior lining material
Construction The temperature and humidity when pouring concrete
Dubitable construction quality Internal factors
Design ---- Design without considering on long term variation of external factors
1616
Possible causes of tunnel anomaly
16
Loading increase
Loading
increase
Tunnel deformation
Tunnel
deformation
Inadequate lining/supports
intensity
Inadequate
lining/supports
intensity
Low rock massstrength ratio
Low rock mass
strength ratio
Plastic /
loose zone increase
Plastic /loose zone
increase
Groundwaterinfiltration
Groundwater
infiltration
Groundwater
infiltration
Groundwater
infiltration
Unbalanced topography
Unbalanced
topography
Lining cavity
/ No invert
Lining cavity
/ No invert
Low tempera,
salt damage,
or harmful water
Low tempera,
salt damage, or harmful water
Thick overburden
Thick overburden
Low rock mass strengthLow rock mass strength
Weathe
ring
Weathe
ring
Swelling
Swelling
Plastic
earth
pressurePla
stic
earth
pressure
Deformationincrease
Deformationincrease
Design /Construction
problems
Design /
Construction
problems
Inadequate liningthickness / strengthInadequate liningthickness / strength
Earthquake
Earthquake Adjacent construction
Adjacent construction
Unbalanced
pressure
Unbalan
ced
pressure
Landslide
Landslide
Others (fire, etc)
Others (fire, etc)
Frost damageFrost damage
Materia
l
deterio
ration
Material
deterio
ration
Torren
tial rain
Torren
tial rain
Unstable slopeUnstable slope
Water pressure
Water pressureFrost heavepressure
Frost heavepressureUnsoiled rock
mass
Unsoiled rockmass
Rock bearing capacity
decrease
Rock bearing
capacity
decrease
Loading increase
Loading
increase
Tunnel deformation
Tunnel
deformation
Inadequate lining/supports
intensity
Inadequate
lining/supports
intensity
Low rock massstrength ratio
Low rock mass
strength ratio
Plastic /
loose zone increase
Plastic /loose zone
increase
Groundwaterinfiltration
Groundwater
infiltration
Groundwater
infiltration
Groundwater
infiltration
Unbalanced topography
Unbalanced
topography
Lining cavity
/ No invert
Lining cavity
/ No invert
Low tempera,
salt damage,
or harmful water
Low tempera,
salt damage, or harmful water
Thick overburden
Thick overburden
Low rock mass strengthLow rock mass strength
Weathe
ring
Weathe
ring
Swelling
Swelling
Plastic
earth
pressurePla
stic
earth
pressure
Deformationincrease
Deformationincrease
Design /Construction
problems
Design /
Construction
problems
Inadequate liningthickness / strengthInadequate liningthickness / strength
Earthquake
Earthquake Adjacent construction
Adjacent construction
Unbalanced
pressure
Unbalan
ced
pressure
Landslide
Landslide
Others (fire, etc)
Others (fire, etc)
Frost damageFrost damage
Materia
l
deterio
ration
Material
deterio
ration
Torren
tial rain
Torren
tial rain
Unstable slopeUnstable slope
Water pressure
Water pressureFrost heavepressure
Frost heavepressureUnsoiled rock
mass
Unsoiled rockmass
Rock bearing capacity
decrease
Rock bearing
capacity
decrease
(JSCE, 2003)
1717
Inspection methods and diagnosis
18181818
Flow chart of tunnel maintenance in Taiwan
P re lim inary inspec tion
D iagnos is on soundness
S pecific inspec tion
S afety le ve l, m ain tena nce ne eded
O rd inary ins pec tion
E xcep tiona l pheno m enon fo und
o r con tinu ing
U rgen t C oun term easuresD es ign fo r m ain tenance w ork
C onstruc tion p lan
M ain tenance w orkC heck and accep ted
Y es N o
G ood
N o
N ot good
Yes
P re lim inary inspec tion
D iagnos is on soundness
S pecific inspec tion
S afety le ve l, m ain tena nce ne eded
O rd inary ins pec tion
E xcep tiona l pheno m enon fo und
o r con tinu ing
U rgen t C oun term easuresD es ign fo r m ain tenance w ork
C onstruc tion p lan
M ain tenance w orkC heck and accep ted
Y es N o
G ood
N o
N ot good
Yes
(Huang et al., 1997)
19191919
Ordinary check or preliminary inspection
(Lee & Wang, 2008)
2020
Preliminary inspection
� Visual inspection
2121
Preliminary inspection
� Tunnel image scanning system
2222
背後孔洞 滲漏水
襯砌完整性 襯砌表面 Cavity behind
lining
Lining surface
Lining soundness
Leakage
Items to be inspected
� Lining surface
� Crack distribution
� Crack width and its development
� Lining deformation
� Spalling
� Drop of sealing mortar
� Leakage
� Lining soundness
� Inner defect
� Lining thickness
� Crack depth
� Strength and deterioration of lining materials
� Rebar corrosion and cover thickness
� Deterioration of sealing mortar
� Cavity / loosening zone behind lining
23232323
Specific inspections
Inspection items Inspection method Inspection instrument Remark
3D laser range finding method
Laser theodolite / distance meter
Manual work Tunnel clearance
Tunnel image scanning method
Tunnel image scanner Automatic
Crack width Direct measurement
Gap meter, crack magnifier
Non-destructive
Ultrasonic method Ultrasonic test instrument
Non-destructive Lining surface
Crack depth Impact echo method
Impact echo test system
Non-destructive
Ground penetrating radar
Ground penetrating radar
Non-destructive
Infrared thermography
Infrared thermograph Non-destructive Surrounding conditions of
lining
Cavity imaging Particular digital camera
Destructive
Physical properties test
Water thermometer, pH meter, conductance meter
In situ Leakage water quality
Chemical properties test
Anion / cation measurement unit
In Lab
(Lee & Wang, 2008)
24242424
Specific inspections
Inspection items Inspection method Inspection instrument Remark
Impact echo method
Impact echo test system
Non-destructive
Ground penetrating method
Ground penetrating radar
Non-destructive Lining thickness
Concrete core sampling
Portable drill Destructive
Rebound hammer test
Schmidt rebound hammer
Non-destructive
Pullout test Pullout test system Non-destructive Lining strength
Compressive strength test
Compressive strength test system
Destructive
Concrete neutralization test
Concrete neutralization test
phenolphthalein indicator
Destructive
Acid-dissolution method
Nitric acid solution Destructive Chloride ion content
examination for concrete
Indirect examination
Chlorine content determination instrument
Destructive
Direct measurement by instruments
Reinforcement corrosion gauge
Destructive
Lining soundness
Reinforcement corrosion
examination Indirect examination
Static pulse measurement system
Non-destructive
(Lee & Wang, 2008)
25252525
Diagnosis on tunnel soundness
Tunnel classificationa,b
Damage level
Damage descriptionTraffic
strategy
No immediate
dangerA
No damage
No damages detectable by visual inspection.
Normal operation
SlightLight damages detected on visual inspection, no effects on traffic (wc<3mm, lc<5m).
Dangerous
B Moderate
Spalling, cracking of linings (w>3mm, l>5m), exposed reinforcement, displacement of segmental joints, leaking of water.Some disruption to traffic.
Operable with
regulations
C Severe
Slope failure at openings, collapse of main tunnel structure, up heave or differential movement of road and road shoulder, flooding, damaged ventilation and lighting system in long tunnels.Total disruption of traffic.
Not operable
Note: a. Classification of a tunnel is based on its functionality and extent of damage in the tunnel.b. Classification of a tunnel should be based on the least safe section being assessed to be
conservative. c. W means width of crack, L means length of crack
(Huang et al., 1999)
2626
Case studies
2727
Case study 1 - Wushanlinhydraulic tunnel
� Tunnel data� Length = 3.2 km
� Cross section area = 30 m2
� Built with ASSM method in 1922-1929
� Lining material: stones, bricks and plain concrete
� Reinforce 0.25 m thickness concrete in 1972-1974
2828
Case study 1 - Wushanlinhydraulic tunnel
� Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2004)
2929
Case study 1 - Wushanlinhydraulic tunnel
� Layout of tunnel inspection - Free hand sketch
30303030
Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Tunnel data
� Total length of 7 tunnels = 19 km
� Cross section area = 30 m2
(single line) & 65 m2 (double line)
� Built with ASSM & NATM method in 1980-1991
� Lining material: plain concrete (mined section) and reinforced concrete (portal section)
31313131
Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2006)
32323232
Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Preliminary inspection – GRP 5000
� Speed = 0.7-1.0 km/hr
� Rotation frequency = 33-50 Hz
� Measured points per rotation = 10,000 points
333333
Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Clearance Analysis - GRP 5000
34343434
Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Specific inspection methods
35353535
Case study 2 - South link railway tunnels
� Layout of tunnel inspection
3636
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Tunnel data� Total length of 7 tunnels = 2.2 km� Cross section area = 13 m2
� Built with ASSM method in 1925
� Lining material: bricks (crown) and plain concrete (sidewall)� Repair by shotcrete and steel support in 1962-1964, 1986, 1989,
1996 and 2000
3737
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2008)
3838
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique
� The new developed tunnel image mosaic technique was developed with NTU & NTUT and was cooperated with UGI.
� The procedure is setting two laser leveler, taking a series of photos, inputting data and photos into the software which will compile the photos into tunnel images automatically.
3939
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Tunnel inspection – Image mosaic technique
4040
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Nondestructive inspection methods
4141
Case study 3 - Chichi line railway tunnels
� Layout of tunnel inspection
4242
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Tunnel data
� Total length = 15 km
� Cross section area = 18 m2
� Built with NATM method in 2005
� Lining material: reinforced concrete
4343
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Abnormal phenomena of tunnel (in 2011)
4444
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Preliminary inspection – TIPS
� Principle: using lens and charge coupled device (CCD) to scan tunnel lining surface image
� Resolution: can identify the minimum crack width is from 0.3 to 0.5 mm
� Speed: 1-3 km/hr
4545
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Preliminary inspection – TIPS
4646
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Detail inspection methods
4747
Case study 4 - Akungtien hydraulic tunnel
� Layout of tunnel inspection
4848
Future researches
49
Tunnel cracks auto-detection
Original image Result
(Developed by NTUT)
50
3D visual reality demonstration
� 3D visual reality
demonstration of the
lining image
� Integration of the lining
image and ground
penetration radar
(Developed by NTUT)
51
Identify the cause of anomalies
� Crack patterns on tunnel linings induced by slopes
movement
(Wang, 2010)
52
Time dependent of tunnel lining cracks
� February 2008:
� February 2009:
(Researched by NTUT)
5353
Conclusions
545454
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Nuremberg IngolstadtIngolstadtIngolstadtIngolstadt
Case study - German high speed rail (ICE)
� After the new construction of German High Speed Rail (ICE) from Nuremberg to Ingolstadt including nine tunnels (length = 27 km). They used the GRP5000 tunnel image scanning system to establish the original image of tunnel lining before the operation in 2005.
55555555
Life-cycle of tunnel
T1 T1 T1 T1 T1T0T2 T3 T4
dF1
dF0
dF2 dF3 dF4
Preventive maintenance
Proactive maintenance
Breakdown maintenance
Time
Saf
ety
lev
el /
fu
nct
ion
in
dex
dF0
3dF +dF2dF x41
T0
T x41
T2 +T3
T2 +T3 T x41 T0
3dF +dF2 dF x41 dF0<<
<<
(Lee et al., 2004)
56565656
Conclusions
� The end of construction is the beginning of maintenance.
� Different tunnel usage has different tunnel exceptional
phenomena. So tunnel inspection methods should be selected based on tunnel function.
� The hard part of inspection works is not how to inspect, but where to inspect and how to identify & diagnosis.
� Maintenance countermeasures also should depend onthe tunnel anomaly phenomena, causes and usage.
� Further research about inspection, diagnosis and rehabilitation technique for tunnel maintenance are on
going in Taiwan.
57
References
� Chiu, Y. C., C. H. Lee, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Development and characteristics of a deep-seated slope movement, 12th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, 17-21 Oct., Beijing, China, 1877-1880.
� Huang, T. H., F. S. Jeng, W. L. Wang, R. Fu, C. S. Chang, T. Y. Ho, M. L. Lin, and R. J. Hong, 1997. Planning on engineering and inspection technology for tunnel: research on the technologies of inspection. Maintenance and Repairing for Traffic Tunnel (I). Report for MOTC. (in Chinese)
� Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. Tunnel deformation mechanism. (in Japanese)
� Lee, C. H. and T. T. Wang, 2008. Rock Tunnel Maintenance in Taiwan, 6th Asian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference-2008, Bangalore, India, p. 205-217.
� Lee, C. H., Y. C. Chiu, T. T. Wang and T. H. Huang, 2011. Application and validation of simple image-mosaic technology for interpreting cracks on tunnel lining, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. (submitted)
� United Geotech, Inc., 2004. Report on inspection and countermeasures of the Wushanlin tunnel. Prepared for Chia-Nan Irrigation Association. (in Chinese)
� United Geotech, Inc., 2007. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the south link railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)
58
References
� United Geotech, Inc., 2008. Report on inspection and rehabilitation of the Chichi line railway tunnels. Prepared for Taiwan Railway Administration. (in Chinese)
� United Geotech, Inc., 2011. Report on the hydraulic inspection of Akungkienreservoir transbasin waterway. Prepared for Southern Region Water Resources Office. (in Chinese)
� Wang, T. T. and C. H. Lee, 2012. Life cycle design considerations for hydraulic tunnels - lessons learned from inspection and maintenance cases, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. (accepted)
� Wang, T. T., 2010. Characterizing crack patterns on tunnel linings associated with shear deformation induced by instability of neighboring slopes, Engineering Geology, 115(1-2), 80-95.
� Wang, T. T., C. H. Lee, F. S. Jeng and T. H. Huang, 2009. Recent researches on tunnel inspection and safety evaluation in Taiwan, 2nd International Tunnel Safety Forum for Road and Rail, Apr. 20-22, Lyon, France, 57-72.
� Wang, T. T., F. M. Chang, and T. H. Huang, 2008. Using image mosaic technology for tunnel inspection. Proceedings of 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, San Francisco.
� Wang, T. T., T. H. Huang, F. S. Jeng, W. C. Hsueh and R. Fu, 2007. Exceptional phenomena on tunnel linings in Taiwan. Tunnel Construction 27, 87–92. (in Chinese)
59595959
Thanks forThanks for
your attention !your attention !
Chia-Han Lee
United Geotech, Inc.
Tel: +886-2-2746-6777 ext. 228
E-mail: [email protected]
http: www.ugi.com.tw
Address: 5F, 356, Nanking E. Rd., Sec. 5, Taipei, Taiwan.