Tunisian Dictionary

7/28/2019 Tunisian Dictionary

1/574

D O C U b E N T R E S O D ! ?E D 1 8 3 0 1 7 F L 0 1 1 0 3 4A U T H O R B e n A b d e l k a d e r , R a c h e d : A n d O t h e r sT I T L E P e a c e C o r p s E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c D i c t i o n a r y .I N S T I T U T I O N P e a c e C o r p s , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .P U B D A T E J u l 7 7N O T E 5 7 5 p . ; F o r r e l a t e d d o c u m e n t , s e e F L 0 1 1 L 3 5L A N G U A G E A r a b i c ; E n g l i s hE D R S P R I C E M F 0 2 / P C 2 3 P l u s P o s t a g e .D E S C R I P T O R S * A r a b i c ; D i c t i o n a r i e s : E n g l i s h : * G r a m m a r ; * L a n g u a g eI n s t r u c t i o n : * P h o n e t i c T r a n s c r i p t i o n : P o s t s e c o n d a r yE d u c a t i o n : P e f e r e n c e M a t e r i a l s : * S e c o n d L a n g u a g eL e a r n i n g : S e m a n t i c s : * V o c a b m l a r yI D E N T I F I E R S B i l i n g u a l M a t e r i a l s : * T u n i s i a n A r a b i cA B S T R A C T T h i s s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e P e a c e C o r p s C o u r s e i n T u n i s i a nA r a b i c i s i r r e ( n d e d p r i m a r i l y f o r P e a c e C o r p s v o l u n t e e r s , b u t i s a l s ou s e f u l t o o t h e r E n g l i s h s p e a k e r s w h o w i s h t o a c q u i r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y ak n o w l e d g e o f T u n i s i a r A r a b i c . T h e d i c t i o n a r y c o n s i s t s o f t w o p a r t s .T h e l e x i c o n , w h i o h b e g i n s ' w i t h a c h a r t o f a l l t h e p h o n e t i c s y m b o l su s e d i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y , e x p l a i n s t h e m a i n p o i n t s o f T u n i s i a n A r a b i cg r a m m a r . T h e m a i n b o d y o f t h e w o r k f o l l o w s , w i t h s e p a r a t eE n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c a n d T u n i s i a n A r a b i c - E n g l i s h s e c t i o n s . T h ef o r m a t f o r e n t r i e s i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y i s e x p l a i n e d i n a n i n t r o d u c t i o n .E a c h e n t r y i n t h e E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c s e c t i c n e m p h a s i z e s t h en u a n c e s o f m e a n i n g o f t h e g i v e n A r a b i c e q u i v a l e n t . ( J B )

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i , * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *R e p r o d u c t i o n s s u p p l i e d b y F P P S a r e t h e b e s t t h a t c a n b e m a d ef r o m t h e o r i g i n a l d o c u m e n t .* * * * * * 4 : * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


2/574

S D E P A R T M E N T O F H E A L T H .E D U C A T I O N & W E L F A R EN A T I O N A L I N S T I T U T E O FE D U C A T I O NT H I S D O C U M E N T H A S B E E N R E P R OD U C E D E X A C T L Y A S I E C E I V E D F R O MT H E P E R S O N O R O R G A N Z A T I O NA T I N G I T P O I N T S O F V I E W O R O P I N I O N SS T A T E D D O N O T N E C E S S A R I L Y R E P R E -S E N T O F F I C I A L N A T I O N A L I N S T I T U T E O rE D U C A T I O N P O S I T I O N O R P C X I C Y

P E A C E C O R P Sv o i 4 E N G L I S H - T U N I S I A N A R A B I a

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4/574

T h e c o g : o i l e r s o f t h i s d i c t i o n a r y h a v e h a d a l o n g a s s o c i a t i o nw i t h V i m . C o r p s / T u n i s i a . T h e y b r i n g t o t h e t a s k a n u n d e r s t a n d i n go f N U M * C o r p s . g o a l s a n d a s p i r a t i o n s , a s w e l l a s a k n o w l e d g e o fl a n g u a g e t r a n i n g n e e d s a n d r e a l i t i e s .

T h e y h a v e w o r k e d v e r y h a r d t o p r o v i d e P e a c e C o r p i V o l u n t e e r sw i t h a u e s s e n t i a l t o o l t o h e l p i h e m a c h i e v e a b e t t e r c o m m a n d o fT u n i s i a n A r a b i c , t h e k e y t o a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f , a n d e m p a t h yf o r , t h e c u l t u r e o f t h e i r h o s t s . I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k A z i z a

J a l l o u l n e R a c h e d f o r t h a t e f f o r t , a n d M e n n e f o r t y p i n g t h em a n u s c r i p t ,

S a m i r M . Z O G H E YD I R E C T O RP E A C E . C O R P S / T U N I S I A


5/574

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

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6/574

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W r i t i n g a d i c t i o n a r y i s a l a r g e t a s k t o u n d e r t a k e . T h i s i se s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t w h e n t h e r e a r e n o e x i s t i n g d i c t i o n a r i e s i n t h a tl a n g u a g e . T h e n e e d a n d i n s p i r a t i o n f o r a T u n i s i a n A r a b i c d i c t i o n a r y

c o m e f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y P e a c e C o r p s V o l u n t e e r s w h o h a v e l e a r n e dA r a b i c c o u l d h a v e b e n e f i t e d e n o r m o u s l y f r o m a d i c t i o n a r y .

T h i s d i c t i o n a r y i s E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c b e c a u s e i t i sp r i m a r i l y i n t e n d e d f o r P e a c e C o r p s V o l u n t e e r s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t

w i l l b e o f g r e a t v a l u e t o o t h e r s w h o k n o w E n g l i s h s i n c e i t r e p r e s e n t so n e o f t h e f i r . l t a t t e m p t s t o s y s t e m a t i z e T u n i s i a n A r a b i c I n t o a nA r a b i c / E n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y .

D u e t o t h e l a c k o f a n e x i s t i n g l u n i s i a n - A r a b i c d i c t i o n a r y ,t h e a u t h o r s h a d t o s t a r t f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g . U n d o u b t e d l y , t h e r e

w i l l b e s o m e a m b i g u i t i e s , s o m e i t e m s w h i c h a r e u n c l e a r , a n d s o m e e r r o r s .I t i s o u r h o p e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s d i c t i o n a r y w i l l s e r v e a s a b a s i s f o rf u r t h e r w o r k a n d a s a c o n t t - i b u t i o n t o t h e t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g o f

T u n i s i a n A r a b i c ,

H O W T O U S E T H E D I C T I O N A R YT h e d i c t i o n a r y c o n t a 3 . n s 4 t h r e e d i s t i n c t p a r t s ? t h e l e x i c o n , E n g l i s h -

T u n i s i a n A / a b i c m i d T u n i s i a n A r a b l e - E n g l i s h .T h e l e x i c o n b e g i n s w i t h a c h a r t o f a l l t h e p h o n e . i c s y m b o l s u s e d

i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . T h e t r a n i c r i p t i o n a d o p t e d i s a s t a n d a r d A r a b i cp h o n e t i c r a t e m w i t h 3 . , o m e m c d i f i c a t i o n s . M a n y o f t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n sw e r e d u e t o t h e p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m o f n o t h a v i n g a s p e c i a l t y p e w r i t e rw i t h k e y s f e l p h r m e t i c s y m b o l s . T h e r e s u l t i n g p h o n e t i c s y s t e m , h o w e v e r ,i s c o n s i s t e n t a n d e a s i l y , i n d e r s t o o d b y r e f e r i n g t o t h e c h a r t . j s e e l e x i c o n )

T h e m a i m . p a r t o f t h e l e x i c o n i s a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e m a i n p o i n t so f g r a m m a r i n l u n i s 3 a n A r a b i - . T h e s e e l l a n a t i o n s a r e n o t i n t e n d e d t ob e a c o m p i e h e n s t v e g r a m m a r b o o k ; t h e y a t e a n a t t e m O t t o s y s t e m a t i z e s o m eo f t h e m a j o r g r a m m a r p o i n t s . i n T u n i s i a n A r a b i c . E x p l a n a t i o n s f r o m at e a c h e r c a l l : b e n e e d e d t o s u p p l e m e n t t h o s e g i v e n i n . t h e l e x i v o n

T h e g r a m m a r p o i n t s w h i n a r e e x p l a i n e d a r e t h e f o l l ( w i n g :P e r s o n a l P r o n o t n sA r t i c l e sP o s s e s s i v e A d j e c t i v e sP o s s e s s i v e P r o n o u n sD e m o n s t r a t i v e P r o n o u n sN u m b e r sC o m p a r a t i v e a w l S u p e r l a t i v e


7/574

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I n p e r a t i v eP r e s e n t T e n s e .

S u t u r e T e n s eP a s t T e n s eC o n d i t i o n a lI r r e g u l a r V e r b s

N e g a t i v e F o r mI n t e r r o g a t i v e F o r m / Q u e s t i o n F o r m a t i o nI n d i r e c t a n d D i r e c t O b j e c t P r o n o u n s

T h e p o i n t s c h o s e n w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t ,M a n y g r a m m a r p o i n t s w e r e c e r t a i n l y o t h i t t e d , b u t , a s w a s s t a t e d b e i : o r e ,t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h i s s e c t i o n w a s n o t t o w r i t e a c o m p l e t e g r a m m a r b o o ko f T u n i s i a n A r a b i c b u t t o p r o v i d e t h e l e a r n e r w i t h a n u s a b l e r e f e r e n c et o o l ,

E N G L I S H - T U N I S I A N A R A B I CT h e m a i n p a r t o f t h e d i c t i o n a r y i s t h e E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c

s e c t i o n . T h e d i c t i o n a r y i n c l u d e s a b o u t 6 , 0 0 0 w o r d s w h i c h w e r e c h o s e nb e c a u s e o f t h e i r f r e q u e n c y o f u s e i n A r a b i c , n o t i n E n g l i s h . T h i ss e c t i o n i s f r o m E n g l i s h t o T u n i s i a n A r a b i c b e c a u s e i t w a s f e l t i t w o u l d

b e m u c h e a s i e r t o u s e f o r a n E n g l i s h s p e a k e r .B e l o w i s a g e n e r a l e x a m p l e o f t h e f o r m a t i n w h i c h t h e w d r d s a r e

p r e s e n t e d . E x a m p l e % o f a v e r b , n o u n , a n d a d j e c t i v e e n t r y w i l l f o l l o wt h i s g e n e r a l e n t r y .

G e n e r a l E n E 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 1 2 L E I L L YP A I N T ( t o ) ( 3 )

I v , ( i d h i n ) 0 .( d h i n ) L ' ) - - - e e - ' ( i n g e n e r a l )e x : I p a i n t e d m y r o o m y e i l o w

( d h i n t b i : t i : b i l l a S f i r )a 0 T . 0 0

J2 v . , ( u r s u m )( r s i m ) ( a c a n v a s )

T h e n u m b e r 3 r e p r e s e n t s t h e f r e q u e n c y o f u s e o f t h e w o r d i nT u n i s i a n A r a b i c , R e m e m b e r t o t h i n k i n t e r m s o f T u n i s i a n A r a b i c a n dn o t o f t h e f r e q u e n c y i n E n g l i s h . A s c a l e f r o m 1 - 5 w a s l a s e d t o s h o wt h e f r e q u e n c y ,


8/574

I I I1 ) . u s e d a l l t h e t i m e2 ) v e r y o f t e n u s e d

3 ) o f t e n u s e d4 ) s o m e t i m e s u s e d5 ) n o t o f t e n u s e d

D i r e c t l y u n d e r t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d a n d t h e f r e q u e n c y i s as y m b o l w h i c h i n d i c a t e s i f t h e w o r d i s a n o u n , v e r b , a d j e c t i v e , o ra d v e r b . I n t h e e x a m p l e g i v e n , v i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e a v e r b .T h e s y m b o l s u s e d a r e :n . = n o u nv . = v e r b

a d j . = a d j e c t i v ea d v . = a d v e r bp r e p . = p r e p o s i t t o np r o n . = p r o n o u n

I n a d d i t i o n t h e f o l l o w i n g s y m b o l s a r e u s e d :r b . = f e m i n i n e

m # = m a s c u l i n ep l . = p l u r a ls g . = s i n g u l a r

c o l l . 2 . c o l l e c t i v ef . w . u . = F r e n c h w o r d u s e d

N e x t t o t h e s y m b o l w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e p a r t o f s p e e t h , t h ew o r d i s w r i t t e n i n p h o n e t i c s a n d I n A r a b i c . T h e A r a b i c i s w r i t t e nw i t h t h e v o w e l s i n o r d e r t o m a k e i t e a s i e r t o r e a d f o r n o n - n a t i v es p e a k e r s . ,A

A l o n g s i d e t h e w o r d i n p a r e n t h e s e s , t h e n u a n c e s o r a h L d e s o fm e a n i n g a r e i n d i c a t e d , O q e n o n e w o r d c a n h a v e t w o o r t h r e e m e a n i L g sa n d t o h e l p t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e s e m e a n i n g s , a w o r d o r b r i e f p h r a s e i sp t o v i d e d , , W h e n i t i s n o t p r o v i d e d i t i s a s s u m # t h a t m e a n i n g w a se v i d e n t . O c c a s i o n a l l y , a l o o k a t t h e e x a m p l e s e n t e n c e w i l l a l s o m a k et h e m e a n i n g c l e a r .I n t h e e x a m p l e p r o v i d e d h e r e ' P A I N T ' , t h e w o r d i s u s e d i n as e n t e n c e . T h i s i s n o t a l w a y s d o n e s i n c e i n m a n y c a s e s t h e m e a n i n gi s c l e a r . S e n t e n c e s a r e p r o v i d e d 1 ) w h e n t h e c o n t e x t h e l p s m a k e t h e, 4 e a n i n g c l e a r a n d 2 ) w h e n t h e r e i s a d i f f i c u l t y u s i n g t h e w o r dg r a m m a t i c a l l y .


9/574

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E x a w y l e o f V e t b r n t r y_F A Y ( t o ) : 1 ' i

1 v , ( x p l i i S ) a w - a p m g . i t . ( a b i l l )r . w . I p a y t h y , l 1 e c t v 7 . b i l l i n t h e p o L i t o f f i c e , '

( n x a l i i S w a r g i t i d h d Y a w f i l b u : S T a )0. 0t

< 7 ? A( a d i a 3 )a( d f P 3 ) t " - - " ( m o n e y )

e u t E v l r y m o n t h I p a y 4 0 D . f o r r e n t s( k u l s h h a r n a d f a 3 a r b 3 i : n d i : n a : r k r a 0a a . )" . ; - A - "

T h e a b o v e e x a m p l e h a s t w o m e a n i n g s : t o p a y e b i l l a n d t o p a y m o n e y .I n t h e f i r s t m e a n i n g o n l y o n e w o r d i s g i v e n ( x a l l i S ) w h i l e i n t h e s e c o n d

m e a n i n g t w o f o r m s a r e g i v e n ( a d f a 3 a n d d f a 3 ) . W h e n o n l y o n e w o r d i sg i v e n , i t m e a n s t h a t t h e w o r d i s b o t h t h e s i n g u l a r i m p e r a t i v e a n d t h e3 r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e p a s t t e n s e . , I f t w o w o r d s a r e g i v e n a s i n t h e

s , 3 c o n d m e a n i n g , i t m e a n s t h a t t h e f i r s t o n e i s t h e s i n g u l a r i m p e r a t i v ea n i t h e s e c o n d o n e i s t h e 3 r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e p a s t t e n s e .

T h i s i n f o r m n t i o n i s u s e f u l b e c a u s e t h e i m p e r a t i v e c a n s e r v e a s as t e m t o f o r m a l l t h e p e r s o n s o f t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e a n d t h e 3 r d p e r s o ns i n g u l a r o f t h e p a s t c a n b e u : e d t o f o r m a l l t h e p e r s o n s o f t h e p a s t t e n s e .

E x a m p l e . . . 2 f N o u n E n t r yF L A G ( 4 )n , m . ( 3 a 1 6 )

p l , ( 3 a 1 i " m u i i . t )F o r m u n s t h e g e n d e r ( m a s c u l i n e o r f P m i n i n e ) i s i n d i c a t e d , a s w e l l

n u m b e r ( s i n g u l a r o f p l u t a l ) . I f t h e r e i . n o p k u r a i o r i f I h e p l u r a li s r a r e l y u c ( 1 , i t i s n o t i n c l u d ! d , I f t u o p l u , : a l s a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d ,t h e n h i - h a e g y e n . .

c u l v r t ! i ( 2 )f . i , i d o a u r I : d up i ( r i u w t z r o t _ ) 9 t =

T h e a h o v e a n e x a l v i e o ' a F - K e n c h w o r d w h : c h u s e d i nT u n i s i a n A c a l l i c . T h l r , ) s m o s t c o l k , r v n i t e c h n i , a l w o r d a w h i c h d i dn o t e x i s t i n i ; a 4 4 c n r e v i o u s l y w h l c h a r u c o r i m o n l y u s e d t h a t

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10/574

I l m e e o f a n , A d j e c t i v e E n t r yP E R S O N A L ( 4 )

a d j . m . ( s h a x S 1 4 )p l . & f . ( s h a x S i y y ; )

e x : T h e y a r e d i s c u s s i n g a p e r s O n a l p r o b l e m .( q a : 3 d i r n y i t g a d d t h u : f i : m u s h k l a s h a x S i y y a )

1 . L 1 1 _ 1 . 1 A - . ?F o r a d j e c t i v e s t h e m a s c u l i n e a n d f e m i n i n e f o r m s a r e p r o v i d e d .

S o m e t i m e s t h e f e m i n i n e a n d p l u r a l f o r m s a r e t h e s a m e a n d i n t h o s e c a s e s ,a s i n t h e a b o v e e x a m p l e , t h e s y m b o l p l . & f . i s g i v e n .E x a m ! z _ a f r E l _ ! . . E t E r -

2 p I C K L Y ( 1 )a d v . ( f i : s a 3 f i s s a 3 )o r ( b i z z i i r b i t )

0 ; 7 " . .;H e r e o n l y t h e a d v e r b i s i n d i c a t e d a s t h e r e a r e n o m a s c u l i n e ,

f e m i n i n e f o r m s , o r p l u r a l f o r m s .T h e r e a r e p r e p o s i t i o n a n d p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e e n t r i e s w h i c h a r e

i n d i c a t e d b y t h e s y m b o l s p r e p . r i d p r . p .

T h e r e a r e o f t e n e n t r i e s w h e r e o n e w o r d i n E n g l i s h h a s 2 o r m o r ee q u i v a l e n t s i n A r a b i c , e a c h r e p r e s e n t i n g a d i f f e r e n t n u a n c e .A n e x a m p l e o f t h L s i s t h e w o r d P A R T Y o n p a g e 2 8 0 . I n t h i s c a s e t h em e a n i n g s a r e n u m b e r e d a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y b r i e f e x p l a n a t i o n s i np a r e n t h e s e s .

T h e r e i s a : s o t e o p p o s i t i v e s i t u a t i o n f r o m t h e p r e c e d i n gp a r a g r a p h w h e r e f o r o n e w o r d i n E n g l i s h t h e r e a r e t w o o r m o r e A r a b i c

w o r d s t h a t m e a n t h e s a m e a s t h e E n g l i s h w o r d . A n e x a m p l e o f t h i s i st h e w o r d P E A C E F U L .P E A C E F U L ( 3 ) .

a d j . m . ( h a : d 1 A ) ( q u i e t )f . ( h ; : l y ; )

p l . ( h 5 : d i : n )0o r a d j . m . ( r a : y i d h ) a " " " : 1

f . ( r a : y d h a )p l . ( r a : y d h i : n )

T h i : J i t u p t i o n , w h e r e t h e r e a r e t w o c o m m o n l y u s e d w o r d s w i t ht h e , a m e m e a n i n g i n A r a b i c f o r o n e w o r d i n E n g l i s h , i s I n d i c a t e d


11/574

b y t h e ' o r ' b e t w e e n t h e t w o A r a b i c w o r d s . I f t h e d i f f e r e n t w o r d s a r en u m b e r e d a s i n t h e . e x a m p l e o f P A R T Y o n p a g e 2 8 0 , t h e n t h e A r a b i c w o r d sa l l h a v e d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s .

F i n a l l y t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n p . e s t a n d s f o r p r o n o u n e n d i n g s .T h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y u s e d a f t e r i r r e g u l a r v e r b s a n d a f t e r c e r t a i np r e p o s i t i o n s . T h i s i s e x p l a i n e d m o r e f u l l y i n t h e l e x i c o n . A n e x a m p l ei s g i v e n b e l o w .

R A V E ( t o ) 0 0( 3 a n d + p . e . )

0 00t h e y h a v e ( 3 a n d - h u m )w e h a v e ( 3 a n d - n a : )

H a v e t o ( t o ). \

( y i l z i m ) 4 ) f r j - 1 1 , -+ p r o n o u n e n d i n g se x : I h a v e t o p r e p a r e d i n n e r e a r l y .

( y i l z i m n i : O a d h d h a r l - a 3 s h i c t : 0, 0 w . 0L ' " " j " j '

T U N I S I A N A R A R I C - E N G L I S HT h e l a s t p a r t o f t h e d i c t i o n a r y i s t h e T u n i s i a n A r a b i c - E n g l i s h

s e c t i o n . T h i s i s n o t d o n e l i k e t h e E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c s e c t i o n .T h e A r a b i c w o r d s a r e w r i t t e n p h o n e t i c a l l y a n d n o t i n A r a b i c s c r i p t .T h e y a r e a l p h a b e t i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o r d e r i n t h e p h o n e t i c s c r i p t .N o e x p l a n a t i o n s o r e x a m p l e s a r e p r o v i d e d s i n c e t h i s p a r t i s n o t .i n t e n d e d t o b e a s c o m p l e t e a s t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n . T h e p r i m a r yp u r p o s e o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o l o o k u p w o r d s i n A r a b i c a s t h e y a r e

e n c o u n t e r e d , f i n d t b e E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t a n d t h e n l o o k f t u p f o r ad e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n . T h i s p a r t t s , t h e n , a r e f e r e n c e t o h e l p f i n d

t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d s f o r w h i c h o n l y t h e A r a b i c i s k n o w n .


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( 1 ) g ( . J . - ) d i f f e r s f r o m h ( - A ) w h i c h i s f r o q u e n t l y v o i c e d , i t i s a s o u n dm a d e b y t h e t i g h t e n i n g ' o f t h e t h r o a t , t h e b a c k o f t h e t o n g u e b e i n g p r e s s e dd o w n ( a s i f b y a s p o o n ) a n d t h e l a r y n x b e i n g r a i s e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e .( 2 ) 3 ( i t i s a g l o t t a l s o u n d . T h i s s o u n d i s c l o s e t o t h e s t a n d a r d

E n g l i s h a w h e n i t i s s t r o n g l y e m p h a s i z e d l i k e i n : 3 a w f u l o r 3 a b s o l u t e l y .( 3 ) q ( ) : i t i s a v e l a r s o u n d b r e a t h e d . I t i s t h e f u r t h e s t s o u n d ko n e c a n m a k e .

T h e v o w e l s i n T u n i J i a n A r a b i cT h e r e a r e 4 v o w e l s i g n s ( n o t l e t t e r s ) w h i c h a r e p l a c e d a b o v e o r b e l o w t h ec o n s o n a n t o f w h i c h t h e y m o d i f y t h e s o u n d .o 1 ) - ( f a t A a ) : i t i s p l a c e d a b o v e t h e c 4 n s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e s t h e

s o u n d ( ; ) o r ( a ) .E X T ( b ; : b ) L . : 1 r ; l i k e g e t , m e t

( b a : b a : ) l . . . . . . . L - . : , l i k e b a r2 ) ( k a s r a ) : i t i s w r i t t e n b e l o w t h e c o n s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e s

t r l e s o u n d ( i )E X : ( b i : t ) . 1 1 0 1 . w w i r m l i k e b e a t

3 ) J ( d h a m m a ) : i t i c ; w r i t t e n a b o v e t h e c o , I s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e st h e s o u n d ( u ) .

E X : ( f u : t ) C . / l i k e f o o d4 ) 0 ( s u k u : n ) : i t i s w r i t t e n a b o v e t h e c o n s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e s a

m u t e s o u n d . A m u t e s o u n d r e f e r s t o a c o n s o n a n t n o t f o l l o w e d b y a v o w e l .E X : ( k a 3 k ) : - - 5 . t h e m u t e ( k ) i s l i k e t h e s o u n d ( k ) i n * h eE n g l i s h w o r d : r o c k .

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y o u ( i n t i )h e ( h u m m i )s h e ( h i y y i )

v e ( a n i s )y o u ( a l l ) ( i n t u s t o L )t h e y ( h u s m i s )

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1 ) T h e i n d e f i u i t e a r t i c l eT h e i n d i f i n i t a r t i c l e a ( a b o o k ) o f t h e E n g l i s h l a o m i t t e d i nr t u n i s i a n A r a b i c ,

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( k t i : b )( d a : r )

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T h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e h a s 2 f o r m 3 i n A r i b i c , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e n a t u r e o ft h e i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e n o u n . i f t h e f i r s t c o n s o n a n t i s w h a t i sIk n o w n a s m o o n c o n s o n a n t a n , ( i l ) i s a f f i x e d t o t h e n o u n . I f t h en o u n b e g i n s w i t h a s u n c o n s o n a n t , t h e u s e o f a d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e w i l l

. r e q u i r e t h e d o u b l i n g o f t h e i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t a n d t h e a d d i t i o n o fa n ( i ) s o u n d b e f o r e .

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j j . 0 . . 0 j J I P( I ) ( z ) ( r ) ( s h ) ( n ) ( j ) ( a ) ( S ) ( d h ) ( t h ) ( i ) ( d ) ( T ) ( t )

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m i n e ( m t ; : 3 1 . 0y o u - 1 1 ( m 6 1 6 1 3 i k )h i s ( m t t u s . : 3 m )h e r s ( m t a : 3 h a s )o u r s ( m t a : 3 n a l )y o u r s ( m t a : 3 k u m )

t h e i r s ( m t L 3 h u m )E X : T h i s t a b l e i s m i n e .

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( b i l i a t ) IX : 1 ) T h i s i s t p e n c i l .( h i t t t : 4 1 . w i r w :

E X t 2 ) T h i s c h a i r i s b r o k e n .( i l - k u r s i t m k a s s i r )

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1 ) T h e n u m b e r o n e i s g e n e r a l l y n o t u s e d w i t h t h e s i n g l e o b j e c t c o u n t e du n l e s s w e w a n t t o e m p h a s i z e t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y a s i n g l e t h i n g .

E X : a t a b l e ( T a m a )o n e t a b l e ( T a : w l a w a ) d i ) ; 4 1 . 1 ;a b o o ko n e b o o k

( k t 7 1 : b ) k t : L - L f1 0 0 L i L : S i t( k t i 4 b w ; : $ i d )

2 ) F o r t h e n u m b e r t w o w e u s e t h e d u a l o f t h e n o u n ( c f d u a l ) o r ( z u : z ) +t h e p l u r a l o f t h e n o u n .

3 ) F r o m 3 t t - , 1 0 w e u s e t h e n u m b e r p l u s t h e p l u r a l o f t h e n o u n .E X : f i v e b o o k s ( x a m s a k t u b )

4 ) F r o m 1 1 t o 1 9 w e u s e t h e n u m b e r t o w h i c h w e a d d t h e s o u n d ( n ) p l u st h e n o u n i n s i n g u l a r .

E X : 1 7 b o o k s0

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E X : 8 0 d i n a r s ( t h m i : n i : n d i : n a : r )6 ) F o r 1 0 0 ( m y ; : ) ; 1 4 : , t h e t i s p r o n o u n c e d w h e n 1 0 0 i s u s e d w i t h

a n o u n . 4 0E X : 1 0 0 d o l l a r s ( m y a : t d u : 1 8 : r )0 0 .

7 ) F o r 1 0 0 0 ( 7 1 1 f ) , w e u s e t h e n u m b e r p l u s t h e s i n g u l a r .0 eE X : 1 0 0 0 m e t e r s ( a l f m i : t r u : )

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *T H E D U A L

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E X : 2 t a b l e s ( z u : z T w a : w i l )- &

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t o t h e n o u n i n t h e s i n g u l t r .


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1 ) T h e c o m p a r a t i v e o f l a t x r i t yT h e c o m p a r a t i v e f o r m i s t h e s a m e w h e t h e r t h e a d j e c t i v e i sf e m i n i n e o r m a s c u l i n e .a ) A d j e c t i v e s c o m p o s e d o f 3 c o u s o n a n t s w i t h a n e l o n g a t e dv o w e l o n t h e s e c o n d :

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b i g g e r t h a n b i gb ) A d j e c t i v e s e n d i n g i n a l o n g v o w e l :

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a d j e c t i v e s t a t s w i t h a l o n g v o w e l ( e x : ( A h a s l i s )t h i s l o n g v o w e l A s c t i l a n g o d i n t o a m u t e . o n e o( e x t ( a s h l a s )

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s t r o n g e r t h a n . . .2 ) T h o . s . L . r 1 a r j s i l s o f i n f e r i o r i t Z

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n o u n + ( w ) + p e r s o n a l + ( c o m p a r a t i v e ) n o u n + ( f a r d ) + n o u n ( s u b j e c t )( c o m p I r e d ) p r o n o u n ( 2 ) ( 1 )

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v e r b s t a y s t h e s a m e a n d o n l y p r e f i x e s a r e a d d e d t o i t .W h e r e a s i n w r 4 t t e n A r a b i c , t h e f i r s t ' c o n s o n a n t i s c a n c e l l e d a n dr e p l a c e d b y t h e p r e f i x e s w h i c h t a k e t h e v o w e l o f t h e c a n c e l l e d c o n s o n a n t .

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t h e p r e f i x e s o f t h e v e r b c o n j u g a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e t a k e as i l e n t , o w e l ( ( s u k u : n ) : o )

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A B S O L U T E L Y ( 3 )a d v . ( 3 1 a : T u : 1 - 1 1 - x a T )

N r - - 4 L 1 '

e x : Y o t / a r e a b s o l u t e l y w T o n g .( i n t i s h a s l i T T u l - i l - x a T )

1 1 - 4 ; 1 1 ,A B S O R B ( t o ) ( 3 )

v . ( u s h r u b ) 4 4 , ' I I ( s h r e b )e x t T h e b l o t t i n g - p a p e r a b s o r b e d

t h e i n k .( i r h - s h i t . y y i : $ e h r a b 1 - R b a : r )

T o l e a b s o r b e d l o s . t h . ( 4 )( t b a s T i s f i : ) k r I A P L I te x : i n s i s a b s o r b e d i n h e r w o r k .

( j i a s T a a f t : x i d m i t 4 1 )

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e x : H i a b u s e d o f w i n e .( k a t h t h i r m i s h - s h r a : b )

f p .4 1 : 1 - - g - 4 1 1 1 4 4 0e 42 ( t 3 a d d i :

e x : H e a b u s e d h i s w i f e .( t 3 a d d s : 3 1 : m a r t u s ) e

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X X ; : d ) G R I M M 5 I I : ,A C C E L E R A T O R ( 4 )

n . m . f . w . u . A c c i l t r a t e u r.( 4 4 i l i i r a s t u i r ) e l . : 1 1 4 1 4 7

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3

u . f .p l . ( I i h j i i s t ) g a , r . 1 . 1e x : H e s p e a k s A r a b i c w i t h a r

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4 , 1 9 A . 1 r i , p s ,

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V . ( i q b i l )e x : S h e a c c e p t e d t h e i n v i t i t i o n .

( q i b l i t 1 - i s t i d 3 a 0

T o b e a c c e p t e d ( 3 )( t i q b i l )

e x : H e w a s a c c e p t e d a t t h e e x a m .( t i q b i l

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m a q b u : l i )

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( 3 m 7 : 1 N a d i t h )e x : T h e r e w a s a n a c c i d e n t d o w n t o w n

( w q s 3 N a : d i t h f i : w u s Tv t k f a . 4 U . E . 5

- b i a : i d e n t ( 2 ) ( S u d f ; ) 1 _ 3 1 ;e x : I L ' t h e m h y a c c i d e n t i n T u n i s .

( 3 r u d h - t - h u m S u d f a f i : t u r o i s )" e L lA C C I D E N T A L L Y ( 2 )

a d v . ( S u d f ; ) a . . 1 1. j . - L - - , f Oe x : W e m e t a c c i d e n t a l l y .

( t q a o b i l n i ; : S t u 1 6 ) ; ; b 1 . :

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e x : T h i s r o o m a c c o m o d a t e t 4 p e o p l e . '( l - b i : s t w i r f c 3 a r b 3 a

m i g r n a : s )0 . ' 1 ' 1 ) 1 , " 7 . 1 I . 4 4 j i2 v . ( s i k k i n )

e x : I c a n a c c o m o d a t e 2 p e o p l e .n - s a i p t i n t u t s m i n - m i s s )

1 ; 1 - . 7 4 , 5 4 4 : 4 6 . 7 'A C C O M O D A T I N G ( 4 )

a d j . m . ( m l i : N )f . ( m l i : N a )p l . ( m l i : ) )e x ; S h e i s a v e r y a c c o m o d a t i n g w o m a n

( m r a : m l i : N a y i : s i r )0 t i r a m j ; e 4 " . . . : 1 1 0 0

- A C C O M P A N I M E N T ( 5 )n . f . ( m u r a : f q a )

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( m 1 0 : m 3 a s )L I : . 14 1 : 1 4 -t . J . :

e x : H . a c c o m p a n i e d m e t o t h e a i r p o r t .( m l h i : m 3 a : y i :

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( 3 m ; 1 b a r s h ; N a s j i . : t f i : s h w i t y y 4w a q t ) t ,

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n . m . s g . ( i t t i f i h q ) t i l L ap l . ( i t t i f i : q i y i : t ) 4 L L 4 i a h

e x : T h e y s i g n e d a n a c c o r d b e t w e e nt h e m .

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o n h i s o w n a c c o r d .( c l a r r i r ! t s h y - t m s h i : m i x - r e : s u s )v . ;

T o b e i n a c c o r d ( 3 )( t i t t i f q i : n )e x : T h e y w e r e a l w a y s i n a c c o r d .

t i t k p i f q i : n )

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1 1 ,

e x : A c c o r d i n g t o w h a t h e s a i d , s h ew i l l b e l a t e .( $ a s b q a : l b i s h t j i : m m a x x a r )j u t ;

2 ( $ a s b )e x : A c c o r d i n g t o o r d e r s :

-( $ a s b 1 - a w a : m i r ) 0e x : A c c o r d i n g t o m c :

( $ a s b r a : y i : ) 1 1A C C u U C H E Y E N T ( 5 )

n . f . s g . ( w l i : d ; )p l . ( w l i i : d i : t )

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p l . ( S s t : b n : t )

5

r ,e x : I w a n t t o o p e n . a b a n k a c c o u n t .

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2 n . f . s g . ( t ; s b i s c i a ) . . L . 1 1 4 0 1 5p l . ( t i l a b i s q a : t ) 4 7 , 1 4 4 . 1 . i

e x : H e g a v e m e 1 0 d i n a r s a n a c c o u n t .( 3 T a s - n i s 3 a p h r a d i m a t r e s t

t a a b i s c i a )1 ; t i g

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3 1 i 0O k i : 3 1 1 0

t ; L ; k i r 1 1 . 1e x : W o u l d y o u g i v e m e a n . . . c c o u n t o f

t h e a c c i d e n t ?( t - n i ) j i m - s h i3 8 1 - N a : d a )0 0 .t o t wT o _ g 4 s n a c c o u n t o f t . 1 2 . 1 1 . 1 1 /e x p e n s e s( a 3 T i : V s 5 : b )( 3 T a : )

e x E v e r y o t h e r w e e k , t h e m a i d g i v e sm e a r a c c o u n t o f t h e e x p e n s e s b i l l .( k u l l i m 3 t i : n t - a 3 T i : n i :

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T o t a u t i n t o a c c o u n t ( 2 )1 v . ( i 3 t b n r ) 3 . 4 P , ( 3 t h n r )


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e x t Y o u h a v e t o t a k e h i s s i c k n e s si n t o a c c o u n t .( y i l z m i k t - i 3 t b a i n a r d h u s )

J . . 1 4 ;2 v . ( I h t i m ) ( h a m )e x : Y o u h a v e t o t a k e a l l t h e d e t a i l s

i n t o a c c o u n t ,( y i l z m i k t - i h t i m b i t - t i f a : S i : 1

1 - k u l )0 j I 0u j o . . o . o m o t i j r i 4 ; 1 ;T o a c c o u n t f o r s . t h . ( 2 )

1 v . ( a s s i r ) . .e x : H e m u s t a c c o u n t f o r h i s b e h a v i o r .

( y i l z m u : y - f e s s i r . s i : r t u : ) _j AT o a c c o u n t f o r 5 . 0 ( 3 )a d j 0 m . a g . ( m a s - u : 1 ) j < .

f , s g . ( n a s - o : 1 ; ) L c i r a .p l . ( m a s - u : l i m ) C r e - - 1 1e x : H e i a i h e o n l y o n e w h o c a na c c o u n t f o r h e r .

( h u w w i 1 - m i s - u : 1 3 1 1 . 0 4 04 . 1 = ` 7 4 l t 4

A C C O U N T A N T ( 5 )n . m . f . w . 0 ( k n n T a : b 1 ) sc o m p t a b l e

A C C U Y U L A T E ( t o ) ( 2 )v . ( l i m ) ( J i m )

) 2 c : H e a c c u m u l a t e d a I n t l - -( l a m t h a r w a k b i : r a )

I C C I P U A T I O Nn . m . ( l a m m i i : n )

A C C U P . A C Y ( 3 )n o t ' . ( d i q q a )

f o r t u n e .

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A C C U S W A

J 0o o d o1 a d j . m . s g . ( m a t q u : n ) # i . , . . 1 .f . a g . ( m i l t q u s n i ) i . . . . : . 0 . : 1 ;

. . . . .p l . ( m i l i t q u : n i : n ) 4 1 1 1 i t 4 : 6e x : H e i s a v e r y a c c u r a t e w o r k e r .

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2 ( 4 ) m . s g . ( m a d h b u : T ) . .f . ( m a d h b u : T a )p l . ( m a d h b u s T i : n )

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o1 1 : 0 , . . " 1 0 4 ) 4 1 4 1 '

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t a a i x d i m b - d i q q a )1 : w ) 4 2 4 g i

2 ( b i t n t a g i s q )e x : M y w a t c h w o r k s a c c u r a t e l y

( m u n g a s l t i : b i t - t i t : 1 0 W3 - 1 4 1 : 1 1 , . 1 3 . 1 4 , f a . 2 4 1 1 4

A C C U S E ( t o ) ( 3 )v . ( i t h i m ) & I I ( t h i m )

e x : T h e y a c c u s e d h i m o f a i t i u e .( t i h m u s - h

; r i t e - A - 7 ,

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t ' s . C U S T O M ( t n ) ( 3 )1 v .

o r 2 v . ( i s t i : n f t t )( s t i v i 4 s )

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( y i l z m i k b i T - T a q s

6 4 , v V t .A C C U S T O M E D ( t b e ) ( 3 )* d i . m . s g . ( m m i : l y )f . ( m w ; : 1 6 )p l . ( m m i i : l f i : n )

e x : Y o u a r e a o t a c c u s t o m e d t o h o tf o o d .( m i 6 k i s h m m i : l i f b i l - m i : k " ;

1 - S i t r r a l .; i J . Q L S L .a d ) . m . s g . ( m i s t ; : n i s )

f ( m i s t e : n s ) - r Z t : : . ;p l . ( m i s t a : n r i s n )

A C E ( 5 )s g . ( l a S )

p l . ( 1 S u : S ) - -A C H E ( t o ) ( 5 )

0 ,v . ( u t j a 3 ) . . . . e . . . . . t . i l ( w j a 3e x : M y s t o m a c h a c h e s .

( l i r t h i : t - u : j a 3 ) . -L I E ( 5 )

n . f . s g . ( w 1 1 - 0 a )p l . ( w j i : y ; 3 )

e x : I h a v e a h e a d a c h e .( 3 a n d 1 : w j i : 3 a f t : r a : s h )

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t t a ., 4 - 1

.

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e x : H e a c h i e v e d h i s g o a l .m t 3 o c )

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f . ( g a m d b i )p l . . ( S a m d h i m )

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0

a s i : L :i t t ;a c i d t a s t e .

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t 4 7 4 0 4PIH e a c k n o w l e d g e d h i s m i s t a k e .

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. n . m . s g . ( i 3 t i r a a )p l . ( i 3 t i r e s e i t )

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2 ( i 3 l i m . 1 ( 3 l i m ) 1 1 7 ;e x : H e a c q u a i n t e d m e w i t h a l l t h a th a p p e n e d .

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( k u : n m i n Z 1 2 - 5e x : W e a r e a c q u a i n t e d .

( n - k u : n y : m i n b 3 a d h n i t )?

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( t 3 a r r i f 3 1 ; 0 ; , 4 ; 1 4 ; 1 , . ;e x : I n e e d s o m e t i m e t o a c q u a i n t

m y s e l f w i t h t h e w o r k .( y i l z i m - n i : s h w i i y y ; a a q t b i s h

n - i t 3 a r r i f 3 a 1 - x i d m a ). .

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n . f . s g . ( m a 3 r 6 )p l , ( m 3 a : r i f ) A 4

P x 1 a m g l a d t o m a k e y o u ra c q u a i n t a n c e !( m a 3 r f a T a y y b i ) 6 1 , 4 4

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m y h o u s e .( 1 - u : t i a o m q a d o i l .4 1 5

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p l . ( m u a t h t h l i m )e x : S h e w a n t s t o b e c o m e a n a c t r e s s

( t - $ 1 b r u m i t h t h l a )4 . 4A C T U A L ( 3 )

a d j . m . a g . ( g a q 1 : 0 0 4 5 4 4f . C g a q i : q i y y )p l . ( $ a s p a g i v i s n )

e x : T e l l h i m t h e a c t u a l r e a s o n .( q u a l u : 3 a s s b i b e ,

A C T U A L L Y ( 3 )1 a d t . ( f i l - g q i s q a ) 4 4 0 : 1 4

e x : W e a c t u a l l y d o n ' t k n o w t h e h o u s e .( f i l - E q i : q a m e : n - s 3 r f u s a h i d - d a : r )1 0 A ' ? . .

A I I a i s ; - : 4 5 t . a t i a - a t t "2 a d v . ( b i l - m i n c i . d ) . - 1 , - - - . . . . 1 1 1 . 4 . 1 ce x : D o y o u a c t u a l l y t r u s t h i m ?

( A l - m i n j i d 3 a n d T i k t h i z i a f i s h )t

A C T U A L I T Y ( 3 ) e 0n . m . ( 1 - w i l : q a 3 ) 6 _ 4 1A C U T E ( 3 )

0gI a d i . m , 0 - 1 6 4 . j i ? 9 ; = ; i f . ( w a y y ; ) L - t r i


51/574

1 1 1 1 e M i o r m i

p a i n i n h i s b a c k .( 3 a n d u : w j i : 3 a q v i y y a f i : d b a h r u tS . , ) : .

. 0 - " " " 1 / 4 1 . k e 6 ' 1 4 V 1 4 4 )2 ( 4 ) m . ( O a : d ) 1

f . ( O a : d d l )e x : H e h a s a n a c u t e s i g h t .

( n a d h r u : O A : d )3 ( 3 ) m . ( m a b b i b ) Ix n e r e a s i f t a l

f . ( m a

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