FORMULASI TUJUAN PENELITIAN

Research purposes

• The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures

• The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet

• Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into four categories: exploratory, descriptive, diagnostics and hypothesis testing researches

Categories of research objectives

1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new

insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);

2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in

view are known as descriptive research studies); 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or

with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);

4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).

An example research purpose

• To explore to what extent community home-based care (CHBC) projects in Zimbabwe provide adequate, affordable and sustainable care of good quality to people with HIV/AIDS, and to identify ways in which these services can be improved.

• Mengeksplorasi sejauh mana proyek pelayanan kesehatan berbasis rumah (CHBC) mampu memberikan pelayanan yang layak, murah dan berkelanjutan kepada penderita HIV/AIDS, dan mengidentifikasi cara-cara untuk perbaikan kualitas pelayanan.

About research purposes & objectives

• the general objective (purpose) of a study states what researchers expect to achieve by the study in general terms

• it is possible (and advisable) to break down a general objective into smaller, logically connected parts and these are normally referred to as specific objectives

• specific objectives should systematically address the various aspects of the problem as defined under statement of the problem and the key factors that are assumed to influence or cause the problem

• they should specify what you will do in your study, where and for what purpose.

What are research purposes & objectives?

• what do you want to achieve at the end of your study?

• it’s importance:

– it introduces your study

– it states the intent of your study

– it provides direction of your study for ways of collecting data & the type of result that you hope to find

What are research objectives

• the objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study

• objectives should be closely related to the statement of the problem

• for example, if the problem identified is low utilization of child welfare clinics, the general objective of the study could be to identify the reasons for this low utilization, in order to find solutions.

• objectives should specify what information is required for the research

• objectives should be clear and measurable

The research objectives should be

1. closely related to the research question 2. covering all aspects of the problem 3. very specific 4. ordered in a logical sequence 5. stated in action verbs that could be

evaluated, e.g. to describe, to identify, to measure, to compare, to calculate etc.

6. achievable, taking into consideration the available resources and time

7. mutually exclusive, with no repetitions or overlaps

More specific research objectives

• To identify the full range of economic, psycho-social, health/nursing care and other needs of patients and their families affected by AIDS

• To determine the extent to which formal and informal support systems address these needs from the viewpoint of service providers as well as patients

• To determine the economic costs of CHBC to the patient and family as well as to the formal CHBC programs themselves

• To relate the calculated costs to the quality of care provided to the patient by the family and to the family/patient by the CHBC programs

• To determine how improved CHBC and informal support networks can contribute to the needs of persons with AIDS and other chronically and terminally ill patients

• To use the findings to make recommendations on the improvement of CHBC to home care providers, donors and other concerned organizations, including government

Tujuan penelitian rinci • mengidentifikasi kebutuhan pelayanan ekonomi, psiko-sosial

dan perawatan kesehatan bagi pasien dan anggota keluarganya • menilai sejauh mana sistem pendukung formal dan non-formal

membantu pemecahan masalah baik dari sudut pandang pasien maupun pemberi pelayanan

• menilai biaya ekonomi CHBC bagi pasien, keluarga dan penyedia pelayanan

• menemukan hubungan antara biaya yang dibayar dengan kualitas pelayanan menurut sudut pandang keluarga dan pengelola CHBC

• menilai bagaimana chbc dan dukungan jaringan informal dapat memberikan sumbangan pada kebutuhan penderita hiv/aids

• menggunakan temuan hasil penelitian untuk memperbaiki pelayanan CHBC bagi penyedia pelayanan, donor dan organisasi lain termasuk pemerintah pada berbagai tingkatan

Why should research objectives be developed?

• the formulation of objectives will help you to – focus the study (narrowing it down to essentials); – avoid the collection of data which are not strictly

necessary for understanding and solving the problem you have identified; and

– organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.

• properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of your research methodology and will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation and utilization of data.

How should you state your objectives? • take care that the objectives of your study:

– cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence;

– are clearly phrased in operational terms, specifying exactly what you are going to do, where, and for what purpose;

– are realistic considering local conditions; and – use action verbs that are specific enough to be

evaluated. • examples of action verbs are: to determine, to

compare, to verify, to calculate, to describe, and to establish.

• avoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as: to appreciate, to understand, or to study.

Importance of research objectives

• keep in mind that when the research project is evaluated, the results will be compared to the objectives.

• if the objectives have not been spelled out clearly, the project cannot be evaluated.

• consistency between research objectives and the results of your study should be ensured.

good research questions must be

F

• Feasible: Adequate expertise and competency, affordable in time and money, manageable in scope

I • Interesting: getting the answer intrigues the investigator, supervisor,

policy maker ...

N • Novel: generates new knowledge; confirms, refutes or extends

previous findings

E • Ethical: avoid plagiarism and issues considered unacceptable or

immoral in a given society

R • Relevant: addresses current top priority - technical, policy issues or is

a stepping block to future research