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Transcript of Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous Plants Reading: Textbook, Chapter 12 Exam 2 next...
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Tuesday Lecture – Psychoactive and Poisonous Plants
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 12 Exam 2 next Tuesday
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Quiz
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Quiz
1.What plant (common or scientific name) is the source of steroidal compounds that were used to produce the first oral contraceptives as well as forming the material make other steroidal drugs?
2.Cocaine and marijuana are two widely used psychoactive drugs. Which is native to the Old World and which to the New World?
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Major Psychoactive Drugs from Plants used in U.S.A.
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
Heroin (Papaver somniferum)
Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca)
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Mode of activity
1. Absorption into bloodstream
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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Mode of activity
1. Absorption into bloodstream
2. Circulation ( “rush”)
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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Mode of activity
1. Absorption into bloodstream
2. Circulation ( “rush”)
3. Activity
-- affect neurotransmitters:
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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Mode of activity
1. Absorption into bloodstream
2. Circulation ( “rush”)
3. Activity
-- affect neurotransmitters:
Can mimic actions = agonists
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Chemistry and Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs
Mode of activity
1. Absorption into bloodstream
2. Circulation ( “rush”)
3. Activity
-- affect neurotransmitters:
Can mimic actions = agonists
Can inhibit actions = antagonists
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Neurotransmitters5 major types
1. Acetylcholine stimulates muscle contractions; slows heart
antagonists: atropine, scopolamine
agonists: nicotine; stimulants
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Neurotransmitters5 major types
1. Acetylcholine stimulates muscle contractions; slows heart
antagonists: atropine, scopolamine
agonists: nicotine; stimulants
2. Norepinephrine stimulates neurons; reused
antagonist: cocaine agonist: mescaline
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Neurotransmitters5 major types
1. Acetylcholine stimulates muscle contractions; slows heart
antagonists: atropine, scopolamine
agonists: nicotine; stimulants
2. Norepinephrine stimulates neurons; reused
antagonist: cocaine agonist: mescaline
3. Serotonin stimulates cells regulating sensory perceptions
alteration of neurons: LSD-type compounds illusions etc.
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Neurotransmitters, cont.
4. Dopamine influences areas that control pleasure responses
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Neurotransmitters, cont.
4. Dopamine influences areas that control pleasure responses
5. Peptides act as painkillers, etc. (endorphin, etc.)
- active in minute amounts; affect very specific receptors
agonists: opiates, tetrahydrocannabinol
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History of Drug Use
Use of mind-altering drugs is ancient
-- present in many indigenous cultures
Fig. 12.4, p. 292
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History of Drug Use
Use of mind-altering drugs is ancient
-- present in many indigenous cultures
Difference:
-- indigenous cultures – drugs used by certain people in the society (shamans), in specific rituals
Fig. 12.4, p. 292
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History of Drug Use
Use of mind-altering drugs is ancient
-- present in many indigenous cultures
Difference:
-- indigenous cultures – drugs used by certain people in the society (shamans), in specific rituals
-- U.S. 21st century culture – dissociation of drug use from formal cultural or religious customs
Fig. 12.4, p. 292
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Marijuana – Cannabis sativaCannabis sativa – multi-use plant:
- fibers ropes, fishnets, clothing
Fig. 12.5, p. 293
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Marijuana – Cannabis sativaCannabis sativa – multi-use plant:
- fibers ropes, fishnets, clothing
- seeds food, oil (non-food uses)
Fig. 12.5, p. 293
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Marijuana – Cannabis sativaCannabis sativa – multi-use plant:
- fibers ropes, fishnets, clothing
- seeds food, oil (non-food uses)
- glands psychoactive drug
Fig. 12.5, p. 293
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Marijuana – Cannabis sativaCannabis sativa – multi-use plant:
- fibers ropes, fishnets, clothing
- seeds food, oil (non-food uses)
- glands psychoactive drug
Cannabaceae
- Includes only Cannabis and Humulus (hops)
- Related to Moraceae, Celtidaceae, Ulmaceae
- herbaceous, laticifers, dioecious
Fig. 12.5, p. 293
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Cannabis flowers
Pistillate – 2 stigmas/flower
Fig. 12.5, p. 293
Dioecious – two different types of plants, producing either the pistillate (“female”) or the staminate (“male”) flowers
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Cannabis flowers
Pistillate – 2 stigmas/flower
Fig. 12.5, p. 293
Dioecious – two different types of plants, producing either the pistillate (“female”) or the staminate (“male”) flowers
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Cannabis flowers
Pistillate – 2 stigmas/flower Staminate – several stamens/flower
Fig. 12.5, p. 293
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Cannabis BiologyMajor Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- binds to specific receptors in brain
THC
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Cannabis BiologyMajor Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- binds to specific receptors in brain
THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers
Glands THC
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Cannabis BiologyMajor Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- binds to specific receptors in brain
THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers
-- female plants produce more glands
Glands THC
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Cannabis BiologyMajor Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- binds to specific receptors in brain
THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers
-- female plants produce more glands
-- gland production stimulated by heat, sunlight, drought
Glands THC
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Cannabis BiologyMajor Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- binds to specific receptors in brain
THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers
-- female plants produce more glands
-- gland production stimulated by heat, sunlight, drought
-- sinsemilla (sin = without semilla = seeds) – particularly strong
Glands THC
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Cannabis BiologyMajor Drug Component – delta-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- binds to specific receptors in brain
THC- produced in glands on leaves and flowers
-- female plants produce more glands
-- gland production stimulated by heat, sunlight, drought
-- sinsemilla (sin = without semilla = seeds) – particularly strong
Hashish – product - relatively pure resin
Glands THC
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Marijuana – History of Use
Cannabis – native to central Asia
Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines
Fig. 12.7, p. 295
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Marijuana – History of Use
Cannabis – native to central Asia
Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines
India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties
Fig. 12.7, p. 295
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Marijuana – History of Use
Cannabis – native to central Asia
Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines
India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties
Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine
Fig. 12.7, p. 295
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Marijuana – History of Use
Cannabis – native to central Asia
Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines
India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties
Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine
Europe – became popular in 1800s
Fig. 12.7, p. 295
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Marijuana – History of Use
Cannabis – native to central Asia
Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines
India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties
Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine
Europe – became popular in 1800s
U.S.A. – 1900s -- use proscribed, outlawed
Fig. 12.7, p. 295
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Marijuana – History of Use
Cannabis – native to central Asia
Chinese – first to use, employed for fabric, medicines
India – country where first used for hallucinogenic properties
Africa – introduced through Arab traders; used as medicine
Europe – became popular in 1800s
U.S.A. – 1900s -- use proscribed, outlawed
End of 20th century – contentious debate regarding merits of legalization
Fig. 12.7, p. 295
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Papaver Alkaloids- Opiates Fig. 11.6, p. 279
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Papaver Alkaloids- Opiates Fig. 11.6, p. 279
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Oxycodone Hydrocodone
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Opiates – History and Politics3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant”
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Opiates – History and Politics3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant”
Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium
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Opiates – History and Politics3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant”
Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium
Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus)
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Opiates – History and Politics3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant”
Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium
Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus)
Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders
Banned by government
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Opiates – History and Politics3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant”
Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium
Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus)
Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders
Banned by government
British trade policies forced Chinese to trade for opium
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Opiates – History and Politics3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant”
Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium
Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus)
Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders
Banned by government
British trade policies forced Chinese to trade for opium
1803 – morphine purified able to deliver it in defined doses
Potent painkiller, but problem – addictive
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Opiates – History and Politics3000 BC – first records of use; 2500 BC – Sumerian “joy plant”
Romans/Greeks – familiar with opium
Europe – 1525, rediscovery of solution of opium in alcohol = laudanum (Paracelsus)
Chinese – first introduced in 7th century AD by Arab traders
Banned by government
British trade policies forced Chinese to trade for opium
1803 – morphine purified able to deliver it in defined doses
Potent painkiller, but problem – addictive
Heroin – synthetic derivative of morphine -- addictive
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Opium Production - GeographyProblems:
Area of production – poor countries, important cash crop
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Opium Production - GeographyProblems:
Area of production – poor countries, important cash crop
Area of consumption – wealthy countries, deleterious social effects
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Opium Production - GeographyProblems:
Area of production – poor countries, important cash crop
Area of consumption – wealthy countries, deleterious social effects
Transport – through remote areas, effects on biodiversity
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Opium Production – 2002 Update
Poppy field in Afghanistan – lifeline for subsistence farmers?
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Cocaine
Erythroxylum – shrubby species of Andean highlands
- used by Incas as mild stimulant (must be mixed with basic solution to aid in extraction/absorption of alkaloids)
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Cocaine – History of use3000+ yrs – used by indigenous peoples in South American highlands as mild stimulant
1860 – cocaine isolated in pure form
1884 – S. Freud “Uber Coca” – recommended use
1800s – used in various products, including Coca-cola
1904 – use banned from food productsAndean User – 0.2 mg/day (chewing 57 g leaves)
Heavy User (U.S.) – 2-3 g (2000-3000 times dose of Andean user)
Heart Failure, as low as 20 mg (100 times dose from chewing leaves)
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Cocaine – History of Abuse1914 – Drug declared illegal in U.S.A.
Coke = hydrochloride salt of cocaine, water soluble so it moves across membranes (sniffing or snorting powder taken into nostrils)
Crack = altered form by treating coke with boiling water and baking soda (freebase, involves use of ether in process more dangerous)
Both crack and freebase can be injected or smoked
Addictive, debilitating drug
1998 – 1.5 million Americans chronic cocaine/crack users
*** Can be lethal at first use ***
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Cocaine – special problemsMode of action: interferes with re-uptake of dopamine, brain neurotransmitter prolongs feeling of well-being
Physiological effects addiction + withdrawal
“Crack” Babies – from mothers addicted to crack cocaine
Destruction of mid-altitude forests in Andes to produce crop, in Peru, Colombia
Association with rebellions – e.g. Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso - Peru)
Red=active
Blue-inactive
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Tobacco
Solanaceae (alkaloid-containing family)
Nicotiana – N. tabacum; N. rustica, N. suaveolens
Native to New World
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Tobacco – History of Use
Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing
-- medicinal uses
-- considered sacred by many tribes
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Tobacco – History of Use
Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing
-- medicinal uses
-- considered sacred by many tribes
1492 - Columbus – took tobacco to Old World
1556 – Thevet took seeds to France, started cultivation in Europe
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Tobacco – History of Use
Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing
-- medicinal uses
-- considered sacred by many tribes
1492 - Columbus – took tobacco to Old World
1556 – Thevet took seeds to France, started cultivation in Europe
1604 - King James I: Counterblaste to Tobacco
Note: this was more of a political statement than a sincere expression of concern about human health
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Tobacco – History of Use
Native Americans – smoking, eating, snuffing
-- medicinal uses
-- considered sacred by many tribes
1492 - Columbus – took tobacco to Old World
1556 – Thevet took seeds to France, started cultivation in Europe
1604 - King James I: Counterblaste to Tobacco
1600s – British-American colonies, important cash crop
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Tobacco - Chemistry
Nicotine – major alkaloid
- extremely addictive, passes into brain faster then heroin or caffeine
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Tobacco - Chemistry
Nicotine – major alkaloid
- extremely addictive, passes into brain faster then heroin or caffeine
- release of dopamine through action on acetylcholine receptors
- stimulates release of adrenaline
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Tobacco - Chemistry
Nicotine – major alkaloid
- extremely addictive, passes into brain faster then heroin or caffeine
- release of dopamine through action on acetylcholine receptors
- stimulates release of adrenaline
1880 – change in curing process acid tobacco smoke
- must be inhaled to produce effect (reaction on surface of lungs)
- effect is exhilarating, likely to produce dependence/addiction
- byproduct – constituents in smoke carried to lung surface
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Tobacco - Chemistry
Nicotine – major alkaloid
- extremely addictive, passes into brain faster then heroin or caffeine
- release of dopamine through action on acetylcholine receptors
- stimulates release of adrenaline
1880 – change in curing process acid tobacco smoke
- must be inhaled to produce effect (reaction on surface of lungs)
- effect is exhilarating, likely to produce dependence/addiction
- byproduct – constituents in smoke carried to lung surface
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Tobacco and Health - History
1602 – first report to link tobacco smoking to possible ill health
1795 – report of lip cancers associated with smoking
1920s – medical reports linking lung cancer to smoking
1966 - health warnings on cigarette packages
1993 – EPA report classifying Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) as a carcinogen
1994 – list of additives (600) released by tobacco industry
1998 – tobacco settlements, states and tobacco industry ($206 billion)
Recently recognized: effects on non-users:
1. Second-hand smoke 2. Unborn and children
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Tobacco and Health - History
1602 – first report to link tobacco smoking to possible ill health
1795 – report of lip cancers associated with smoking
1920s – medical reports linking lung cancer to smoking
1966 - health warnings on cigarette packages
1993 – EPA report classifying Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) as a carcinogen
1994 – list of additives (600) released by tobacco industry
1998 – tobacco settlements, states and tobacco industry ($206 billion)
2008 – UN report (WHO) – projects 1 billion tobacco related deaths by 2100 unless policies are changed
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Salvia divinorum
“Salvia”
Salvinorin A - terpenoid
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Thursday Lecture – Plant Beverages with Caffeine
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 13