Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4.

Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4

OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENT

What are the tropics? - define and explain this term, especially as it applies to the factors that affect the growth of plants, including economically important ones.

Due today - return as hard copy or by e-mail

QUIZ

1.Name a fruit that is from a member of the rose family, Rosaceae.

2.A hesperidium is a type of berry – how is it different from other berries? Give an example of a hesperidium.

Orangerie

Kumquat – Fortunella japonica and F. margarita

Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives

Many genera used for food; some also for various implements

Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)




Plants = vines, with tendrils




Plants = vines, with tendrils

Flowers – often unisexual, with 5 sepals, 5 united petals

Cucurbita Flowers

See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

Cucurbita Flowers

Pistillate (“female”) Flower

See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

(note enlarged ovary at base)

Cucurbita Flowers


Staminate (“male”) Flower

See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

(note slender stalk)

Cucurbita Flowers


Staminate (“male”) Flower

See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes

C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.

See Table 4.3, p. 84



C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin





C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin






C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.








First uses – probably for seeds; later used for fleshy part of fruit







All New World Species







All New World Species

- separate domestications – eastern North America, Mexico, of C. pepo

Other Cultivated Cucurbits

Old World:

- Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus

- Melons – Cucumis melo

- Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus

Luffa – Luffa cylindrica


Old World:





New World:

- Chayote – Sechium edule


Old World:





New World:

- Chayote – Sechium edule

Global:

- Bottle Gourd – Lagenaria siceraria

Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact?

Archaeological Record: cultivated in Ecuador/Peru (7,000 years ago) and Egypt (3000 years ago)

Resolution:

- people in reed boats? Fishermen?

- gourds floating in oceanic currents?


Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320

Resolution:

(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa



Resolution:


(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples

- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths



Resolution:




(3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology

- Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)



Resolution:






(4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa



Resolution:






(4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa

Conclusion: dog + gourds moved with early people from Asia

Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples

Tomato – New World crop



- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)




- possible transit: New World Spain (ignored) Morocco Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)





- France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple






Early confusion in Europe/North America:

- aphrodisiac (love apple)

- poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)






Early confusion in Europe/North America:

- aphrodisiac (love apple)

- poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)

Note: German name “wolf peach” (association with werewolves) became basis for genus name Lycopersicon

Tomato

Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands

Tomato


Find Peru and the Galapagos Islands on the globe

Tomato


Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl Spanish tomate tomato

Tomato



Classification:

Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon

Tomato



Classification:

Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon

New Molecular-based Findings – part of Solanum (actually sister group to potatoes)

Tomato – Flower and Fruit

Notes:

Stamens open by terminal pores require shaking to release pollen

See Fig. 4.11, p. 90

Tomato – Flower and Fruit

Notes:

Stamens open by terminal pores require shaking to release pollen

Plants are quite sensitive to chemicals produced by walnuts (allelopathy)

See Fig. 4.11, p. 90

Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication

Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary

Fruit type = ?



Fruit type = berry



Intruded placentae



Intruded placentaeColorful tomatoes

Pineapples – The Multiple Fruit

Ananas comosus - Bromeliaceae

See Fig. 4.16, p. 93

What is a Cereal?

What is a Cereal?

Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).

Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons

What is a Cereal?



Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses

See Fig. 5.1, p. 111

What is a Cereal?



Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses

Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses

Cereal Grain – redundant? See Fig. 5.1, p. 111

Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family

Agrostology – Study of Grasses



Gramineae – traditional name for family



Gramineae – traditional name for family

Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st – Economic Importance

Grass Plant – Overall Structure

See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

Grass Infloresence Structure

See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

Grass Infloresence Structure

Flower

See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112

Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication

1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching

See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115



2. Reduced lodgingSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115



2. Reduced lodging

3. Non-shatteringSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115



2. Reduced lodging

3. Non-shattering

4. Free-threshing

See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115

Major Cereal Crops

Barley – Hordeum vulgare

Wheat – Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum)

Rye – Secale cereale

Oats – Avena sativa

Rice – Oryza sativa

Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor

Millets – Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc.

Corn – Zea mays

SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110

Thursday Lecture – Cereal Grains

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5

Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4.

Documents

Transcript of Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4.