Generalized Algorithm for Variable Rate Nitrogen Application on Cereal Grains
Tuesday Lecture – Cereal Grains Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5.
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Transcript of Tuesday Lecture – Cereal Grains Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5.
Tuesday Lecture – Cereal Grains
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5
McClung Museum Field Trip – Review
- Reciprocal effects of agricultural on plants and people
Plants – “pre-adapted” by weedy habit domesticated People – changes to society structure: stratification ritual uses of plants/arts, medicine
- High yield agriculture – supports more people, but at the cost of good health (Dr. Crites: when corn became widespread, human health “went down the crapper”)
Quiz
1.Briefly describe 2 things that you learned during the field trip to the McClung Museum
2.During his discussion of New World agriculture, Dr. Gary Crites of the Museum staff mentioned several cereal crops that originated in the New World – name one of them (by scientific or common name)
What is a Cereal?
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
What is a Cereal?
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses
Cereal Grain – redundant? See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st – Economic Importance
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st – Economic Importance
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
Grass Plant – Overall Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grass Infloresence Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grass Infloresence Structure
Flower
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodgingSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shatteringSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shattering
4. Free-threshing
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Major Cereal Crops
Barley – Hordeum vulgare
Wheat – Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum)
Rye – Secale cereale
Oats – Avena sativa
Rice – Oryza sativa
Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor
Millets – Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc.
Corn – Zea mays
SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110
Barley – Hordeum vulgare First King of Cereals
Barley – Hordeum vulgare
Origin: near East (Fertile Crescent)
Uses: Bread, Beer, Livestock feed
6-rowed 2-rowedSee Fig. 5.9, p. 116
Wheat – The Staff of Life
“Wheat penny”
Evolution of Wheat
See Fig. 5.10, p. 117
Types of Wheat
Einkorn – relictual cultivation only
Emmer, Durum (tetraploid) “hard” wheat – used for macaroni
Spelt, Bread Wheat (hexaploid) “soft” wheat - bread flour
Higher ploidy higher gluten content (gluten – protein)
See Fig. 5.10, 5.11 p. 117
Einkorn Emmer Spelt Bread
Wheat and its Pests
Wheat rust, Puccinia graminis, is a major fungal disease that is spread by spores. It is controlled by selection of resistant cultivars (lower left)
Rye – Secale cerealeWeed or First Cereal Crop?
Standard Wisdom: originated as weed; better in cool climates
New Finds: 13,000 year old rye, in Syria 3,000 years older than other cereals
Rye, Witches, and Triticale
Rye with ergot fungus
A. Wheat
B. Rye
C. Triticale – intergeneric hybrid
See Fig. 5.14, p. 119
Oats – A Weed Becomes (Somewhat) Respectable
Origin – weed in barley or wheat
Adapted to cool climates animal feed
Romans: Germans “oat-eating barbarians”
Oats Close Up
Oat Spikelet – Glumes + Florets
See Fig. 5.15, p. 120
Rice – The World’s Most Important Crop
See Fig. 5.18, p. 122
Rice Close Up
Processing Rice
Rice – Next Steps for the Green Revolution
Rice – Genomic Research
Golden Rice – Boon or Bane?
Pro: solve problem (vitamin A deficiency) using biotechnology
Con: problem originated with technology (polishing rice) and can be reversed; problems exist with technology (“Frankenfoods”; new gene combinations); increased reliance on agrobusiness
Sorghum Likes it Hot and Dry
Origin: Ethiopia
Main Types of Sorghum
Four main types:
- grain sorghums
- sweet sorghum (animal feed)
- Sudan grass (related species)
- broomcorn
See Fig. 5.22, 5.24, p. 125
Millets – A Mixed Bag
See Table 5.4, p. 126
Finger millet – Eleusine coracana
Pearl millet – Pennisetum glaucum
Thursday Lecture – Corn
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5