Tuesday, June 22, 2010

Perspectives on Perspective Taking

Developing a Spirituality

Inventory

Suzanne GirdRobert D. ZettleDebra RenolletBlake WebsterBritania Latronica

McDaniel & Zettle (2006) Analysis of relationship among:

◦ Experiential avoidance (AAQ-I; Hayes, et al., 2004)◦ Happiness (OHQ; Hills & Argyle, 2002)◦ Spirituality (SOI; Elkins, Hedstrom, Hughes, Leaf, & Saunders,

1988) Findings:

◦ AAQ and OHQ significantly correlated◦ OHQ and SOI significantly correlated◦ AAQ and SOI did not correlate

In the beginning…

SOI comprises nine subscales:◦Transcendent Dimension◦Meaning and Purpose◦Mission in Life◦Sacredness of Life◦Material Values◦Altruism◦Idealism◦Awareness of the Tragic◦Fruits of Spirituality

Spirituality Orientation Inventory

Five items from “tragic” subscale◦ Added items from other scales

13 item scale Compared to DUREL (Koenig, Meador, & Parkerson,

1997)

Six item inventory◦ Cronbach’s α = .69

Further investigation

While one should not over do it or become morbid, I think it is good for us to be aware of pain, suffering, and death.

I am a better person today because of life experiences which at the time were very painful.

It seems pain and suffering are often necessary to make us examine and re-orient our lives.

Answers can be found when one truly searches for the meaning and purpose of one's life.

One can find meaning even in suffering, pain, and death.

As a result of life difficulties, I have developed a deep, positive belief in humanity.

Items

Does not correlate with social desirability Analysis of relationship among:

◦ Spirituality◦ Psychological flexibility (AAQ-II; Bond, et al.)◦ Life satisfaction (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffen,

1985) Does spirituality contribute to life

satisfaction independent of psychological flexibility?

Intro Students

Nursing Students

Elderly Parish Nurses

Total

Female 65 101 26 370

Male 55 14 16 9

Total 120 115 42 (45) 379 656(659)

Participants

Measures: AAQ-II

Measures: SWLS

Measures: Spirituality

Sample r2 β AAQ-II p β Spirit p

Aggregate .25 .449 < .001 .175 <.001

Intro Students .24 .437 <.001 .185 .02

Nursing Students .16 .336 <.001 .172 .05

Elderly .37 .605 <.001 .076 ns

Parish Nurses .25 .466 <.001 .136 .003

Results

Good preliminary brief measure of spirituality◦ Independent of religiosity◦ Independent of social desirability◦ Correlates with psychological flexibility

Predictor of life satisfaction over and above psychological flexibility

Conclusions

Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Orcutt, H.K., Waltz, T. & Zettle, R.D. (2010). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and acceptance. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.

Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, (4), 5-18.

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54, 553-578.

Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073-1082.

Koenig, H. G., Meador, K.,& Parkerson, G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research: A 5-item measure for use in health outcome studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 885-886.

McDaniel, E., & Zettle, R. D. (2006). The relationship among spirituality, happiness, and experiential avoidance. Unpublished manuscript, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS.

REFERENCES