Tues Eng100BC WritingProcessMLAParagraphWriting Shifts Pronouns&AntecedentsReferenceCase FA14
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Transcript of Tues Eng100BC WritingProcessMLAParagraphWriting Shifts Pronouns&AntecedentsReferenceCase FA14
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Writing Process
Basic MLAWriting Paragraphs
Shifts
Pronoun & Antecedent
Agreement
Pronoun Reference & Case
ENG100
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Submit Writing Samples
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CONGRATULATIONS!!!
YOU JUST COMPLETEDBOTH SECTIONS OF YOUR
FINAL!!!
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Writing Process
Prewrite
What is your purpose for writing?
How are you going to achieve this purpose?
Who is your reader?
Use journalistic questions Freewriting
Cubing
Webbing/clustering
Listing
More prewriting questions -http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/0
3/
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/03/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/03/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/03/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/03/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/673/03/ -
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Writing Process
Prewrite, Plan
Why create an outline?
Helps to keep track of large amounts of info
Helps organize ideas
Presents material in logical form
Shows relationships among ideas
Defines boundaries and groups
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Writing Process
Prewrite, Plan
2 types of outlines
Topic
Sentence
Outlines should be balanced
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/200811
13013048_544.pdf
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20081113013048_544.pdfhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20081113013048_544.pdfhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20081113013048_544.pdfhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20081113013048_544.pdfhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20081113013048_544.pdf -
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Writing Process
Prewrite
Plan
Drafting
Rough draft, early version of final copy
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Writing Process
Prewrite
Plan
Drafting
Proofread
Peer review grammar and process
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Writing Process
Prewrite
Plan
Drafting
Proofread
Publish
All done! Final copy
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Basic MLA format
Must be typed, double-spaced, one sided,
paperclipped I want typed, double-spaced, double sided, stapled
Only one space after punctuation
1 inch margins, Times New Roman, 12 pointfont
Include heading Your name
Instructor name
Class
Due Date Page number and your last name in upper right hand corner
Title centered
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Sample page 1
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090701095636_747.pdf
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090701095636_747.pdfhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090701095636_747.pdfhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090701095636_747.pdfhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090701095636_747.pdf -
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Paragraph Writing
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Parts of a Paragraph
A paragraph has three necessary parts: Topic sentence
1 sentence
Body Minimum 58 sentences
Concluding sentence
1 sentence
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Parts of a Paragraph
The topic sentence States the main point
Is (often) the first sentence of the
paragraph
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Parts of a Paragraph
The body - Supports (shows, explains, or proves)
the main point with supporting
sentences that contain facts anddetails.
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Supporting Your Point
Two types of support Primary support
Major ideas to back up main point
Secondary support Gives details to back up primary
support
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BEWARE!!!
Dont confuse repetition with support The amount shown on my bill is
incorrect. You overcharged me. It didnt
cost that much. The total is wrong. The amount shown on my bill is
incorrect. I ordered the bacon-
cheeseburger plate, which is $6.99 on themenu. On the bill, the order is correct,
but the amount is $16.99.
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Selecting Primary Support
Carefully read ideas generatedthrough prewriting technique
Select 35 primary support points Should be clearest and most convincing,
providing best examples, facts, andobservations
Cross out ideas not closely related to
main point If not enough support remains, prewrite
more
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Adding Secondary Support
Flesh out best primary support points Specific examples
Facts
observations
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Parts of a Paragraph
The concluding sentence - Reminds readers of the main point
(topic sentence)
often makes an observation
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Outlining
I. Topic Sentence
Training for success in a marathon demands several
important steps.II. Body
A. Runners should first get a schedule developed by aprofessional running organization.
1. These schedules are available in bookstores oron the Web.
2. A good one is available atwww.runnersworld.com.
3. All of the training schedules suggest startingtraining three to six months before themarathon.
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Outlining
II. Body
B. Runners should commit to carefully followingthe schedule.
1. If they cannot stick to it exactly, they needto come as close as they possibly can.
2. The schedules include a mixture of longand short runs at specified intervals.
3. Carefully following the training schedulebuilds up endurance a little at a time so that
by the time of the race, runners are lesslikely to hurt themselves.
4. The training continues right up until thestart of the marathon.
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Outlining
II. Body
C. On the night before and the morning of thebig day, runners should take special steps tomake sure they are prepared for the race.
1. The night before the race, they should eatcarbohydrates, drink plenty of water, and geta good nights sleep.
2. On the day of the marathon, runnersshould eat a light breakfast, dress for theweather, and consider doing a brief warm-upbefore the races start.
3. Before and during the race, they shoulddrink plenty of water.
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Outlining
III. Concluding Sentence
Running a marathon without completing theessential steps will not bring success; instead it
may bring pain and injury.
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Narrative Writing
Eng 100
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Presentation Rubric
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Writing Narration
What are common forms?
(Third common)
Fictionalized narrative
Author invents characters and plot
Purpose to scare, puzzle, think about a situation,ponder course of action
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Writing Narration
What are common forms?
(Second common)
Here-is-what-happened narrative
Typical in newspapers and histories
Require research Omniscient narrator not part of the story
Purpose to inform reader or provide information
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Writing Narration
What are common forms?
(Most common)
Personal experience narratives
Writer is narrator
Tells personal true event Purpose is to share an insight with readera
realization, a sudden understanding, an awareness
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Writing Narration
What do you include?
Do not include every single detail
Choose details that correlate with purpose
Cut out unnecessary, uninteresting, and redundant
details
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Writing
How is a narrative structured?
Chronological order
Flashback
Do not switch time too frequently
Make sure switches are clear In media res
Change or modify
Heighten tension
Make purpose clearer
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Writing
How does one end a narrative?
Reflect reason or purpose for telling story
Joke ends with punch line to make audience laugh
Significant event leads to moment of insight
Historical event ends with summary statementrelating its significance
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Writing
How does one tell a narrative?
Choose point of view
Personal experience narratives1stperson,
narrator is in story
Limitedonly narrators thoughts
Omniscientall-knowing, everyones thoughts
Historical narratives & illustrative narratives3rd
person, speaker stands outside the narrative and
provides objective view
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Writing
How does one tell a narrative?
Show vs. tell
Showing
dramatizing scene and creating dialogue
makes more vivid, allows reader to experience scenedirectly
Telling
summarizing what happened
permits greater number of events and detailsOkay to use a mix
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Writing
How does one write dialogue?
Creates an illusion of speech
Real conversation is longer, slower, more boring
Must recognize when it can play an important role
in story
Use sparingly
Too much can slow down action of story
Purpose is to reveal character or generate tension
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Writing
How does one revise a narrative?
Prune unnecessary detail
Write purpose
Test every included detail
Make structure clear
Ask readers to create a chronological timeline
Differentiate between showing and telling
Look for moments in which dramatization (showing)
might be particularly effective Conclusion
Is it flat or does it lead up to a climactic moment?
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Score this presentation
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Narrative Prewriting
Play Pointing Fingers!
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Narrative Plan
I. Topic sentence (Whats
important about theexperience)
II. Body
A. first major event
1. detail
2. detail
B. second major event
1. detail
2. detail
C. third major event
1. detail
2. detail
III. Conclusion
(Reminds readers of
main point and
makes an
observation based onit
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BREAK!!!!!
Shifts
Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement
Pronoun Reference & Case
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M k th POV i t t i
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Make the POV consistent in person
& number
First person emphasizes writer
Good for informal letters and writing based on
personal experience
Second person emphasizes reader Good for giving advice or explaining how to do
something
Third person emphasizes subject
Best for formal academic and professional writing
M k th POV i t t i
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Make the POV consistent in person
& number
Our class practiced rescuing a victim trapped in a wreckedcar. We learned to dismantle the car with the essential
tools. You were graded on your speed and your skill in
freeing the victim.
Our class practiced rescuing a victim trapped in a wrecked
car. We learned to dismantle the car with the essential
tools. You were graded on yourspeed and yourskill in
freeing the victim.
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Maintain consistent verb tenses
Consistent verb tenses clearly establish time of theactions being described
A. There was no way I could fight the current and win. Just
as I was losing hope, a stranger jumps off a passing boat
and swims toward me.
B. There was no way I could fight the current and win. Just
as I was losing hope, a stranger jumped off a passing boat
and swam toward me.
B. There was no way I could fight the current and win. Just
as I was losing hope, a stranger jumped off a passing boat
and swam toward me.
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Maintain consistent verb tenses
When writing about literature or current research, usepresent tense
The scarlet letter is a punishment sternly placed on
Hesters breast by the community, and yet it wasa
fanciful and imaginative product of Hesters own
needlework.
The scarlet letter is a punishment sternly placed on
Hesters breast by the community, and yet it isa fanciful
and imaginative product of Hesters own needlework.
Make verbs consistent in mood &
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Make verbs consistent in mood &
voice
Three moods in English
Indicative is used for facts, opinions, questions
Imperative is used for orders or advice
Subjunctive is used to express wishes or conditions
contrary to factThe counselor advised us to spread out our core
requirements over two or three semester. Also, pay
attention to pre-requisites for elective courses.
The counselor advised us to spread out our core
requirements over two or three semester. She also
suggested that we pay attention to pre-requisites for
elective courses.
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Avoid sudden shifts from indirect or
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Avoid sudden shifts from indirect or
direct questions or quotations
Indirect question: We asked whether we could visitMiriam
Direct question: Can we visit Miriam?
A. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if so,
whether she reported it to the police.
B. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if so, did
she report it to the police?
A. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if so,whether she reported it to the police.
Avoid sudden shifts from indirect or
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Avoid sudden shifts from indirect or
direct questions or quotations
A. The patient said she had been experiencing heartpalpitations and please run as many tests as possible to
find out whats wrong.
B. The patient said she had been experiencing heart
palpitations and asked me to run as many tests as
possible to find out what was wrong.
B. The patient said she had been experiencing heart
palpitations and asked me to run as many tests as
possible to find out what was wrong.
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Exercies 8.1
1. West African villages have strong oral traditions inwhich the younger people are told stories by theirparents and grandparents.
West African villages have strong oral traditions inwhich parents and grandparents tell the youngerpeople stories.
2. Way back before the Revolutionary War, slavetraders forced ancestors of the people from thosevillages to come to the United States.
Before the Revolutionary War, slave traders forcedancestors of the people from those villages to cometo the United States.
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Exercies 8.1
3. In their difficult new situation in this country, the
Africans adapted their stories so that you could learn
from them.
In their difficult new situation in this country, the
Africans adapted their stories so that people could
learn from them.
4. Although different stories had different messages,
one kind of character comes up over and over again.Although different stories had different messages, one
kind of character came up over and over again.
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Exercies 8.1
5. The character is cunning and clever; call him a
trickster.
The character is cunning and clever; he is a trickster.
6. The stories about BrerRabbit are good examples offolktales whose hero was a trickster.
The stories about BrerRabbit are good examples of
folktales whose hero is a trickster.
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Exercies 8.1
7. Many of the other animals want to gobble up Brer
Rabbit, who has only his wits to protect him.
Many of the other animals want to eat BrerRabbit,
who has only his wits to protect him.
8. Yet in every story, Brer Rabbit not only escapes, but
his enemies are made to appear foolish by him as
well.
Yet in every story, BrerRabbit not only escapes, but hemakes his enemies appear foolish as well.
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Exercies 8.1
9. Trickster characters like BrerRabbit showed slaveswho heard these stories that they, too, could triumphby using cleverness when foes surround them.
Trickster characters like BrerRabbit showed slaves
who heard these stories that they, too, could triumphby using cleverness when foes surrounded them.
10. Today, folklorists are exploring how did early AfricanAmericans encourage each other by telling stories of
tricksters outsmarting powerful enemies.Today, folklorists are exploring how early African
Americans encouraged each other by telling storiesof tricksters outsmarting powerful enemies.
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Pronouns
P & A t d t A t
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Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement
What is a pronoun?
Substitutes a noun
He, she, it, her, him, they, we, us, them
What is an antecedent?
Noun or pronoun that a pronoun refers to
Dr. Berto finished herrounds.
The hospital internsfinished theirrounds.
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Prono n & Antecedent Agreement
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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementDo not use plural pronouns to refer to singular
antecedents
These indefinite pronouns are all singular
Anybody anyone anything each
Everybody eithereveryone everything
Nobody no one neither nothing
Somebody someone something
Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement
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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementTreat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning
is clearly plural
Collective nouns are treated as a group andfunctions as a unit
Jury committee audience
couple Crowd class
troop family team
The committee granted its permission to build.
Sometimes they act as individuals though
The committee put their signatures on the document.
Simplify by adding a clearly plural antecedent
The members of the committee put their signatures on
the document.
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Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement
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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementWith compound antecedents joined with oror nor
(or with eitheroror neithernor), make the
pronoun agree with the closer antecedent
*if one antecedent is singular and the other
plural, put plural one last to avoid awkwardness
*If one antecedent is male and the other female,do not follow the traditional rule
Either Bruce or Elizabeth should receive first prize
for her short story.
The prize for best short story should go to either
Bruce or Elizabeth.
E ercise 7 2 Prono n Antecedent Agreement
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Exercise 7.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
1. Meteorology has made many advances in the past
few decades, but they still cannot answer a number ofquestions about tornadoes.
Meteorology has made many advances in the past few
decades, but it still cannot answer a number of
questions about tornadoes.
2. Every tornado has their own unique characteristics.
Every tornado has its own unique characteristics.
Exercise 7 2 Pronoun Antecedent Agreement
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Exercise 7.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
3. The science of tornado watching has its own system,
the Fujita scale, for measuring storms from weakest(F0) to strongest (F5).
correct
4. An F4 tornado or an F5 tornado can destroyeverything in their path.
An F4 tornado or an F5 tornado can destroy
everything in its path.
Exercise 7 2 Pronoun Antecedent Agreement
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Exercise 7.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
5. Scientists cannot yet predict how strong any tornado
will be before they happen.Scientists cannot yet predict how strong any tornado
will be before it happens.
6. One mystery about tornadoes involves the last stepwhen it forms.
One mystery about tornadoes involves the last step
when they form.
Exercise 7 2 Pronoun Antecedent Agreement
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Exercise 7.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
7. Specialists do not know if a tornado forms in a cloud
and travels to the ground or if they begin on earthand spiral upward.
Specialists do not know if a tornado forms in a cloud
and travels to the ground or if it begins on earth and
spirals upward.
8. Improved meteorological technology and the skill to
interpret data have made their contributions to
tornado prediction.correct
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Pronoun References
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Pronoun ReferencesAvoid ambiguous or remote pronoun reference
Occurs when pronoun could refer to 2 possible
antecedents
When Gloria set the pitcher on the glass-topped
table, it broke.
Which object brokethe pitcher or the table? The pitcher broke when Gloria set it on the glass-
topped table.
Tom told Sam that he had won the lottery. Who won the lotteryTom or Sam?
Tom told Sam, You have won the lottery.
Pronoun References
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Pronoun ReferencesGenerally, avoid broad reference of this, that,
which, it
By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical companies
gain exposure for their prescription drugs. Patients
respond to this by requesting drugs they might not
need. What are patients responding toads,
companies, prescription drugs?
By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical companies
gain exposure for their prescription drugs. Patientsrespond to the ads by requesting drugs they might
not need.
Pronoun References
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Pronoun ReferencesDo not use a pronoun to refer to an implied
antecedent
A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent,
not to a word that isnt actually in the sentence
After braiding Anns hair, Sue decorated them with
ribbons. What is the antecedent for the pronoun them?
After braiding Anns hair, Sue decorated the braids
with ribbons.
Pronoun References
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Pronoun References Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you
A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent,
not to a word that isnt actually in the sentence
In June, they announced that parents would have to
pay a fee.
In June, the board announced that parents wouldhave to pay a fee.
In the encyclopedia it states that male moths can
smell female moths from several miles away.
The encyclopedia states that male moths can smell
female moths from several miles away.
Pronoun References
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Pronoun References Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you
A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent,
not to a word that isnt actually in the sentence
Ms. Pickersgillsbook stipulates that you should not
arrive at a party too early or leave too late.
Ms. Pickersgillsbook stipulates that a guest shouldnot arrive at a party too early or leave too late.
Pronoun References
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Pronoun References To refer to persons, use who, whom, whose NOT
which, that
Use which, thatto refer to animals or things All thirty-two women in the study, half of which were
unemployed for more than six months, reportedhigher self-esteem after job training.
All thirty-two women in the study, half of whom wereunemployed for more than six months, reportedhigher self-esteem after job training.
During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos,
Mexican families celebrate loved ones that have died.
During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos,Mexican families celebrate loved ones who have died.
Exercise 7.1 Pronoun Reference
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Exercise 7.1 Pronoun Reference
1. In much political analysis, they say that public distrust
of the US government began with Watergate.
Many political analysts say that public distrust of the US
government began with Watergate.
2. That scandals continuing legacy may make it one ofthe most influential American events of the twentieth
century.
That scandals continuing legacy may makeWatergate
one of the most influential American events of thetwentieth century.
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Exercise 7.1 Pronoun Reference
3. Since the early 1970s, political scandals have rarely
interested Americans; they often seem to have very
little effect.
Since the early 1970s, political scandals have rarely
interested Americans; the scandals often seem to have
very little effect.
4. Journalists provided the American people with a lot of
information about the Iran-Contra hearings, but they
could not have cared less.
Journalists provided the American people with a lot ofinformation about the Iran-Contra hearings, but the
public could not have cared less.
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Exercise 7.1 Pronoun Reference
5. Most people were indifferent; could it have been the
result of post-Watergate trauma?
Could the indifference of most people have been the
result of post-Watergate trauma?
6. If Americans expect politicians to be corrupt, it will not
surprise or even interest them.If Americans expect politicians to be corrupt,
government scandals will not surprise or even interest
them.
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Exercise 7.1 Pronoun Reference
7. Ironically, the medias coverage of scandals seems to
have made the public suspicious of them as well.
Ironically, the medias coverage of scandals seems to have
made the public suspicious of journalists as well.
8. Cynicism about political and journalistic motives, leadsto apathy and it can spread contagiously.
Cynicism about political and journalistic motives, which
can spread contagiously, leads to apathy.
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Exercise 7.1 Pronoun Reference
9. Many people are so apathetic that it makes them
refuse to vote.
Many people are so apathetic that they refuse to vote.
10. If people do not believe that they can make a
difference in the political process, it makes the countryless democratic.
If people do not believe that they can make a difference
in the political process, the country becomes less
democratic.
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For Tuesday
Study for quiz #1
(parts of speech, active/passive verbs, ending in
prepositions, shifts, pronoun & antecedent agreement,
pronoun reference & case)
Read chapter about description writing
Read about fragments, run-ons, and sentence
variety
Create a sentence outline for your narrative