Tucker Research Girls Women Sport - UMN...– Colon & breast cancer 35 Aerobic Capacity 18 to 19...
Transcript of Tucker Research Girls Women Sport - UMN...– Colon & breast cancer 35 Aerobic Capacity 18 to 19...
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Nicole M. LaVoi, Ph.D.Diane Wiese-Bjornstal, Ph.D.University of Minnesota
TRENDS IN GIRLS’ University of Minnesota
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
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Jeanne F Nichols Ph DJeanne F. Nichols, Ph.D.Kelley K. Pettee, Ph.D.Barbara E. Ainsworth, Ph.D., MPHArizona State University
PHYSIOLOGICAL & Arizona State University
METABOLIC DIMENSIONS
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TopicsTopics
• Cardiorespiratory FitnessMuscular Strength & Power• Muscular Strength & Power
• Chronic Disease Prevention• Menarche
B H lth• Bone Health• Female Athlete Triad
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Cardiorespiratory FitnessCardiorespiratory Fitness
• Increased Longevity • U.S. Fitness Levels– 1999-2000 NHANES
• Weight Maintenance – Treadmill testing– 7.5 million “low fit”
• Health BenefitsDi b t 39
40
ml/kg/min
Age (yrs)– Diabetes– Heart disease
3637
38
3912 to 1314 to 1516 to 17
– Colon & breast cancer 35
36
Aerobic Capacity
18 to 19
50th percentile
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Muscular Strength & PowerMuscular Strength & PowerAbilit t t f• Ability to generate force– Strength, Endurance, Power
• Health benefitsWeight control– Weight control
– Chronic disease prevention
• Increases through puberty– Decreases in sedentaryDecreases in sedentary– Maintained & increases in
“actives”
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Chronic Disease PreventionChronic Disease Prevention• Type 2 diabetes
Odds with Low Fitness
yp– Almost ½ of new
cases Overweight
Obese
– 85% overweight Hypertension
• CHD Risk Factors– 1999-2002 NHANES
High Glucose
Low HDL-C1999 2002 NHANES
– Higher Fitness– 2 fold inc overweight
Impaired fasting glucose
Metabolic Syndrome– 2 fold inc. overweight in lowest fitness
Metabolic Syndrome
0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0Carnethon et al. JAMA 2005
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MenarcheMenarche• Onset is 12.4 yearsOnset is 12.4 years
– Often delayed in active girls
– Risk of menstrual dysfunction
• Early puberty– Weight gaing g– Concerning behaviors
• Smoking/drinkingB d di ti f ti• Body dissatisfaction
• Eating disorders
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Bone HealthBone Health• Most important time• Most important time
to gain bone mass11 14 yrs is greatest– 11-14 yrs is greatest
– 90% by 17 yrs
• Need 3 things– Vitamin D– Calcium (1300 mg/d)– Physical Activity
• 30, 45, 60 min/day
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Female Athlete TriadFemale Athlete Triad• Disordered Eating• Disordered Eating
– Athletes 15-62%General 13 20%– General 13-20%
• Menstrual DysfunctionNo menses by 15 yrs– No menses by 15 yrs
– Irregular menses– Low energy intake– Low energy intake
• Low Bone Mass22% not accruing bone– 22% not accruing bone as expected
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Healthy LifestylesHealthy Lifestyles
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Margaret Carlisle Duncan, Ph.D.University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONSy
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Sociological DimensionsSociological Dimensions
1997 vs 2007 report: The social construction of gender is still the most significant barrier g gto girls’ participation in physical activity.
Gendering practices:•The PE/PA curriculumS ill d bj tifi ti•Surveillance and objectification
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Sociological DimensionsSociological Dimensions
The PE/PA curriculum• The “problem with girls”The problem with girls• The “hidden curriculum”• Girls’ perspective
Designing girl-friendly physical activity programs
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Sociological DimensionsSociological Dimensions
The surveillance and objectification of female bodies:•The “beauty” idealTh i t ifi ti f ill t b t•The intensification of surveillance at puberty
Challenging the culture of surveillance
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Sociological DimensionsSociological Dimensions
Conclusion: Girls are not the “problem,” the gender order is:g
PE & PA i t t it f d i•PE & PA are important sites for gendering
•Gender may be constructed otherwise
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Diane Wiese-Bjornstal, Ph.D.University of Minnesota
PSYCHOLOGICAL y
DIMENSIONS
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Psychological DimensionsPsychological Dimensions
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SELECT FINDINGS: PSYCHOLOGY
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Cognitions:Cognitions:What do girls think about physical activity?
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Are Girls Interested?Are Girls Interested?I t t d i t th t i l l• Interest and importance that girls place on physical activity influence current and future activity choicesfuture activity choices (Fredricks & Eccles, 2004)
• Perceived importance of physical activity is a stronger predictor of participation thanis a stronger predictor of participation than interest (Fredricks & Eccles, 2002; 2005)
Girls are as “interested” in sport• Girls are as “interested” in sport and physical activity but see it as somewhat less “important”as somewhat less important in their lives than do boys
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Why Do Girls Participate?Why Do Girls Participate?• Why youth participate in sport: (Weiss & Ferrar Caja 2002)• Why youth participate in sport: (Weiss & Ferrar-Caja, 2002)
– physical competence or adequacy– social acceptance and approvalsocial acceptance and approval– enjoyment
• Why youth stopstop participating in sport: (Weiss 2000;Why youth stopstop participating in sport: (Weiss, 2000; Weiss & Ferrar-Caja, 2002)
– not developing or demonstrating competence– not feeling socially accepted– not enjoying experience or having fun
b i h d ( i j h t t– being harmed (e.g., injury, hurt esteem, hurt feelings)
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How Competent Do Girls Feel?How Competent Do Girls Feel?
• Age– Younger children more optimistic, older g p ,
children more realistic in physical competence evaluations
• GenderF l hildh d th h d l– From early childhood through adolescence girls perceive themselves as less h i ll t t th bphysically competent than boys
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Affect:Affect:What do girls feel about physical activity?
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Do Girls Enjoy Physical Activity?Do Girls Enjoy Physical Activity?• Fun is most prevalent reason children and youthFun is most prevalent reason children and youth
give for participating in sport (PCPFSR,1997)
• Enjoyment:Enjoyment:– Includes optimal challenge, mastery, social
connection, intrinsic pleasure, positive reactions from others, skill improvement
– Is strongest predictor of sport commitment (Weiss, 2003)
T k i t ti li k d t t j t• Task orientation linked to greater enjoyment (Vlachopoulos et al., 1997)
– Value personal improvement and task a ue pe so a p o e e t a d tasmastery
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What Aspects are Stressfulfor Girls?
• Antecedents of state anxiety– Personal: high trait anxiety, low self-esteem, low
confidence, low perceived ability– Situational: individual sports, losing, more parental
t it ti i t i t dpressure, greater situation importance, ego-oriented climates
A t d t f b t• Antecedents of burnout– Excessive performance expectancies, limited
control over one’s sport participationcontrol over one’s sport participation, perceptions of stress and anxiety
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What Are the Cognitive and Emotional Benefits?
• Mental health– Regular physical activity of benefit to mental health
(St i t l 2000)(Steiner et al., 2000)
• Treatment adjunctR l h i l ti it i t t dj t t t l– Regular physical activity important adjunct to mental health treatment for depression, anxiety
C iti f ti i• Cognitive functioning– Regular physical activity linked to improved
l iti f ti igeneral cognitive functioning (Etnier et al., 1997)
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Social Climates:Social Climates:How do they affect girls?
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Parent ClimatesParent Climates
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How Do Fathers Affect Girls?How Do Fathers Affect Girls?• Fathers influence daughters’ sport competence g p p
and value beliefs more than mothers (Fredricks & Eccles, 2002)
• Types of influence affect consequences forTypes of influence affect consequences for daughter– Female soccer players who perceived fathers to be involved but
exerting low amounts of pressure reported greater enjoyment andexerting low amounts of pressure reported greater enjoyment and motivation for soccer participation than girls who perceived high pressure and involvement from own fathers (Babkes & Weiss, 1999)
• Involvement of fathers typically takes more direct• Involvement of fathers typically takes more direct and active role (e.g., as coach) (Fredricks & Eccles, 2005)– 27% of fathers coached their child’s sport teamp– < 4% percent of mothers coached their child’s team
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How Do Mothers Affect Girls?How Do Mothers Affect Girls?• Mothers more often parent most closelyMothers more often parent most closely
associated with daughter’s sport participation and typically ones to first enroll her in sport programs
– Davison, Cutting, & Birch (2003); Green & Chalip (1997); Weiss & Hayashi (1995); Wolfenden & Holt (2005)
M th i i ifi tl l i ti• Mothers engage in significantly more logistic support than do fathers– E g mothers provide transportation uniforms and– E.g., mothers provide transportation, uniforms and
apparel, snacks, team manager• Girls want female role models, would
benefit from “active role” mothers
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Leader ClimatesLeader Climates
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How Do Ego Involving Leader Climates Affect Girls?
Ch t i d b• Characterized by:– punishment for mistakes and poor performance
diff ti l t t t f d f iti t d hi h– differential treatment of and favoritism toward high-ability participants
– excessive competition among participants– excessive competition among participants• Related to undesirable psychological
consequences: (Smith et al 2005)consequences: (Smith et al., 2005)
– greater anxiety– lower enjoyment and satisfactionlower enjoyment and satisfaction– more negative relationships with others in the
physical activity environment
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How Do Task Involving Leader Climates Affect Girls?
Ch t i d b• Characterized by:– leader reinforcement for improvement and effort– peer support– peer support– belief in the value and role of all participants
• Related to desirable psychological outcomes:Related to desirable psychological outcomes: (Galloway, 2003; Smith, Fry, Ethington, & Li, 2005)
– greater enjoyment– greater satisfaction– greater satisfaction– intrinsic motivation– positive relationships in physical activity p p p y y
environment– less anxiety
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Peer ClimatesPeer Climates
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What Kinds of Sport Friendships Do Girls Have?
R l t d t• Related to:– self-perceptions, enjoyment, and motivated behavior
in physical activity (S ith 2003 W i & St t 2004)in physical activity (Smith, 2003; Weiss & Stuntz, 2004)
• Dimensions include:self esteem enhancement and supportiveness loyalty– self-esteem enhancement and supportiveness, loyalty and intimacy, things in common, companionship and pleasant play, conflict resolution, conflict (McDonough & yCrocker, 2005; Weiss & Smith, 1999)
• Desired qualities: (Weiss et al., 1996; Weiss & Smith, 2002)
Girls somewhat more so than boys cite– Girls somewhat more so than boys cite supportiveness, emotional support as important dimensions of friendship quality
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What Should Peers Do?What Should Peers Do?
• Support each other– Young people who perceive greater support for their
physical activity from their friends are more active (Duncan, Duncan, & Strycker, 2005)
• Watch each other• Watch each other– Having parents, siblings, and friends watch sport
participation is motivating (Duncan et al 2005; Shieldsparticipation is motivating (Duncan et al., 2005; Shields, Bredemeier, LaVoi, & Power, 2005)
• Recognize each other’s gaccomplishments
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Summary of Findings: GirlsSummary of Findings: Girls…
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Diane Wiese-Bjornstal, Ph.D.Nicole M. LaVoi, Ph.D.U i it f Mi t
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BEST University of Minnesota
PRACTICES, PROGRAMS, POLICIES, AND FUTURE RESEARCHAND FUTURE RESEARCH
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BEST PRACTICES
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Encourage Multiple PA SourcesEncourage Multiple PA Sources
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Create Optimal PA ContextsCreate Optimal PA Contexts
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Build Positive Outcomes Through PA
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PROGRAMS
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Sample ProgramsSample Programsh C S SProgram or Approach Context or Focus Sponsor or Source
VERB Campaign Increase PA among Tweens USDHHS, CDC
Action Schools! BC School Action Plans British ColumbiaAction Schools! BC School Action Plans British Columbia
GoGirlGo! Wellness Curriculum Women’s Sports Foundation
GirlSports Teaching Sport Skills Girl Scouts USA
Girl Power! Healthy Lifestyles USDHHS
New Moves Alternative PE Program U of M, Sch. of Public Health
LEAP School Based Intervention CSHP model of CDC
TAAG School & Community Interv. Multiple testing sites
First Tee Development Life Skills USGAFirst Tee Development, Life Skills USGA
Girls on the Run (GOTR) PYD through Running Nonprofit
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POLICIES &FUTURE RESEARCH
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Policies & ResearchPolicies & ResearchPolicies Future Research• Legislation
– PLAY Everyday Act• Early participation
influences on lifespan PA– FIT Kids Act
• Reports• Physical activity and
cognitive performance– Healthy People 2010– Building “Generation Play”
Conferences & Summits
• Outcomes of girl-focused or girl-only programs
• Conferences & Summits– Action Summit on Obesity,
Mayo Clinic
• Alternative curricular models of PEL it di l i t fy
– Physical Activity in Contemporary Education Conference
• Longitudinal impact of girls’ PA on health & chronic disease
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Conference chronic disease
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY MODEL:EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH
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