Tsoi Wai Fung 11013389 - Hong Kong Baptist...
53
1 COMPARING THE KINESIOLOGY TAPE EFFECT ON LOWER LIMBS MUSCLE ENDURANCE OF MALE BASKETBALL PLAYER IN HONG KONG BY TSOI WAI FUNG 11013389 AN HONOURS PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT (HONOURS) HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY APRIL 2014
Transcript of Tsoi Wai Fung 11013389 - Hong Kong Baptist...
1
COMPARING THE KINESIOLOGY TAPE EFFECT ON LOWER LIMBS MUSCLE
ENDURANCE OF MALE BASKETBALL PLAYER IN HONG KONG
BY
TSOI WAI FUNG
11013389
AN HONOURS PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ARTS
IN
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT (HONOURS)
HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY
APRIL 2014
2
HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY
25th April, 2014
We hereby recommend that the Honours Project by Mr Tsoi
Wai Fung entitled “COMPARING THE KINESIOLOGY TAPE EFFECT ON
LOWER LIMBS MUSCLE ENDURANCE OF MALE BASKETBALL PLAYER IN HONG
KONG” be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Bachelor of Arts Honours Degree in Physical Education
And Recreation Management.
___________________ ___________________
Dr. Tom Tong Prof. Lau Wing Chung
Chief Adviser Second Reader
3
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this Honours Project “COMPARING THE
KINESIOLOGY TAPE EFFECT ON LOWER LIMBS MUSCLE ENDURANCE OF
MALE BASKETBALL PLAYER IN HONG KONG” represents my own work
and had not been previously submitted to this or institution
for a degree, diploma or other qualification. Citations from
the other authors were listed in the references.
________________________
Tsoi Wai Fung
25th April, 2014
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere
gratitude to my chief advisor, Dr. Tom Tong, for his valuable
advices and professional suggestions and guidance in whole
project period. Besides, I would also like to thank my second
reader, Dr. Patrick Lau, for reviewing my project. In addition,
I would like to give grateful thanks to the staff Dr. Stephen
Hui Research Centre for Physical Education and Wellness for
their profession advices in using the measuring tools. Finally,
I would like to thank all of the participants in this study,
for their kind cooperation and understanding.
Tsoi Wai Fung
Department of Physical Education
Hong Kong Baptist University
25th April, 2014
5
ABSTRACT
KINESIOLOGY TAPE was more and more popular currently and
it functions might help people have better sport performance
and status. The purpose of this study was to examine the
difference in lower limbs muscle endurance of male basketball
players with and without KT application in Hong Kong. Fifteen
male basketball players (n=15) from the Hong Kong Baptist
University who aged between 18 and 25 participated in the study.
The maximal repeated vertical jump test was used to examine
the vertical jump height and decrease rate of participants
with and without KT tape. There was significant difference
in decrease rate in vertical jump height of male basketball
players with (7.320) and without (14.513) KT tape application
(P = 0.000 < 0.05). The findings of this study suggested that
KT tape have a certain extent of effect in muscle endurance
of basketball players during maximal repeated vertical jump
performance.
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Page
1. INTRODUCATION.......................................11
Background of Study................................11
Purpose of the Study...............................13
Significance of the Study..........................14
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................15
Vertical jump in basketball..........................15
Countermovement jump.................................17
Effectiveness of Kinesio tape........................18
Electromyography.....................................21
Warm up exercise.....................................21
Energy system........................................22
Muscle endurance and fatigue.........................22
Muscle difference between basketball.................23
player and normal individual
Summary..............................................24
7
CHAPTER 2
METHODS............................................25
Participants.......................................25
Research Design....................................26
Definitions of terms...............................26
Operational Definition of Terms....................27
Testing Procedure..................................28
Limitations........................................32
Delimitations......................................32
Assumptions........................................33
Methods of Analysis................................34
CHAPTER 3
Data Analysis......................................35
Results............................................35
Discussion.........................................39
CONCLUSIONS........................................43
CHAPRER 4
Summary of Results................................44
8
Conclusion..................... ...................44
Recommendation of Further Study....................45
References ............................................46
Appendix...............................................50
A: Consent Form of Repeated Vertical Jump Test.........50
B: Par-Q Form .........................................53
C: Data Record Form....................................54
9
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1. Physical characteristics of the subjects (N=15) ....35
2. The mean of first and last jump heights.............38
with and without KT tape(N=15)
3. The decrease rate of subjects’ performance..........38
in the test 1 and test 2 (N=15)
4. Paired t-test in vertical jump test with............39
and without KT tape (n=15)
10
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. Countermovement vertical jump.......................29
2. Kinesio Taping applied on quadriceps muscle…........31
3. Mean decline in maximal repeated vertical...........37
jump performance with and without KT tape
11
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
Background
Vertical jump height was an important and valuable
indication of muscular power, which was a valuable factor in
lots of sports performance and for assessing the mobility and
functional capacity of injured or aged people. In most
situations, before leaving the ground, vertical jumping was
carried out by the rapid and powerful extension of the hip,
knee, and ankle joints (Chen-Yu Huang, 2011).
Basketball players always jump on the court during training
and matches. Some people believe that jumping ability can be
the key element of basketball and which can help basketball
players perform better. In order to improve performance in
basketball, numerous studies have attempted to improve the
vertical jump ability and lots of methods such as plyometric
training applied for improving the lower limbs muscle. For
example, maximum vertical jump has been used in the assessment
of movement performance and many authors have interpreted the
recorded jump height as an index of muscle power (Harman,
Rosenstein, Frykman, Rosenstein, & Kraemer, 1991; Markovic,
Dizdar, Jukic, & Cardinale, 2004; Sipila¨ et al., 2004). Most
of them can improve the maximal lower body muscle strength,
12
but the jump height would be gradually decreased when people
get tired during the game.
Hence, Jakeman (2010) believed lots of gears were found
to enhance performance and prevent injury, such as compassion
garments and so on, Kinesiology tape was one of the useful
treatment and performance enhancement tools. Kinesiology tape
(KT) was widely used by athletes nowadays, and even untrained
people were using during leisure activities. Although people
did not really understand the effectiveness of KT, they may
be affected by media and try to use it as an external material
to prevent the injuries and improve some physical
performances.
It was found that the taping methods were developed by Dr.
Kase (1980). There were lots of taping methods for different
muscle and single “I” strips was the most common shape. Besides,
other shapes were modified afterward such as an “X”, “Y” or
other specialized shapes. The direction and intensity of
stretch put on the tape during application were also developed
constantly by Dr.Kase. Actually, there were a hundreds of
methods to apply Kinesio Tape. Besides, it was found that they
has a lot of effects such as stimulated the neuromuscular
system, reduced pain and inflammation, enhanced performance,
prevented injury and promoting good circulation and healing.
13
The effect in vertical jump of KT applied on normal person
has been discussed in past related studies by Chen-Yu Huang,
Tsung-Hsun Hsieh, Szu-Ching Lu and Fong-Chin Su (2011), but
not applied on athletes. The results showed that the vertical
ground reaction force increased when Kinesio tape was applied
even when the height of jump remained about constant.
However, the major users of KT were athletes such as runner,
basketball player and volleyball player actually. Hence, I
wanted to verify if the effects were also applicable on
athletes. Since basketball players have strong lower limbs
with well training, they would be a good sample group.
Purpose of Study
There were large amount of literature investigating the
KT to facilitate muscle performance especially recovery of
muscle and injuries prevention, but it seems only limited
studies has exactly applied into the use of basketball.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the
difference in lower limbs muscle endurance of basketball
players with and without KT application. The result obtained
could provide the coaches and players with more information
about the effectiveness of KT tape and it could help them
improve player’s performance.
14
Significance of study
Sean Williams, Chris Whatman, Patria A. Hume and Kelly
Sheerin (2012) believed Kinesio tape (KT) was one of the most
commonly used elastic tapes in sport injury prevention,
rehabilitation of injured athletes and sports performance
enhancement, but there was not much specific information
discussing the benefits with regard to muscle activity when
applying KT tape during a vertical jump. KT was frequently
considered for use on athletes. For professional basketball
players, muscle endurance was an important part of training.
They have to spend extremely much energy in every match, so
they need something to improve muscle endurance or recovery
capability. If KT would be found to be effective for athletes
or untrained people, it would be more and more people can gain
its benefits and they can use it to improve their performance
in sports activities such as running, playing volleyball as
well as soccer. Based on the information obtained in this study,
the coaches, basketball player, and practitioners would gain
more insights in understanding the actual effectiveness of
KT.
15
Research Hypothesis
1. There would be difference in quadriceps endurance during
the repeated vertical jump performance between basketball
players with and without Kinesio taping.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Lots of articles pointed out that Kinesio tape has been
used to prevent injury during exercise and sometime for
enhancing the sport performance such as jumping. Vertical jump
ability was one of the important elements for being successful
in different sports, especially for those always include
jumping, such as volleyball and basketball. In this study,
the objective of literature review was to present previous
studies which related to the issues about KT. This review of
literature was divided into sections: 1. Vertical jump in
basketball, 2. Countermovement jump, 3. Effectiveness of
Kinesio tape, 4. Electromyography, 5.Warm up exercise, 6.
Energy system 7. Muscle endurance and fatigue 8. Muscle
difference between basketball player and normal individual,
and 9.Summary.
16
Vertical jump in basketball
Basketball was a very complicated sport and it involves
lots of skills. According to Fossile, Eugenio et al (2011),
basketball is a kind of open-skill team sport, which strongly
depended on the players' capability. Speed, jumping ability,
and coordination of lower and upper limb were all important
skills in basketball. In addition, basketball players were
required to use appropriated shooting, dribbling, and
rebounding technique under pressure to achieve successful
performances. According to Miura, Ken; Yamamoto, Masayoshi
(2010), improving jumping abilities could obviously enhance
people’s competitive performance in basketball. Also, in
basketball, players always jump for example during shooting,
rebounding, as well as blocking. It can basically explain how
important jumping ability was in basketball games or
competitions as this was the essential movement in the sport.
Therefore, various studies have been focused on the
development of vertical jump performance. Although lots of
training methods, such as heavy-resistance training,
explosive type resistance training, electro stimulation
training and vibration training, have been effectively used
for improving vertical jump performance, most coaches and
17
researchers seem to suggest that plyometric training (PT) was
a good method to improve vertical jump ability and leg muscle
power (Goran Markovic,2007). Plyometric training refers to
performance of stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) movements that
involve a high intensity eccentric contraction immediately
after a rapid and powerful concentric contraction (Malisoux
L, Francaux M, Nielens H, et al. ,2006).
Countermovement jump
Without doubts, vertical jump was the key element in
basketball. There were some various types of vertical jump
such as countermovement jump and squat jump and basketball
player always use those jumps actually. In the past study,
Maarten F. Bobbert, Karin G. M. Gerritsen, Maria C. A. Litjens,
and Arthur J. Van Soest (1996) found that the result of
countermovement jump was higher than squat jump comparatively
since people produce more power during performing the
countermovement jump.
According to VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A (2010),
Vertical jump was a fast and powerful movement and which
involved lots of muscle and body joints. At the beginning of
countermovement vertical jump and before push off movement
begins, people did the hip extension to raise the body. Then
18
knee extension was appeared and quadriceps was the main
muscles in above actions. Afterward, ankle plantar flexion
was the last movement before jumping up and the muscles
involved were always gastrocnemius and soleus. In
countermovement jump, shoulder flexion or arms swing were very
important to make the jumping as high as possible. Vertical
jump was almost whole body muscle movement.
Vertical Ground Reaction Force
There was an equal and opposite reaction between each
person in every action according to Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion.
People contacted with the ground all the time every day and
there was an interaction between body and ground. For example,
a person standing on the ground and there was a contact force
between them. The force usually equaled to the person’s weight.
Therefore, when people tried to make a vertical jump, the equal
force was appeared by the person.
Use of Kinesio tape
Dr. Kase found and developed the taping methods since 1980.
There were hundreds of taping methods for different muscle
and single “I” strips was the most common shape. Besides, other
19
shapes were modified afterward such as an “X”, “Y” or other
specialized shapes. The direction and amount of stretch placed
on the tape during application were also developed constantly
by Dr.Kase. Kim Su-Hyung (2005) indicated I-shaped and
Y-shaped sacrospinalis muscle taping was applied to people
with back problem to determine numerically effects in muscle
strength and gravity during flexion and extension of the
trunk.
Effectiveness of Kinesio tape
In other to improve human’s sport performance, scientists
study numerous methods and develop lots of external gear or
wearing for this purpose. The use of compressive clothing was
becoming increasingly widespread, and lots of people will wear
compressive garments during exercise. Previous studies have
shown improved performance and recovery after EIMD (John R.
Jakeman, 2010). Apart from compressive gears, functional
taping was also a popular trend in lots of sports such as
basketball, running and volleyball, even in leisure activity
such as jogging. Kinesio tape (KT) was a kind of colorful
elastic tape for people who want to prevent sport injury and
improve sport performance. Postural amendment, feelings of
comfort, decreased inflammation and pain, and the
20
normalization of joint range of motion were probably the
effectiveness of KT tape that many researchers have pointed
out before (Chen-Yu Huang, 2011).
Actually, some people believe that there was a
psychological effect when they were using KT tape as it gives
an effective force through minimal contact with the skin and
they will feel protective.
Besides, prevention and treatment of injuries were main
functions of KT tape. As we know, increasing the volume of
blood flow was one of the elements in the healing process,
so Kenzo Kase, D.C., and Tatsuyuki Hashimoto (1997) tried to
find out whether KT tape has this effect. Finally, Kenzo Kase,
D.C., and Tatsuyuki Hashimoto (1997) found that there was
effective changing in the volume of the peripheral blood flow
when people with physical disorders applying Kinesio Tape,
but not health people. Also, Yuan-Yuan Lee, Hsiao-Yun Chang,
Yun-Chi Chang, and Juo-Ming Chen (2012) pointed out that KT
tape could help improve the muscle contraction and blood
circulation since KT tape used the elasticity to produce the
skin folds.
On the other hand, non-elastic tapes were one of the popular
sport tapes. They provide a strong adhesion force leading to
support the body joints and muscles, but they also make the
21
restriction of body movement or cause skin discomfort. Lots
of studies show that non-elastic tapes can only prevent sport
injuries, but not improving performance even affect the range
of motion of joints.
Electromyography
Theoretically, both nerves and muscles can be operated
electrically. Robert M (2010) believes nerves conduct
electrical impulses from one point to another and those
electrical impulses can be measured and recorded logically.
Besides, Goodridge, A. E. (1988) pointed out that the main function
of EMG was to stimulate the muscles and nerves with small bursts
of electricity to see the nerves and muscles respond in a normal
way or not. Since KT tape can gives an effective force through
minimal contact with the skin, it will stimulate the muscles
and nerves. EMG was a great way to see how difference of muscles
after using KT tape.
Warm up exercise
Warm up was always highly recommended before people doing
any exercise and it can divide into static and dynamic warm
up. The main reason of warm up was to do some gentle physical
exercises to make muscle warm and prepare the body for high
intensity actions such as running, playing basketball, soccer
and so on.
22
Static stretching was a traditional warm up method. In
the past, it was the preferred warm-up before activity, and
still many people used to a large extent nowadays. According
to Jon Ransom (2011), the goals of static stretching were to
increase the length of soft tissue and the flexibility of a
group of specific muscle. A recent study in the Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research showed that a dynamic warm
up improved eccentric quadriceps strength and hamstring
flexibility, whereas a static warm up did not.
Recently, dynamic warm-ups were more preferred in lots of
sport such as basketball, soccer. Actually, people stretch
the muscle with dynamic motion. Jon Ransom (2011) believed
that dynamic warm-ups can increase muscular flexibility and
potentially reduce the injury rate by decreasing reflexive
muscle contractions.
Energy system
Powers SK & Howley ET (2007) pointed that anaerobic
exercises mainly relied on ATP-PC energy system. Basically,
ATP-PC energy system provided immediate energy which can only
for a very short duration exercise around 10 to 15 seconds
before it fatigues through the breakdown of these stored high
energy phosphates. Matthews (1981) indicated that "energy
pathways": ATP-CP and LA, LA-02, and 02 were the main energy
23
system provided in our body during doing different physical
activities. Exercise could be mainly divided into aerobic and
anaerobic. Vertical jump exercise was a shape anaerobic
exercise and this maximum repeated vertical jump test was also
a kind of anaerobic exercises.
Muscle endurance and fatigue
Basketball required a sustained effort exerted over a
period of time. Therefore, muscle endurance was an important
element in physical performance. There were lots of ways to
make muscle fatigue, for example intermittent contractions
and sustained contractions such as wingate test. Ciara White,
Kimberley Dixon, Dinesh Samuel and Maria Stokes (2013) pointed
that intermittent contractions cause slower loss of force than
sustained contractions. Besides, an ability to maintain
sufficient levels of endurance relying on physiological
factors such as fiber type composition and structure, muscle
blood flow and strength of the muscle group.
Muscle difference between basketball player and normal
individual
Competitive basketball player may gain a specific and
24
intensive training effect as the result of long term exercise
such as footwork and interval practices on the field. This
study aimed to compare the vertical jump with and without KT
tape in competitive swimmers and untrained persons. Demura,
Shinichi (2010) believed that the exercise training effect
was related with the training method such as training region,
muscle contraction property, and work load. Therefore,
basketball training required lots of muscle tension and muscle
contraction. Muscle strengths, muscle mass and body weight
were increased by those training. Muscle fibers between
athlete and untrained persons were also different. I wonder
the stimulation in trained subject was limited as their muscle
and nerves were well trained to work together. Therefore,
athlete and untrained people will be tested and compared.
Summary
KT became more and more popular and it was frequently
considered for use on athletes for training or competition
and even untrained persons. Besides, lots of studies indicated
that KT tape was effective in preventing sport injury and
improving performance. In basketball, vertical jump ability
was key important and people wanted to improve it all the time
and maintaining the muscle endurance in basketball game was
also essential target. Since KT tape might stimulate people‘s
muscle, it may have different result in vertical jump
25
performance after applying KT tape. Therefore, KT tape was
considered to widely use in basketball player as well as other
exercise.
CHAPTER 3
METHODS
The aim of this study was to investigate the Kinesiology
tape effect on vertical jump to basketball player. This
chapter illustrated the methodology used in the study. The
sections of this chapter included: (a) participants, (b)
research design, (c) definition of terms, (d) procedures, (e)
delimitations, (g) assumptions, and (h) methods of analysis.
Participants
Fifteen Hong Kong Chinese male basketball players
volunteered for this study. Their ages ranged from 18 to 25
years. They were recruited from HKBU physical education &
recreation management. Each participant was asked to complete
a physical activity readiness questionnaire and a written
informed consent form prior to data collection. The
participants were all physically active individuals with no
history of having chronic diseases. They had no injuries at
26
the time of data collection. All participants were regular
basketball players with more than three years experiences in
this sport.
Research Design
This study aimed at identifying the difference in lower
limbs muscle endurance during the repeated vertical jump
performance between basketball players with and without KT
tape application.
This study investigated the difference of deceacsement in
vertical jump performance after using KT tape on the
quadriceps.
Definitions of terms
1. Kinesiology tape
Kinesio tape (KT) refers to a kind of elastic tape invented
by Dr. Kase (Kase, Wallis, & Kase, 2003). Dr. Kase suggested
the possible beneficial effects when the tapes were applied,
included the following (1) improve the contraction ability
of the muscle; (2) use the elasticity to create skin folds
resulting in increased the space underneath the skin to
27
improve circulation of blood and lymph; (3) to activate
neurological suppression in order to reduce pain and increase
joint range of motion; and (4) adjust malalignment of muscle,
myofascia and joint (Kase et al., 2003; Fu, Wong, Pei, Wu,
Chou, & Lin, 2008; Chang, Chou, Lin, Lin, & Wang, 2010).
2. Vertical jump
Vertical jump was a fast and powerful movement and this
movement involved lots of muscle and body joints. At the
beginning of countermovement vertical jump and before push
off movement begins, people did the hip extension to raise
the body. Then knee extension was appeared and ankle plantar
flexion was the last movement before jumping up. Shoulder
flexion or arms swing were very important to make the jumping
as high as possible. Vertical jump was almost whole body muscle
movement.
Operational Definition of Terms
1. Basketball player
Basketball player refers to the regular basketball players
with more than three years experiences in this sport in Hong
Kong. In this study, it also refers to the member of HKBU
basketball team in the academic year 2013-2014, who has been
28
participating in regular training.
Testing Procedure
Data collection of this study was conducted since March
2014. All tests were conducted by the same test administrator
and at the same place in the laboratory of Dr. Stephen Hui
Research Centre for the Physical Recreation and Wellness of
Hong Kong Baptist University. Before the start of the test,
participants had to sign the consent form (Appendix A) and
PAR-Q form (Appendix B) that proved the subjects health status
allowed her to do the test. Then, they had to sign up the consent
form voluntarily that showed they have fully understood the
aim and the procedure of the test.
Participants were asked to remove their shoes to measure
body height with arm length. Participants were asked to stand
straight and put their hands up and measure the height by
stadiometer. The maximum vertical jump test was used to
measure the jump height of players. Purvi K. Changela, Sarla
Bhatt (2012) had also indicated how to measure the jump height
in this test. A Vertec vertical jump device was used to
determine jump height of subject with and without KT tape in
this study. The participant was asked to stand side onto the
vertec, keep both feet remaining on the ground, and reach up
29
as high as possible with one hand (M1). Then the appropriated
height of vertical jump measurement device was adjusted based
on participant’s height. The player from a static position
jumped as high as possible and hit the vertec (M2) like Figure
1. The researcher measured and recorded the distance between
M1 and M2.
Figure 1. Countermovement vertical jump.
In this study, elastic tape A (Kinesio Tex KTX- 050, Tokyo,
Japan) was applied to the participants.
Before the warm up section, the test administrator
demonstrated and instructed the correct vertical jump
movement to participants. Practice trial was given to each
participant and each participant was allowed to practice
30
several times.
The test was competed within around 10 mintunes including
warm up. Before doing exercise, warm up was always suggested
to execute for heating the muscle for safety problem and also
improving the sport performance. Warm-up activity was
prepared for athletes to move towards more vigorous activity.
Instead of using static stretching during warm-ups, dynamic
movements were also recommended during warm-up. It helped
elevate body temperature, maximize ranges of motion, and
excite motor units and kinesthetic awareness (J Shimon, ID
Boise – 2009). Therefore, participant needed to wear the heart
rate monitor and do the 5mintues running warm-up on treadmill
with 80% of maximum heart rate.
Afterward, participant was requested to finish the 5
minutes vertical jump test immediately. Each participant was
instructed to perform the vertical jump with the standing
flat-fosoted and using a countermovement with arm swing.
Afterward, they jumped off the ground with both feet and
reaching as high as possible by their hand lastly (Meyer, et
al., 2006). Each participant performed maximum vertical jumps
every 5 seconds without KT tape. Standardized verbal commands
31
from the researcher ensured participants were contracting at
the appropriate times. There were 60 trials in vertical jump
test. First trial and every 1 minute trial results were
recorded in the record sheet (Appendix C).
After the whole set of trail without (with) KT tape,
participants got the full rest. All participants were required
to repeat the completed procedure next time with (without)
KT tape. KT tape applied like Figure 2.
Fig. 2. Kinesio Taping applied on quadriceps muscle.
After two tests, all data were collected and analyzed for this
32
study.
Limitations:
The following were the limitations that must be considered
when analyzing the results of the study.
1. The participants’ physical lifestyle and status might
affect the results of the study.
2. The motivation of the subjects in performing the maximum
vertical jump test, especially in the last two minute. It
might affect the results of the study.
3. The results of this study cannot be generally applied to
the population at large.
4. The placebo effect did not be eliminated.
Delimitations:
The delimitations of the study were listed as follows:
1. The participants were delimited to 15 male basketball
players (n =15) aged from 18 to 25 years in this study. (N
= 15). All participants would select from HKBU physical
education & recreation management, who have been
participating in regular training.
33
2. The period of data collection was delimited to March 2014.
3. The vertical jump test with KT tape and without tape was
tested on two separate days within a week.
4. Warm up procedures were often recommended to promote
performance and prevent injury.
5. The whole measurement was carried out in the laboratory of
Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for the Physical Recreation
and Wellness of Hong Kong Baptist University.
6. A half of participant completed the test without KT tape
at first trial, and a half of them completed the test with
KT tape at first trial.
Assumptions
The assumptions of this study were as follows:
1. The participants understood the instructions of the maximal
vertical jump test.
2. The participants performed their best in the maximal
vertical jump test.
34
Methods of Analysis
The following hypothesis was examined:
1. There would be better quadriceps endurance during the
repeated vertical jump performance between basketball
players with and without Kinesio taping.
All data was entered into the Statistical Package for Social
Science (SPSS, SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA) file for data
analysis. The levels of significance were set at .05. The
descriptive statistics of each variable such as mean, variance,
standard deviation, participants’ age, body height, arm
length, and performance in the maximal vertical jump test were
calculated. In order to verify the difference of vertical jump
performance with and without KT tape on basketball player,
Paired t Test was applied. The paired t-test was used to compare
the values of means of vertical jump height decrease rate form
participates with and without KT tape. The difference between
the means of the score was to indicate that if basketball
players applying KT tape could improve vertical jump
performance was significant.
35
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
Results
15 male Physical Education & Recreation Management
basketball players between 18 to 25 years old were invited
to participate in this study. The purpose of this study was
to examine the difference in lower limbs muscle endurance
during the repeated vertical jump performance between
basketball players with and without KT application. All
subjects engaged in 5 minutes maximum repeated vertical jump
test with and without KT tape. According to the results, the
researcher also tried to find out and compare the decrease
of jump height between two conditions. All results for
statistical significance were standardized at an alpha level
of P < 0.05, and all results were expressed in form of range,
mean and ±SD while n=15.
Descriptive statistic of the physical characteristic of
all participants was shown in the table 1:
Table 1. Physical characteristics of the subjects (N=15)
Subject Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
36
Subject 15 1 15 8.00 4.472
Birth-year 15 1990 1995 1992.87 1.598
Height 15 169.0 188.0 178.000 6.0119
Weight 15 62.0 90.0 71.067 7.2945
In these 15 university male basketball players, the avenge
age of them were 22 years old, the avenge height were 178 cm,
and the avenge weight were 71 kg.
Participants performed total 60 repetitions throughout
the vertical jump test and first trial and every 1 minute trial
results were recorded. The trend of decline of jump height
were shown in Figure 3:
Figure 3. Mean decline in maximal repeated vertical jump
performance with and without KT tape
37
The peak height values were obtained from each of the 60
maximal repetitions. The knee extensor declined during the
maximal repeated vertical jump performance and the mean value
without KT tape of the last repetition 55.153 cm was
significantly lower than the mean of the first repetition
64.427 cm. Besides, the mean value with KT tape of the last
repetition 61.740 cm was significantly lower than the mean of
the first repetition 67.027 cm. The jump heights of both
repetitions were shown in table 2:
Table 2. The mean of first and last jump heights with and without
KT tape(N=15)
Mean of
jump
height Subject
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
First
repetition
with
tape
67.027 15 5.1267 1.3237
without
tape
64.427 15 5.1267 1.3237
38
Last
repetition
with
tape
61.740 15 4.2325 1.0928
without
tape
55.153 15 4.0359 1.0421
A paired t-test examined the differences in mean values
of the first and last repetition. The descriptive statistics
of the subjects’ performance in the vertical jump Test without
KT tape (Test 1) and the vertical jump with KT tape (Test 2)
were shown in table 3:
Table 3. The decrease rate of subjects’ performance in the
test 1 and test 2 (N=15)
Mean of the
vertical
jump height
decrease
rate Subject
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Pair 1 Test1(dec
rease%)
14.513 15 2.9169 .7531
Test2(dec
rease%)
7.320 15 2.7644 .7138
Test1: vertical jump test without KT tape
Test2: vertical jump test with KT tape
The individual result of subjects in the vertical jump test
without KT tape (Test 1) and the vertical jump test with KT
tape (Test 2) was computed. The result of paired t-test was
shown as the following Table:
39
Table 4. Paired t-test in vertical jump test with and without
KT tape (n=15)
t df
Sig.
(2-tailed)
7.844 14 .000
From the result, t(14) = 7.844 > 2.145 ( critical value )
As a result, P = 0.000 < 0.05, the null hypothesis that
“There would be difference in quadriceps endurance during the
vertical jump test between basketball players with and without
Kinesio taping” was rejected. There was significant
difference in the without tape (7.320) and with tape (14.513).
In average, the subjects have an average higher vertical
jump performance after applying KT tape. The mean in table
2 was the decrease rate of vertical jump height of subjects.
The table showed that the mean of result without tape was 14.513
and the result with tape was 7.320. There was the difference
between two conditions. When subjects applied KT tape during
the test, their jump height decrease rate was lower.
Discussion
The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in
lower limbs muscle endurance of male basketball players with
40
and without KT application during the repeated vertical jump
performance in Hong Kong. In the following discussion part,
three parts would be divided: (1) the difference between the
performances of vertical jump test without KT tape with KT
tape, (2) factors affected the result of both vertical jump
test, and (3) the time setting of vertical jump test.
(1) The difference between the performances of repeated
vertical jump test without KT tape with KT tape
The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in
lower limbs muscle endurance of male basketball players with
and without KT application in Hong Kong. Actually, there were
lots of studies proved that KT tape has some effect on people
such as postural amendment, feelings of comfort, decreased
inflammation and pain, and the normalization of joint range
of motion. At the result, when participants applied KT tape
during the vertical jump, there was really a difference
comparing with no taping. All participants got the better
performance with KT tape.
Chen-Yu Huang, Tsung-Hsun Hsieh, Szu-Ching Lu and Fong-Chin
Su (2011) have discussed the vertical jump performance with
and without KT tape in the past and they found out no
significant positive effects with KT tape. However, there was
a positive effect with KT tape in this study. The key difference
41
between these studies was the purpose. This study focused on
the endurance of lower limb muscle. Participants were asked
to finish the high intensive vertical jump test and they all
got fatigue during the test. It indicated that KT tape might
not show the effects immediately in a very short period.
(2) Factors affected the result of both repeated vertical jump
performance
Psychological factors
Ciara White, Kimberley Dixon, Dinesh Samuel and Maria
Stokes (2013) believed that since the maximal effort was
required during the maximal repeated vertical jump tests,
participant motivation was very important. Therefore, verbal
instructions were standardized to encourage the participants
to use maximal force performance.
In order to measure the difference between the result with
and without KT tape, participants have to apply the KT tape
to complete the vertical jump test. As they were physical
education students, they have some related knowledge of KT
tape already. Therefore, in their mind, they may have the idea
that KT tape might provide a positive effect for their
performance.
42
Most of them might be influenced by psychological effect.
Since researcher tried to find out the effect of KT tape, but
not compare different brand of tape, it was difficult to
eliminate the placebo effect in this study. Daniel E. Moerman
(2002) pointed out that the definition of placebo effect was
“an epithet given to any medicine adapted more to please than
benefit the patient”. Therefore, researcher has to blind the
participants and test the real effect of KT tape. In the study,
it lacked the placebo group, so it might affect the result.
Daily variance
As this vertical jump test was a high intensity test,
participants were required to have good physical state to
complete it. The daily activities might affect the
participants’ condition and status. As all subjects were
physical education students, they have to attend skill courses
and personal training every day. Therefore, they might not
able to perform their best because of tiredness or injuries.
The test result would be affected.
(3) The time setting of vertical jump test
Powers SK & Howley ET (2007) indicated people did anaerobic
43
exercises relying on ATP-PC energy system and this maximum
vertical jump test was a kind of anaerobic exercises.
Basically, ATP-PC energy system provided immediate energy
which can only for a very short duration exercise around 10
to 15 seconds before it fatigues through the breakdown of these
stored high energy phosphates. Based on this physiological
characteristic, the time setting of the vertical jump test
was set as 5 seconds rest between each jump since participant
might recover rapidly if there was more resting time. The
purpose of this study was to examine the difference in lower
limbs muscle endurance of male basketball players with and
without KT application in Hong Kong. All participants were
required to perform the best effort and the jump height might
drop gradually throughout the 5 minutes test. The jump height
decrease percentage of both with and without KT tape was
compared. At the result, high intensity exercise with only
5 seconds rest can successfully make decrease to the jump
height.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Summary of Results
The present study attempted to examine the difference in
lower limbs muscle endurance of male basketball players with
44
and without KT application in Hong Kong. In this study, a total
of 15 male Physical Education & Recreation Management
basketball players between 18 to 25 years old were invited
to participate. All of them perform the vertical jump test
with KT tape and without KT tape in Dr. Stephen Hui Research
Centre for the Physical Recreation and Wellness of Hong Kong
Baptist University. The data of result was collected from
March to April 2014. The jump height and test results data
were analyzed by Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS).
Paired t-test (t) was used, and the 0.05 level of significance
was used for all statistical tests.
The results of this study were summarized as follows:
1. There was significant difference in decrease rate in
vertical jump height of male basketball players with (7.320)
and without (14.513) KT application (P = 0.000 < 0.05, n=15).
Conclusion
Findings of this study indicated that there was significant
positive effect in quadriceps endurance during the repeated
vertical jump performance after applying Kinesio tape. It was
concluded that the jump height decrease rate was lower after
applying Kinesio tape.
45
Recommendation of Further Study
1. The participant of this study was all male basketball
players. The results of this study might not be able to
illustrate the female’s performance. Therefore, it was
recommended to use both male and female participants. Apart
from basketball player, in order to find out the effects
of KT tape to every signal person, different kinds of sport
players should be include in the study.
2. Because of the time limit, only basketball player involved
in this study. However, there might be physical diffidence
such as muscle mass and muscle fiber between basketball
player and untrained person. Therefore, this study could
be replicated using both basketball player and untrained
person to improve representativeness of the study.
3. There was no placebo group in this study, so the real effects
of KT tape was not able to be clearly and completely reflexed.
Therefore, placebo group should be included in the study
to find out the effects of KT tape deeply.
46
Reference
Bobbert, M. F., Gerritsen, K. G., Litjens, M. C., & Van Soest,
A. J. (1996). Why is countermovement jump height greater
than squat jump height?.Medicine and science in sports
and exercise, 28, 1402-1412.
Fox, Edward L and Mathews, Donald K (1981). The physiological
basis of physical education and athletics, 3rd ed,
illustrated by Nancy Allison Close Publ Info
Philadelphia : Saunders College Pub., c1981
Goodridge, A. E. (1988). Electromyography and Nerve
Conduction Studies.Canadian Family Physician, 34, 339.
Huang, C. Y., Hsieh, T. H., Lu, S. C., & Su, F. C. (2011).
Effect of the Kinesio tape to muscle activity and vertical
jump performance in healthy inactive people.Biomed Eng
Online, 10, 70, from
http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content
/10/1/70
Jakeman, J. R., Byrne, C., & Eston, R. G. (2010). Lower limb
compression garment improves recovery from
exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active
females. European journal of applied physiology, 109(6),
1137-1144.
Jon Ransom (2011). Dynamic Flexibility Vs. Static Stretching
For Warm Up.
Kenzo Kase, D.C., and Tatsuyuki Hashimoto, Ph.D. (1997).
Changes in the Volume of the Peripheral Blood Flow by
using Kinesio Taping®. Dr. Kase, Chairman/Founder of the
47
Kinesio Taping® Association, and Dr. Hashimoto,
Educational Director for the Kinesio Taping® Association
Kim Su-Hyung (2005). The Effect of Kinesio- Taping on the
Change of Muscle Strength and Endurance in Trunk Flexion
and Extension in Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP). Kinesio
taping association international. Published Research.
Lee, Y. Y., Chang, H. Y., Chang, Y. C., & Chen, J. M. (2012,
July). THE EFFECT OF APPLIED DIRECTION OF KINESIO TAPING
IN ANKLE MUSCLE STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY.
In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive (Vol. 1, No. 1).
Markovic, G. (2007). Does plyometric training improve
vertical jump height? A meta-analytical review. British
journal of sports medicine, 41(6), 349-355.
Markovic, G., & Jaric, S. (2007). Is vertical jump height a
body size-independent measure of muscle power?. Journal
of sports sciences, 25(12), 1355-1363.
Miura, K., Yamamoto, M., Tamaki, H., & Zushi, K. (2010).
Determinants of the abilities to jump higher and shorten
the contact time in a running 1-legged vertical jump in
basketball. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning
Research,24(1), 201-206.
Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., BRENT, J. L., & Hewett, T. E. (2006).
The effects of plyometric vs. dynamic stabilization and
balance training on power, balance, and landing force
in female athletes. The Journal of Strength &
Conditioning Research, 20(2), 345-353.
Nesser, T. W., Huxel, K. C., Tincher, J. L., & Okada, T. (2008).
The relationship between core stability and performance
in Division I football players. The Journal of Strength
48
& Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1750-1754.
Powers SK & Howley ET (2007). Exercise Physiology: Theory and
Application to Fitness and Performance (6th ed).
McGraw-Hill, NY
Purvi K. Changela, Sarla Bhatt (2012). The correlational study
of the vertical jump test and wingate cycle test as a
method to assess anaerobic power in high school
basketball players. International Journal of Scientific
and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 6.
Williams, S., Whatman, C., Hume, P. A., & Sheerin, K. (2012).
Kinesio taping in treatment and prevention of sports
injuries. Sports medicine, 42(2), 153-164.
White, C., Dixon, K., Samuel, D., & Stokes, M. (2013). Handgrip
and quadriceps muscle endurance testing in young
adults. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 1-8,
formhttp://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/451
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A(2010). Seeley's Anatomy
& Physiology (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
49
Appendix A
HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY
INFORMED CONSENT STATEMENT
Title
Comparing the Kinesiology tape effect on quadriceps endurance between basketball player
and untrained persons in Hong Kong
You are invited to participate in a laboratory study. The purpose of the study is to examine the
difference in vertical jump performance of basketball players with and without KT
application.
INFORMATIO
Subjects
Fifteen 18-25 years Hong Kong Chinese male basketball players from HKBU Physical
Education & Recreation Management will be invited to participate in this study.
Purpose and Explanation of the Test
The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in quadriceps endurance during the
manipulated situation between basketball players with and without KT application. The result
could provide the coaches and players with more information about the effectiveness of KT
tape and it could help them improve player’s performance.
Procedure of the test
In order to manipulate the situation as basketball game, the test last 10 mintunes since there is
10 mintunes in each period of real game. Each participant will be instructed to perform the
vertical jump with the standing flat-footed and using a countermovement with arm swing.
Afterward, they will jump off the ground with both feet and reaching as high as possible by
their hand lastly (Meyer, et al., 2006). Each participant will perform maximum vertical jumps
every 20 seconds without KT tape and all vertical jump score will be recorded.
After the whole set of trail without KT tape, participants need the full rest. They will be
applied the KT tape and perform the exact test next time. After two tests, all data will be
collected and analyze for this study.
50
RISKS
Risks / Discomforts
Normal human physiological responses including high ventilatory demand induced-sensation
of breathlessness, locomotor and ventilatory muscle fatigue, soreness and dull pain will be
elicited during the exercise tests when subjects approach exhaustion. The sensation of
breathlessness will release immediately after termination of the exercise while the muscle
soreness may remain for few hours after the exercise.
Measures to minimize the Risks / Discomforts
You will be instructed to do a standard warm-up exercise before each exercise testing in order
to minimize the hard feeling elicited from the acute change from rest to vigorous physical
activity level. During exercise, you will be closely supervised throughout the testing period
and
_____________
Subject’s initials
There is always a valid communication between you and the test administrator. After the
termination of the exercise test, you will be instructed to continue exercise at light intensity
immediately after the exercise test for avoiding the blood pooling in locomotor muscles.
When the heart-rate reduces to 100 – 120 beats.min-1
, you will be instructed to doing
cool-down exercise including muscle stretching for increasing the recovery from muscle
fatigue.
BENEFITS
Through the exercise tests, you will understand your vertical jump ability and also the exact
effect of KT tape. Moreover, basketball players will consolidate their knowledge of use of
KT tape and apply on their own or on their students to improve performance.
CONFIDENTIALITY
All the testing records of each subject will be filed with subject’s name as the file name. All
the files will be kept in the Centre and classified as confidential. The results of the tests of
all subjects will be reported in aggregate terms and individual responses will not be described
unless it is necessary. The subjects’ personal recorded and all the files’ name will be erased
after the completion of the study and the testing results of each subject therefore cannot be
51
identified.
CONTACT
Any questions about the test procedures and the results of your test are encouraged. If you
have any questions or concerns, please ask the test administrator Tsoi Wai Fung (Tel:
98804293) to explain further.
PARTICIPATION
Your participation in this study is voluntary; you may decline to participate without penalty.
If you decide to participate, you may withdraw from the study at any time without penalty and
without loss of benefits to which you are otherwise entitled. If you withdraw from the study
before data collection is completed your data will be returned to you or destroyed.
CONSENT
I have read and understand the above information. I have received a copy of this form. I
agree to participate in this study.
Subject's signature_______________________________ Date _______________________
Investigator's signature____________________________ Date _______________________
52
Appendix B
53
Appendix C
Record Sheet
Participant student ID: __________
Test Date: (yy) (mm) (dd)
Background information
Name:_______________
Date of Birth: (yy) (mm) (dd)
80% HR:
Speed:
Intensity:
Height: ____________cm
Weight: ____________kg
Arm Length: ________cm
Record of Scores
*start from 23cm *13mm differences between each piece
Without KT tape
Time 00:05 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00
VJH
*VJH = Vertical Jump Height
With KT tape
Time 00:05 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00
VJH
*VJH = Vertical Jump Height
