TSL3104 Aspects of Connected Speech
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Transcript of TSL3104 Aspects of Connected Speech
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Features of Connected SpeechMRA2011
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Features of Connected Speech1. Assimilation
Place assimilation
Voicing assimilation2. ElisionOmissionDeletion
3. Linking Word-ending consonants attract word-initial vowels
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Assimilation Assimilation is a process in spoken or connected speechin which a particular sound or phoneme changes to
become more like an adjacent sounde.g. Slow speech Casual speechi. not yet n t jet nt etii. Could you kud ju kudu
a. Progressive asssimilationb. Regressive assimilation
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AssimilationTwo types:a. Progressive assimilation
Sound change to match preceding sounde.g. get m - ge t tm
b. Regressive assimilationSound changes to match a following phonemee.g. mi:t pai - mi:p pai
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Assimilation Assimilation can be identified in:
i. place of articulation
ii. manner of articulationiii. phonation (voicing)
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Assimilation1. Place assimilation
a. Bilabalisation of Alveolar soundse.g. Alveolar [t] changes to bilabial [p]
Others : [d] to [b] bad pain, blood bank, good morning[n] to[m] iron man, question mark, action plan,
green pot, brown bag, fan belt
Utterance Description
that person [t p:sn] [ p p:sn]put back [p t bk] [pp bk]Test paper [test peip] [tes p peip]Meat pie [mi:t pai] [mi:p pai]
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Assimilationb. Velarisation of Alveolar soundse.g. Alveolar [t] changes to velar [k]
Others : [d] to [g] good cook, hard copy, good girl, red guitar[n] to[] human capital, golden gate, tin can, town clerk, ground control,
Utterance Description
credit card [kredit ka:d] [kredi k ka:d]smart card [sma:t ka:d ] [sma: k ka:d that case [t keis] [ k keis]bright colour [brait kl] [brai k kl]
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Assimilationc. Palatalisation of Alveolar soundse.g. Alveolar [s] & [z] changes to palatal [ ] & [] before [ ] & [j]
Others : [z] to [] before [j] this young man
Utterance Description
bus shelter [b s elt] [b elt]dress shop [dres p] [dre p]space shuttle [speis tl] [spei tl]this year [iz ji] [i ji]
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Assimilation2. Manner assimilation (very few)
e.g. Final plosive becomes a fricative or nasalthat side [ s saId]good night [g n naIt]
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Assimilation3. Voicing assimilation
A phoneme changes to match the phonation of aprevious or following sound.
a. Plural morpheme realised as voiceless [s] or voiced[z] according to preceding sound (progressiveassimilation)
[s] [z]
cats [k ts] pads [p dz]packs [p ks] bags [b gz]
taps [t ps] labs [l bz]
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Assimilation3. Voicing assimilation
b. Past tense morphemes realised asvoiceless [t] or voiced [d] (progressiveassimilation)
[t] [d]
washed [w t] pulled [p ld]
missed [mi st] robbed [r bd]
sipped [si pt] lived [li v d]
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ElisionElision occurs when a sound is omitted and it is atypical feature of connected speech.
This kind of reduction occurs mainly in words ending with /t/ and /d/ and particularly when they arebetween two other consonants:(a) omission of /t/:
next please /neks pli:z/I dont know /a dn n /post the letter /p s let/
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Elision(b) omission of /d/:old man / l mn/
you and me /ju: n mi:/sandwich /snw t /stand there /stn e /
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Linking /r/In connected speech, the sound r at the end of a word may be pronounced if the following word begins with a vowel.Example:
her English /h r gl / far away /fa: r we/
car alarm /k r lm
*car keys /k kiz/
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Intrusive r The insertion of an r is between two words inconnected speech.
It appears between two words in situations wherethe first word ends with / / or / :/ and the next wordbegins with a vowel.Example:
Formula A /f :mjl e/ /f :mjl r e/here and there /h nd e / /h rn e/
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Intrusive /w/ and /j/Occur when we face a vowel-vowel word junction:i. Intrusive /w/:
you are /ju: w :/ go off /g w f/Sue always wants to eat /su: w :lwez w nts t w i:t/
ii. Intrusive /j/:he is /hi: j z/they are /e j:/ she always takes my arm / i: j :lwez te ks ma j:m/
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LiasonLiaison is a common feature of continuity and naturalflow of speech. To link the
words means to join them together and it often entailsdifferent types of fusing sounds at word boundaries(Underhill,1994; p 65).The other version of the term liaison is a smooth
linking: final consonant is linked to following initial vowel initial consonant is merged in preceding final vowel
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Juncture Juncture is a special situation when it is really hard forforeign learners to distinguish between two phrasesthat sound nearly the same. The pause between thetwo words is the juncture that differentiates thephrases.Example:
might rain my train
keep sticking keeps tickingthe way to pour it the waiter pour itI scream ice cream
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Contractions A process when a weak form occurs with or next toanother word and they together go through anotherreduction. Then, the two words are pronounced asone.Examples:Hes, Its, Im, theyre , Ive, theyve, hell, theyll,
shed, cant, couldnt, dont, doesn t, havent, hasn t, wasnt, werent