TruncatedBlackHoleAccre1onDisksatLowLuminosi1es

JohnA.TomsickUCBerkeley/SSL

12/3/09 12009RXTEWorkshop

Overview

•  Blackholesduringoutburstdecay(2000‐2005)–  RXTEmonitoring:Transi1ontothehardstate(Kalemcithesis)

–  Mul1‐wavelengthprogram:Turn‐onofthecompactjet

•  Recentconstraintsontheaccre1ongeometrybyobservingtheGX339‐4ironlineatlowluminosi1es–  XMM,SwiZ,RXTEhardstateresults(2006‐2008)

–  “Trunca1onoftheInnerAccre1onDiskaroundaBlackHoleatLowLuminosity”byTomsick,Yamaoka,Corbel,Kaaret,Kalemci,&Migliari,submibedtoApJLebers

•  Implica1onsforblackholeaccre1on,evapora1onoftheaccre1ondisk,andthedisk/jetconnec1on

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Blackholesduringoutburstdecay

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4U 1543-47, Kalemci, Tomsick, et al. 2005

What happens during transitions to the hard state? 1. Rms (noise) increase 2. Hardening of the spectrum 3. Turn-on of compact jet

Soft

Hard

1. rms increase

2. drop in Γ

3. jet turn-on The same or very similar X-ray/radio evolution has been seen for: XTE J1550-564 (Tomsick et al., Jain et al. 2001) GX 339-4 (Homan et al. 2005; Kalemci et al. 2007) H 1743-322 (Kalemci et al. 2006) GRO J1655-40 (Homan et al., Brocksopp et al.)

Soft Hard

•  Jet activity is most closely linked to the hardness of the X-ray power-law.

•  Physically, this indicates ... - a link between the corona and the jet - that possibly the corona needs to reach a critical density to launch the jet

BHsduringoutburstdecay‐2

•  Thetransi1onoccursatafew%ofLEdd.

•  S1llafactorof106above“quiescence.”

•  Whathappensbetweenthetransi1onandquiescence?

•  Whatistheaccre1ongeometryinthehardstate?

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1. Sharp Increase in RMS

3. Turn-on of jet in radio/IR

2. Drop in Γ to ~1.6

Quiescence

(d)

GX339‐4Monitoring(2004‐2009)•  GX339‐4hasbeenthe

mostac1veblackhole“transients”duringthis1meperiod.

•  ThreeX‐raytelescopeobserva1onsmadeinthehardstate:–  XMMat5.6%LEdd

duringtherise(Milleretal.2006)

–  SwiZat2.3%LEddduringdecay(Tomsicketal.2008)

–  Suzakuat0.24%LEdd(Tomsicketal.2009)

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Bottom panel shows PCA measurements: •  Black: Galactic Bulge Scans (Markwardt et al.) •  Grey: Pointed RXTE observations (3-25 keV)

HardStateat2‐6%LEdd:BroadIronlinesandthermalcomponents

•  IronlineprofilefromtheXMM+RXTEobserva1onat5.6%LEdd(Milleretal.2006)

•  Laor(1991)rela1vis1cmodelingoftheironlinegivesRin=4±1Rg

•  SwiZ+RXTEspectrumat2.3%LEdd(Tomsicketal.2008)

•  Rela1vis1cmodelingoftheironlinegivesRin=3.6+1.4‐1.0Rg.

•  Thethermaldiskcomponenthasbeenseenforseveralsystemsinthehardstate.

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Aninnercooldiskinthehardstate?•  Duetoradialvaria1onsin

thermalconduc1onfromcoronatodisk,aninnerop1callythickdiskcanform(Liuetal.2002,2007).

•  Topersist,mabercancondenseintotheinnerdiskfromaCompton‐cooledcorona(Liuetal.2006,2007;Meyeretal.2007;Taametal.2008).

•  Onepredic1onisthattheen1reinnerdiskwillevaporatebelowabout0.1%LEdd(Liuetal.2007;Taametal.2008).

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dM/d

t (ev

apor

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log(R/Rg)

Liu et al. 2002

Mey

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eist

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t al.

2009

NewResult:HardStateat0.24%LEdd:NarrowIronLine

•  Suzaku+RXTEspectrumforGX339‐4takenin2008September(Tomsicketal.2009)

•  Suzaku–  TXIS=105ks,THXD/PIN=107ks–  TriggeredbyRXTE

•  RXTE–  TPCA=15ks,THEXTE=5ks

•  Power‐lawcon1nuum:–  Γ=1.573±0.006–  L/LEdd(1‐100keV)=0.24%

•  Ironlineparameters:–  Eline=6.45+0.03‐0.02keV–  σline=0.14+0.04‐0.03keV–  EW=77+12‐10eV

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IsthelinereallyfromGX339‐4?•  Couldthisnarrowlinebefromthe

backgroundorpartoftheGalac1cRidgeemission?

•  Suzaku/XISbackgroundrateis1.9%ofsourcerateanddoesnothaveastronglineat6.4keV.

•  WemadeasecondXISspectrumwithanextrac1onregionthatis251messmaller,andtheironlineEWdoesnotchange.

•  WehaveusedquiescentPCAobserva1onstosubtractridgeemissionfromthePCAspectrum.

•  WeconcludethattheironlineisfromGX339‐4.

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GX 339-4 spectrum (black) and Suzaku/XIS background (red)

ConstraintsonRinat0.24%LEdd

•  GX339‐4Suzaku/XISironlineprofilewiththeore1calprofiles(Laor1991)fordifferentvaluesofRin,assumingi=18°(fromMilleretal.2008).

•  68%and90%confidenceerrorregionsforRinanddiskinclina1on–  Rin>35Rgati=0°–  Rin>175Rgati=30°

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SummaryandConclusions•  Resultstellusabout

accre1onmodels–  e.g.,ADAFisviableatlow

luminosi1es•  Resultstellusabout

accre1ondiskevapora1on–  evolu1onisconsistentwith

theinnerdiskmodel•  Resultstellusaboutjets

–  radioemissionfromjetsdetectedduringall3hardstateobserva1ons

–  jetsmaynotberelatedtoop1callythickdisk...strengthensconnec1ontocorona

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GX 339-4 Iron line constraints on Rin and EW as a function of LEdd (Miller et al. 2004, 2006, 2008; Reis et al. 2008; Tomsick et al. 2008, 2009)

RXTEContribu1ons•  RXTEhasbeenapathfinderfor

thissortofstudy.

•  RXTEmonitoringhasbeencrucialfortriggeringobserva1ons.–  EvenconsideringMAXIandSwiZ/

BAT,theRXTEGalac1cBulgemonitoringhasthebestsensi1vity.

•  Forspectralstudies,bothPCAandHEXTEprovideimportantconstraintsonthecon1nuum.

•  Ofcourse,RXTEalsodoes1ming!–  WeareworkingonthisforGX

339‐4aswell(Kalemcietal.,inprep.)

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