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Transcript of Tropical Rain Forest Group 7
8/3/2019 Tropical Rain Forest Group 7
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TROPICAL RAINFOREST
- Forest of tall trees in a region of year-round warmth.
An average of 50 to 260 inches (125 to 660 cm.) ofrain falls yearly.
- The temperature- higher than 93 °F (34 °C) or drops
below 68 °F (20 °C); average humidity is between 77
and 88%; rainfall is often more than 100 inches a year.
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Rainforests now cover lessthan 6% of Earth's land surface.
Tropical rainforests produce
40% of Earth's oxygen.
A tropical rain forest has more
kinds of trees than any other
area in the world.
About 1/4 of all the medicines
we use come from rainforest
plants.
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Home to a huge number of different plants
and animals. All tropical rainforests are
endangered.
There are four layers of rainforest:
(emergent, upper canopy,
understory/lower canopy, forest floor)
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Tropical rainforests are found between latitudes 10° N and 10° S.
This includes the Amazon Basin of South America, the Zaire Basinof Africa and the islands and peninsulas of South-east Asia.
In Southeast Asia, the tropical rainforests are found in India,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Burma andPapua New Guinea.
Zaire basin in Africa contains the largest patch of Tropical
Rainforest in Africa and about one-tenth of the world·s rainforest.
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South East Asia Australia Africa
NOTE : The distribution of T.R.F is indicated by green areas
distribution of the tropical rainforest in S.E.A, is indicated by the green areas
distribution of the tropical rainforest in S.E.A, is indicated by the green areas
The distribution of the tropical rainforest in S.E.A, is indicated by the green areas
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In Southeast Asia, the tropical rainforests are found in India,Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Burma and Papua
New Guinea.
India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are in small patches and strips,
Indonesia contains one-tenth of the world·s rainforest and 40% of allAsian rainforests.
About four-fifths of Malaysia are covered by tropical rainforest. But
now has lost about two third of its lowland forest to plantations.
Papua New Guinea still has areas of rainforest yet to be disturbed,due to its mountainous terrain. Papua New Guinea is home to many
amazing animals, one being the largest
butterfly in the world; the
Queen Alexandra·s birdwing.Its wing span can reach up to
10 inches wide!
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About four-fifths of Malaysia are covered by tropical rainforest. But
now has lost about two third of its lowland forest to plantations.
Rainforest Malaysia located near equator are blessed with tropicalrainforest.
Tropical Rainforest Malaysia also known as tropical moist broadleaf
forest
Lowland tropical rainforests, are forests which receive high rainfall(more than 2000 mm, or 80 inches, annually) throughout the year.
Tropical Rainforest Malaysia are mostly dominated by trees from
the Dipterocarpaceae family.
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Rainfall occur along year
comprise about 160,000 of the estimated
250,000 species of plants on Earth
Mostly have buttress root, large leaves inlower layer & drip tips
Exceptionally thin bark ² 1 to 2 mm thick
Large fleshy fruits attract birds, mammals,
and even fish as dispersal agents
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Banyan tree Talipot palm Peacock plant
Giant bamboo
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Emergent Layer
Top layer
Tallest tree (200 feet above) with around 16 feet
trunks Broad-leaved, hardwood evergreens
Small, pointed and waxy leaves ² more exposed
to drying wind
Shallow root system , buttress root to protectagainst strong wind
Their seeds spread all over the forest
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Get greatest amount of sunlight but also must endure
high temperatures, low humidity & strong winds Most of animal found never touch the ground
Kapok tree
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They eat: Fruits, insects, lizards,
small birds, eggs, berries, androdents.
Enemies (Predators): Humans, largerbirds, alligators, and jaguars.
Interesting Facts:
o live in the holes of decayed treeso bill is frightening to other birds and
small animals
o 2 toes forward and 2 toes backwardsto gives an excellent grip on trees
o Feathered tongue
o one of the noisiest birds in the world
o blind when born & open their eyesaround 3 weeks.
Toucan
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They eat: The juice from dyingfruits and flowers.
Enemies (Predators): Birds, bigbugs, big insects, and humans.
Interesting Facts:o Spends the night hanging from
trees or the underside of leaves.o Folds up bright wings when sleeps
o 17 kinds of Morpho butterflies
o Some have tan & white wings mosthave blue wings
o It loves to sit in the sun
o lives for only a short time, from afew days to about 8 months.
Morpho butterfly
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Canopy Layer
Layer under emergent, umbrella shaped 60 to 130 foot trees
Accept 80% of sunlight and leaves aredense
Higher photosynthesis rate yieldmore fruits, seeds, flowers and leaves ²attract and support a wide diversity ofanimal life
Bromeliads ² cup like plant provide drinkingpool for animal & breeding location for treefrogs
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Branches often densely covered withother plants (epiphytes) and tiedtogether with vines (lianas)
Leaves - smooth, oval leaves that come
to a point & form drip tips allow waterflow off the leaves to prevent mosses &fungi growth
Provides shelter under trees from harsh
weather Most rainforest·s animal stay in thislayer
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Tree frog
Macaw
Spider monkey
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Understory Layer (low canopy)
Known as shrub layer
60 foot trees
Receiving only 2-15% of the sunlight
Have large broad leave to absorb light
BANANA TREEThe bananas that we eat grow on trees in
the understory layer rainforest. This tree has very
largeleaves. This is so the leaves can capture as
much sunlight as possible.
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Made up of the trunks of canopy trees, shrubs,
plants, small young trees and leafy herbaceous
plants
Little air movement because have thick layer ²
humidity is constantly high
Constant shade stage
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Rely on insects & animals to pollinate their flower
Home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards as well
as predators such as jaguars, boa
constrictors and leopards
CAPUCHIN MONKEY
The capuchin is a small monkey. It is
usually dark brown or black.
They also like to eat the liquid
from inside a cacao pod. Capuchins findshelter in the branches and
leaves of branches in the understory.
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Forest Floor Layer
Lowest layer with mud & dirt, completely shaded
Receives less than 2% of the sunlight ² less plant grow &
few bushes or herbs can grow
Person can easily walk through most parts of a tropical
rain forest Important part of the forest ecosystem
Decomposition ² leaves fall & dead animals (nutrient)
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Decomposers such as millipedes & earthworms use these
nutrients for food Tree root absorb the nutrient
Many of the largest rainforest animals & thousand of
other plant & animal are found
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There are so many creatures living in the rainforest. So,
there is a great deal of competition for food, sunlight and
space. Some animals became very specialized
They adapted to eat a specific plant or animal that few
others eat.
For example, parrots and toucans eat nuts, and developedbig strong beaks to crack open the tough shells of Brazil
nuts.
Leafcutter ants climb tall trees and cut small pieces of
leaves and carry it back to their nest. The leaf is about 50times their weight. The ants bury the leaf pieces, and the
combination of the leaves and the ants' saliva encourages
the growth of a fungus, which is the only food these ants
eat.
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Animal use camouflage to 'disappear' in the
rainforest.
Examples : Stick insects, butterflies whose wings
look like leaves.
Camouflage is useful for predators -can catch prey
that hasn't seen them. Example :The Boa
Constrictor.
three-toed sloth uses camouflage and amazing
slowness to escape predators. Green algae grows in
the sloth's fur, which helps camouflage it in the
forest canopy. other adaptations. snail-like pace
movement; it is one of the slowest-moving animals
on earth. Predators, do not notice the sloth as it
hangs quietly in the trees, high up in the canopy.
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Poisonous animals-use bright colors to warn predators to
leave them alone. Brightly colored poison arrow frogs.
Special features : exp- The Woolly SpiderMonkey ²can do
wonderful acrobat which can leap six metres from tree to
tree. Has a special tail that can be used like a hand to hang
from trees or to reach out for fruit (called a prehensile tail).
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In drier temperate deciduous forests a thick
bark helps to limit moisture evaporation
from the tree's trunk.
Since this is not a concern in the highhumidity of tropical rainforests, most trees
have a thin, smooth bark. The smoothness of
the bark may also make it difficult for other
plants to grow on their surface.
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Lianas are climbing woody vines that drape
rainforest trees.
They have adapted to life in the rainforest by
having their roots in the ground and climbinghigh into the tree canopy to reach available
sunlight.
Many lianas start life in the rainforest canopy
and send roots down to the ground.
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The leaves of forest trees have adapted to
cope with exceptionally high rainfall.
Many tropical rainforest leaves have a drip
tip. These drip tips enable rain drops to runoff quickly.
Plants need to shed water to avoid growth of
fungus and bacteria in the warm, wet
tropical rainforest.
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Many large trees have massive ridges near
the base that can rise 30 feet high before
blending into the trunk.
Why do they form? Buttress roots provideextra stability, especially since roots of
tropical rainforest trees are not typically as
deep as those of trees in temperate zones.
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Prop and stilt roots help give support and are
characteristic of tropical palms growing in
shallow, wet soils.
Although the tree grows fairly slowly, theseabove-ground roots can grow 28 inches a
month.
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Plants that live on the surface of other
plants, especially the trunk and branches.
They grow on trees to take advantage of the
sunlight in the canopy. Most are orchids,bromeliads, ferns, and Philodendron
relatives.
Tiny plants called epiphylls, mostly mosses,
liverworts and lichens, live on the surface ofleaves.
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Some grow in the ground, like pineapple, but most
species grow on the branches of trees.
Their leaves form a vase or tank that holds water.
Small roots anchor plants to supporting branches,and their broad leaf bases form a water-holding
tank or cup. The tank's capacity ranges from half a
pint to 12 gallons or more.
The tanks support a thriving eco-system of bacteria,protozoa, tiny crustaceans, mosquito and dragonfly
larvae, tadpoles, birds, salamanders and frogs.
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On tropical deltas and along ocean edges and
river estuaries, trees have adapted to living
in wet, marshy conditions. These trees,
called mangroves, have wide-spreading stiltroots that support the trees in the tidal mud
and trap nutritious organic matter.
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Pitcher plant vines in the family Nepenthaceae haveleaves that form a pitcher, complete with a lid.
Sweet or foul-smelling nectar in the pitcher attracts
insects, especially ants and flies, that lose their
grip on the slick sides and fall into the liquid.Downward-pointing hairs inside the pitcher prevent
the insects' escape. The insects are digested by the
plants and provide nutrients. Pitcher plants are not
epiphytes but climbers rooted in the soil.
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1. Logging
- For their timber
- felling selected tree,
tears down with itclimbers, vines, epiphytes
& Lianas.
- extreme soil disturbance
by building of roads.
2. Agriculture ² shifted
cultivators
People moves into rainforest
& established small-scalefarming operations.
3. Agriculture ² cash crops &
cattle Ranching
- Undisturbed and logged
rainforest areas are beingtotally cleared to provide
land for food crops, tree
plantations or for grazing
cattle (Colchester &
Lohmann).
4. Fuelwood
- The United Nation's Food
and Agriculture
Organisation estimates that'1.5 billion of the 2 billion
people worldwide who rely
on fuelwood for cooking
and heating are overcutting
forests'.
5. Large dams
- Downstream ecosystems are
damaged by dams which trap
silt, holding back valuable
nutrients.
6. Mining & industry
- Lead to direct forest loss
due to clearing of land to
establish projects.
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1. For all purposes forwhich tropical timber is
used, other woods ormaterials could be
substituted.
2. Land reform is essential ifthis problem is to be
addressed.
3.Reducing the demand forSouthern-produced
agribusiness crops and
alleviating the pressure fromexternally-financed
development projects andassistance
4. involve a return to localpeoples' control of theforests they depend on.
5. Aid organisations like theWorld Bank have traditionally
favoured spectacular large-scale irrigation and hydro-electric projects.
6. Local campaigns againstmining and industrialdevelopment, and the
campaigns to reform thelarge aid agencies which
fund such schemes, shouldbe supported.
Ways to preserve
and conserve
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Economic and Medical values
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Avocado
Macadamia nuts
BreadfruitManioc/tapiocaBrazil nuts
Mayonnaise (coconut oil)
Cane sugar (Saccharin officious, indigenous to the Far East)
Okra
CassavaPapaya
Chayote
Passion fruit
Chewing gum (chicle latex)
Plantain
Eucalyptus oil (cough drops, perfumes)
Star anise
Guava
Tolu balsam oil (cough drops, confections, soap, cosmetics)
Hearts of palm
Vermouth (cascarilla oil)
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Teak
Rosewood
Sandalwood
Mahogany Balsa
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Anthurium
Philodendron
Bromelaids
Rubber trees (F icus sp.)
CrotonSanserveria
Dieffenbachia
Schefflera
Dracena
SpathiphullumFiddle-leaf fig
Swiss Cheese Plant
Parlor Ivy
Zebra Plant
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Bay Oil-Perfumes
Camphor Oil-Perfumes, soap, disinfectant, deodorant
Cascarilla Oil-Confections, beverages
Coconut Oil-Suntan lotion, candles
Eucalyptus Oil-Perfumes, cough drops
Guaic Oil-Perfumes
Palm Oil-Shampoo, detergents
Patchouli Oil-Perfumes
Rosewood Oil-Perfumes, cosmetics, flavorings
Sandalwood Oil-Perfumes
Oil of Star-Anise-Scenting, confections, beverages, coughdrops
Tola Balsam Oi-lConfections, soaps, cosmetics, cough drops
Ylang-ylang-Perfumes
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Chicle latex-Chewing gum
Copaiba-Perfumes, fuel
Copal-Paints and varnishes
Gutta percha-Golf ball covers
Rubber latex-Rubber products
Tung oil-Wood finishing
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TRF are called ¶the world largest pharmacy·
- Due to the large amount of natural medicines
discovered.
Examples:roots of climber (Chondrodendron
tomentosum)- muscle relaxant in surgery
leaves of Erythroxylum coca- cocaine
yam (Dioscorea)- diosgenin (steroid)
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roots of a shrub (Rauvolfia)- reserpine to reduce high BP and
treat mental illness
seeds of Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe)
from Australia TRF -discovered to contain drug that might
help combat AIDS.
Chemical (emitine) in Cephaelis ipecacuanha- induce
vomiting from swallowed poisonous or harmful substances.
More than 1400 varieties of TRF plants- potentially to cure
cancers.
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Annato-Red dye
Curare-Muscle relaxant for surgery
Diogenin-Arthritis and Asthma treatments,
steroids, birth control pills, sex hormonesQuassia-Insecticide
Quinine-Anti-malarial treatment, pneumoniatreatment
Reserpine-Sedative, tranquilizerStrophanthus-Heart disease
Strychnine-Emetic, stimulant
Tuba root-Rotenone, flea dip