Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural...

31
Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in Response to Ambient Moisture Variations Qinghong Zhang and Yue Ying Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Peking University, China [email protected] Rapid Change Phenomena in Tropical Cyclones Nov. 7 th 2012 KaikouHainan Island

Transcript of Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural...

Page 1: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in

Response to Ambient Moisture

Variations

Qinghong Zhang and Yue Ying Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,

Peking University, China

[email protected] 

Rapid Change Phenomena in Tropical Cyclones Nov. 7 th  2012 Kaikou, Hainan Island

Page 2: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

TC structural parameters 

(Holland and Merrill 1984) 

Azimutha

l wind spee

d (m

 s ‐1  ) 

Radius (°) 

Intensity Change 

Strength Change 

Size Change 

Peak (strong or weak) 

Spread (large or small )

Page 3: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Correlation between intensity and size 

r=0.28 

Merrill 1984 Intensity 

Size 

1957~1977 Atlantic Hurricanes

Page 4: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Occurrence (%) of intensity and size of Northwest Pacific TCs during 2001~2011

Page 5: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

To forecasters: Stop focusing only on intensity ! TC structural change: multi‐variable evolution 

Environmental factors controlling: TC intensity: SST, vorticity,  vertical shear, ... TC size: surface LH SH flux, moisture, ... 

Size 

Intensity  “phase diagram” 

evolution path

Page 6: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

What types of evolution paths are there? 

angular momentum conserved 

radial advection of angular momentum 

tangential wind tendency 

tangential wind budget

Page 7: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Size 

Intensity 

Intensification 

Size 

Intensity 

Size‐growth 

What types of evolution paths are there? 

•  extra angular momentum  generated

Page 8: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Idealized experiments (Wang 2009, Hill and Lackmann 2009) moisture’s role during structural evolution. 

Q1:  Does moisture do matter with TC structure evolution from  observation? 

Q2:    What if TC is in vertically sheared environment? 

•  Internal dynamics: VRW, rainband structure, eyewall replacement cycles. •  Environmental factors: SST anomalies, dry air intrusion, vertical wind shear, 

interaction with other weather systems. 

Q:   What controls TC structural evolution? 

Intensifying TCs are associated with more ambient moisture  Hendricks et al. 2010

Page 9: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

2001~2011 intensity and structure western North Pacific 

•  JTWC Best Track intensity: Max wind speed 

size: radius of 34 knot 

•  Moisture:  TRMM, SSM/I microwave Precipitable Water

Page 10: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Intensity & size change •  DEF: change in ±6h 

“weakening” 12hΔVmax<‐3 m s ‐1 

“contracting” 12hΔSize<‐20 km 

“growing” 12hΔSize>20 km 

“intensifying” 12hΔVmax>3 m s ‐1

Page 11: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

“growing & intensifying”: More environment moisture. “contracting & weakening”: More dry air instrun from north 

average contracting  growing 

intensifying 

weakening 

Moisture Anomaly with TC intensity & Size Change In the western North Pacific Ocean 2001‐2011

Page 12: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Both positive & negative Anomaly in moisture: Angular Momentum conserved 

Average 

Moisture Anomaly with TC intensity & Size Change 

contracting  growing 

intensifying 

weakening

Page 13: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Summary‐1 

TC size change, as well as  TC intensity change may related to ambient moisture, in the western North Pacific. 

•  Growing and intensifying TCs, comparing with contracting and weakening ones, displayed more ambient moisture content, their moisture fields are more axi‐symmetric. 

•  Grow‐weaken & contract‐intensify TCs, both negative and positive y moisture abnormally exist 

Q1:  Does moisture do matter with TC structure evolution from  observation?

Page 14: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

simulation of TC Talim 2005 

•  WRF model real‐case run. •  4km grid spacing, 26 levels. 

•  explicit convection simulation with WSM6 microphysics scheme. 

•  initialized with NCEP final analyses data. 

•  bogus Rankine vortex according to JTWC best track data, spun up for 24 h before interested period.

Page 15: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Simulated evolution path 

horizontal wind speed at z=1km (m s ‐1 ) 

a (t=0h) 

b (t=18h) 

size‐growth

Page 16: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Simulated evolution path 

horizontal wind speed at z=1km (m s ‐1 ) 

b (t=18h) 

c (t=24h) 

inner‐core decay

Page 17: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Simulated evolution path 

horizontal wind speed at z=1km (m s ‐1 ) 

c (t=24h) 

d (t=36h) 

outer‐core intensification

Page 18: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Sensitivity experiment 1 

• CTRL • Q‐, subtracting 2g kg ‐1 QVAPOR  (dry environment) 

• Q+, adding 2g kg ‐1 QVAPOR  (moist  environment) 

modification applied at t=0h within 300~600km annular region

Page 19: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

moisture’s impact on structural evolution path 

•  Dry environment: faster intensification small size 

•  Moist environment: slow intensification rate size‐growth a 

b c 

d

Page 20: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

moisture’s impact on secondary circulation 

1. Latent heating changes secondary circulation (Sawyer‐Eliassen equations) 

Q‐ 

Q+ 

W Vr 

2. Vr determines inward advection of angular momentum, thus the evolution path 

inner‐core intensification 

Size‐growth

Page 21: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Conceptual model of TC life cycle 

Dry Environment: 

large Vr convection advected inward... 

...and spin‐up the inner‐core 

“intensification”

Page 22: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Conceptual model of TC life cycle 

Moist environment: 

more updraft small Vr 

convection forms a ring... 

...and becomes outer rainbands “size‐growth”

Page 23: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Asymmetric rainbands 

•  vertically sheared environment 

homogeneous environment 

with easterly vertical wind shear

Page 24: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

‐v r η due to rainband induced flow 

Does the location of moist air matter? 

‐v r η > 0 upstream side of rainband 

‐v r η < 0 downstream side of rainband 

Reimer and Montgomery 2011

Page 25: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Sensitivity experiment 2 

•  Q‐, subtracting 2g kg ‐1 QVAPOR •  QN‐, subtracting 2g kg ‐1 QVAPOR from the northern (upstream) sector 

•  QS‐, subtracting 2g kg ‐1 QVAPOR from the southern (downstream) sector 

upstream 

downstream

Page 26: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Does the location of moist air matter? 

QN‐ produces similar result to Q‐ 

TC is more sensitive to moisture in the North (from upstream side of rainbands).

Page 27: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Moist air from the North travels faster into TC inner core. 

Backward trajectories from t=36h at z=1km level seeded along r=100km radius. 

time (h)

Page 28: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Conceptual model in sheared environment 

Moist/dry air feeding into TC, leading to different structure. 

Air from downstream side does not influence TC much.

Page 29: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Summary‐2 •  Moist (dry) environment favors TC size‐growth (inner core 

intensification). 

•  In sheared environment, TC outer rainbands are sensitive to their upstream moisture supply. Both the amount and the location of moisture is important in this case. 

Moist 

Dry 

Q2:    What if TC is in vertically sheared environment?

Page 30: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

Thank You!

Page 31: Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in - files/7 Nov/QHZhang.pdf · Tropical Cyclone Structural Changes in ... 2012 Kaikou , Hainan Island. ... TC size change, as well as TC intensity

CI 56  518 GI 

CS 174 

92 GW 

SI 525 

852  330GS 

330SW 133CW 

Size change 

Intensity change