Triz

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TRIZ

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TRIZ - Theory of Inventive Problem SolvingWhat is TRIZ?A methodology for systematic problem solving

Based on extensive research of numerous inventions and patents

A proven tool for solving engineering problems

Successfully adapted to other industries

Has solved IT problems

Benefits of TRIZ• Reduction in the “trial & error” of innovation• Compromise-free solutions for complex

problems• Prediction of technology evolution• Planning and problem avoidance• Inventions and patents

Elements of TRIZ• Laws of technological system evolution• Contradictions (general problems)• Principles (general solutions)• Contradiction matrix• Algorithm for inventive problem solving (ARIZ)

Degree of Ideality = FunctionalityCosts + Problems

Example: Law of Transition to Higher-level Systems Key Postulates of TRIZTechnological evolution is not random

Certain laws guide the evolution of technology

Best innovations resolve conflicts

Compromise-free solutions are often possible, leading to a higher degree of ideality

Solutions with higher degrees of ideality are more successful in the market

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Value of TRIZ

Inventively solving existing IT problems• Increasing complexity requires radical innovation to ensure high

levels of functionality, quality and performance

• Innovation is risky and expensive (random trial & error)

IT planning and problem avoidance• TRIZ can objectively evaluate the winning potential of solutions being

considered

Predicting the evolution of technology• TRIZ can predict the evolution of technology

More inventions and patents• Out-of-the-box and patentable inventions.

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Levels of Inventiveness

• 5 levels of inventiveness (based on patent analysis)

• Example: Anti-vibration device

5- Breakthrough: Avoid vibration

4- New concept: Anti-vibration

3- Major improvement: Air pillow

2- Minor improvement: Rubber mat

1- Obvious solution: Bolt

55

44

33

22

11

TRIZ helps here

Obvious solution (32%)

Minor improvement (45%)

Major improvement (18%)

New concept (4%)

Breakthrough (1%)

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The Key Postulate of of TRIZ

Evolution of technological systems is not random, but is Evolution of technological systems is not random, but is governed by certain lawsgoverned by certain laws

Selection and analysis of ~25,000 breakthrough inventions

Worldwide patent databases: ~400,000 inventions

Altshuller’s research

• Laws of Technological System Evolution

• Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving

• Standard Solution

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Analogy: Laws of Motion and Laws of Evolution

2

2

1tatvX xx

2

2

1tatvY yy

Predictable Trajectory

Predictable Inventions

Law: Transformation to higher-level systems

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General Technology Evolution Vector

RigidRigid

ModularModular

ProgrammableProgrammable

AutonomousAutonomous

Governed b

y the Laws o

f Tech

nological S

ystem Evolutio

n

Governed b

y the Laws o

f Tech

nological S

ystem Evolutio

n

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Key Concepts

There are universal laws of evolution leading toward the “peak value”• Can be used to predict the next big thing

Best innovations resolve conflicts• Compromise-free

• e.g., Top of a soda can

– Must retain fluid

– Must easily pour fluid

There are universal principles for resolving conflicts.

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Requires TRIZ Expertise

Requires Domain Knowledge

Problem Solving with TRIZ

• Systematic

• More predictable

• Solves specific problems using general techniques

My My ProblemProblem

My My ProblemProblem

My My SolutionSolution

My My SolutionSolution

Standard Standard ProblemProblem

Standard Standard ProblemProblem

Standard Standard SolutionSolution

Standard Standard SolutionSolution

GeneralizeGeneralize SpecializeSpecialize

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ARIZ (condensed)

• Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ)

– A non-computational algorithm (70+ steps)

• A process for analysis of vaguely defined problems

• Brings together most concepts of TRIZ

Why does theWhy does the

system exist?system exist?

Why does theWhy does the

system exist?system exist?1

2

3

4

What are the usefulWhat are the useful

and harmful interactionsand harmful interactions

(system conflicts)?(system conflicts)?

What are the usefulWhat are the useful

and harmful interactionsand harmful interactions

(system conflicts)?(system conflicts)?

What system conflictsWhat system conflicts

should be resolved?should be resolved?

What system conflictsWhat system conflicts

should be resolved?should be resolved?

How can the systemHow can the system

conflicts be resolved?conflicts be resolved?

How can the systemHow can the system

conflicts be resolved?conflicts be resolved?

Identification ofIdentification of

the Primary Functionthe Primary Function

Identification ofIdentification of

the Primary Functionthe Primary Function

Problem formulationProblem formulation

and analysisand analysis

Problem formulationProblem formulation

and analysisand analysis

Rules for selecting theRules for selecting the

promising system conflictpromising system conflict

Rules for selecting theRules for selecting the

promising system conflictpromising system conflict

Rules for resolvingRules for resolving

system conflictssystem conflicts

Rules for resolvingRules for resolving

system conflictssystem conflicts

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ExampleGoal: Make a faster boat

Problem• Boats must float on water to support their weight

• Water’s viscosity increases with speed, requiring more energy, which slows down the boat

Contradictions (standard problem)

• Weight of moving object

• Speed

• Use of energy by moving

Principle (standard solution)

• Anti-Weight

– To compensate for the weight of an object, merge it with other objects that provide lift

Solution• Raise the boat above water by using lifting surfaces under the boat (hydrofoil boat)

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Basic Concepts of TRIZ

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Systems

All artificial creations are systems

A system is made up of interacting parts and each of these parts, in turn, may consist of smaller parts

Any system is designed to perform functions• Pencil

• Vehicle

• Software

• Service.

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Systems Conflicts

A system can belong to other systems that may impose conflicting requirements on this system

System

System B

System A

System F

System E

System D

System C

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Example of Conflict: Watch Dilemma

• A watch is used for time keeping

• A watch may be used as a status symbol (e.g., gold)

• A watch may be in contact with skin

• Some people experience eczema when gold touches their skin

• This may present a challenge for designers of high-end watches. Time Keeping

PhysiologyStatus

Conflict

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Components of a TRIZ Model

Object (O)• Component to be controlled

Tool (T)• Component that directly controls objects’ parameters

Action (A)• The effect of a tool on an object

Function (F)• Intended action of the tool on the object.

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Basic TRIZ Model

Function

Tool ObjectAction

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Examples of Function

CHAIR BODYSUPPORTS

BARMAN DRINKSMIXES

TEACHER SKILLSIMPARTS

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Types of Functions

Primary Function (PF)

Justifies existence of the system

Example:

Roof of the car protects occupants from the elements

Corporate HR trains employees

Auxiliary Function (AF)

Supports the primary function

Example:

Paint on the car roof protects the roof from the elements

Corporate HR runs and updates enterprise training software

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Auxiliary Functions

Enabling: support the PF• Handle of the hammer

• Procurement (in a manufacturing company)

Enhancing: boost the performance of the PF• Arms of a lounger

• Free technical support

Measuring: gauge the system’s parameters • Control strip on a battery

• Marketing research

Correcting: alleviate/eliminate undesirable effects • Thermal insulation in a beverage container

• Warranty repair.

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Ideal System

Ideal system does not exist as a physical entity, but its function is fully performed

System Object

System Object

Action

Action

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Types of Actions

Inadequate useful action

Absent useful action

Adequate useful action

Harmful actionX

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System Conflict

A system conflict occurs when useful changes in one part of a system make another part inadequate

B

A

Impr

ovem

ent

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Typical System Conflicts

T O

X

T O

X

T O

X

AT

MT

O

X

T

O

EX

e.g., hammer bends the nail

e.g., cutting tool is worn by the workpiece

e.g., engine overheats

e.g., chemical pesticides harm the environment

e.g., coolant corrodes the cutting tool

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TRIZ Value-enhancing Heuristics (examples)

Goal: Resolve system conflicts without compromise

• Eliminate auxiliary tools (AT)

• Introduce auxiliary tool (AT) to eliminate harmful action

• Create new auxiliary functions (PF)

• Eliminate either conflicting component

• Eliminate harmful actions by changing conflicting components

• Identify better main tools (MT) that avoids harmful action.

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Example: Ideality Tactics

T O

X

E

Ideality tactic 3

T O

XIdeality tactic 1

T O

X

Ideality tactic 2T O

XSystem Conflict

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Example: Auxiliary Tool Elimination

T OAction 1

Action 3

T OAction 1

Action 3

T OAction 1

Action 3E

T O

Action 1

Action 3AT

X Action 2

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Contradictions

• 39 Contradictions

• Conditions that lead to system conflicts

• When the same object must be in mutually exclusive states

• A system conflict is caused by a pair of contradictions.

1. Weight of moving object

2. Weight of stationary object

3. Length of moving object

4. Length of stationary object

5. Area of moving object

6. Area of stationary object

7. Volume of moving object

8. Volume of stationary object

9. Speed

10. Force

11. Stress or pressure

12. Shape

13. Stability of the object's composition

14. Strength

1. Weight of moving object

2. Weight of stationary object

3. Length of moving object

4. Length of stationary object

5. Area of moving object

6. Area of stationary object

7. Volume of moving object

8. Volume of stationary object

9. Speed

10. Force

11. Stress or pressure

12. Shape

13. Stability of the object's composition

14. Strength

14. Duration of action by a moving object

15. Duration of action by a stationary object

16. Temperature

17. Illumination intensity

18. Use of energy by moving object

19. Use of energy by stationary object

20. Power

21. Loss of Energy

22. Loss of substance

23. Loss of Information

24. Loss of Time

25. Quantity of substance/the matter

14. Duration of action by a moving object

15. Duration of action by a stationary object

16. Temperature

17. Illumination intensity

18. Use of energy by moving object

19. Use of energy by stationary object

20. Power

21. Loss of Energy

22. Loss of substance

23. Loss of Information

24. Loss of Time

25. Quantity of substance/the matter

27. Reliability

28. Measurement accuracy

29. Manufacturing precision

30. External harm affects the object

31. Object-generated harmful factors

32. Ease of manufacture

33. Ease of operation

34. Ease of repair

35. Adaptability or versatility

36. Device complexity

37. Difficulty of detecting and measuring

38. Extent of automation

39. Productivity

27. Reliability

28. Measurement accuracy

29. Manufacturing precision

30. External harm affects the object

31. Object-generated harmful factors

32. Ease of manufacture

33. Ease of operation

34. Ease of repair

35. Adaptability or versatility

36. Device complexity

37. Difficulty of detecting and measuring

38. Extent of automation

39. Productivity

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Principles

• 40 Principles

• Used to eliminate or resolve conflicts

• General inventive concepts that guide the user toward the solution.

1. Segmentation

2. Taking out

3. Local quality

4. Asymmetry

5. Merging

6. Universality

7. Nested doll

8. Anti-weight

9. Preliminary anti-action

10.Preliminary action

11.Beforehand cushioning

12.Equipotentiality

13.The other way round

1. Segmentation

2. Taking out

3. Local quality

4. Asymmetry

5. Merging

6. Universality

7. Nested doll

8. Anti-weight

9. Preliminary anti-action

10.Preliminary action

11.Beforehand cushioning

12.Equipotentiality

13.The other way round

14. Spheroidality - Curvature

15. Dynamics

16. Partial or excessive actions

17. Another dimension

18. Mechanical vibration

19. Periodic action

20. Continuity of useful action

21. Skipping

22. Blessing in disguise

23. Feedback

24. Intermediary

25. Self-service

26. Copying

14. Spheroidality - Curvature

15. Dynamics

16. Partial or excessive actions

17. Another dimension

18. Mechanical vibration

19. Periodic action

20. Continuity of useful action

21. Skipping

22. Blessing in disguise

23. Feedback

24. Intermediary

25. Self-service

26. Copying

27. Cheap short-living objects

28. Mechanics substitution

29. Pneumatics and hydraulics

30. Flexible shells and thin films

31. Porous materials

32. Color changes

33. Homogeneity

34. Discarding and recovering

35. Parameter changes

36. Phase transitions

37. Thermal expansion

38. Strong oxidants

39. Inert atmosphere

40. Composite materials

27. Cheap short-living objects

28. Mechanics substitution

29. Pneumatics and hydraulics

30. Flexible shells and thin films

31. Porous materials

32. Color changes

33. Homogeneity

34. Discarding and recovering

35. Parameter changes

36. Phase transitions

37. Thermal expansion

38. Strong oxidants

39. Inert atmosphere

40. Composite materials

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Contradiction Matrix

• A system conflict is caused by a pair of contradictions

• The contradiction matrix “points” pairs of contradictions to the applicable principles

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Physical Contradiction & Separation Principle

Same object must be in mutually exclusive physical states

Depending on the state of object C, part A improves, while part B deteriorates, and vice versa

C

B

A

Imp

rove

me

nt

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Separation Principle

Separation in Time

Separation in Space

Separation between the whole and it’s parts

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TRIZ Examples

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Example: Physical Contradiction

Required

Trade-Offs

Required

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Applying the Separation Principle

Property P at time T1, anti-property -P at time T2

Separation in Time

One part has property P, another part has anti-property -P

Separation in Space

Object has property P, Its components have property -P

Separation between the Whole and its Parts

NoNoNoNo No

NoNoNo

NoNo

No

No

NoNoNoNoNoNoNo No No

No No

No No NoNoNoNo

NoNo

No No No

No No

No No

No

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Example: Efficient Support Spiles

• Foundation supporting spiles

• Contradiction:

– Easy to Drive vs. Good Support

Sharp Spile: Easy to Drive in

Blunt Spile: Good for Support

Compromise

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Problem Formulation

System conflict diagram

GROUND

SHARP SPILE

BUILDING

MOVES EASILY INTO

X SUPPORTS POORLY

GROUND

BLUNT SPILE

BUILDING

X DOESN’T MOVE INTO

SUPPORTS WELL

Principle: Separation in Time

Solution: Separate sharp and blunt effects, in time, to avoid harmful effects

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Compromise-Free TRIZ Solution

Explosive

Sharp when driven in Blunt when supports

Concrete Filled

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Example: Executive Travel Challenge

• Executives traveling by jets

– Private jets

– Commercial airlines

• Contradiction:

– Ease of Travel vs. Economies of Travel

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System Conflict Diagram

INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER

EXECUTIVEJET

CFO

SAVES

X DEPLETES

TIME

COMMER-CIAL

AIRLINE

BUDGET

X WASTES

SAVES

Principle: Separation in Time

Solution: Separate time and budget effects, in time, to avoid harmful effects

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Solution – Joint Ownership

Company A

Company B

Company C

Company D

Company F

Company E

1/6

1/6 1/6

1/6

1/6 1/6

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Merger Dilemma

• In a European country a major bank merged with a major insurance company

• The new company slashed costs by laying off a big chunk of its employees

• This caused former insurance agents tobecome brokers and vice versa

• In that country, people address their investment needs with brokers and their insurance issues with insurance agents

• A broker-insurer was perceived neither as an expert broker nor as a professional underwriter

• This resulted in the diminished loyalty of the individual customers

• The problem persisted for 1½ years, before TRIZ was applied to it.

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System Conflict

Advantage Disadvantage

Reduced operational

costs

Individual clients are alienatedAssociates combine duties

of insurers and brokers

Associates separate duties of insurers and brokers

Loyal individual clients

Increased operational

costs

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INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER

NARROW SPECIALIST

CFO

PLEASES

X DISPLEASES

INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER

GENERALIST

CFO

X DISPLEASES

PLEASES

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Physical Contradiction

An associate must be a full-time underwriter

An associate must be a full-time broker

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Overcoming the Physical Contradiction

Separation of the conflicting demands in time:• Impractical

– These demands must be maintained all the time

Separation of the conflicting demands in space:• Impractical

– Applied literally, would mean splitting an associate in two

Separation in function:• Practical

– The roles can be separated

Function

A BAction

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Solution

Two groups of associates were formed:

• The first group:

– Larger group

– Entry-level generalists•Proficient in fundamentals of both investment and underwriting

– It’s possible to delegate much of this group’s expertise to a computerized knowledge-base (expert system)

• The second group:

– Smaller group

– Seasoned experts•Assist clients with specific, atypical, and complex inquires

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Example: Alloys Testing Problem

• The corrosive effects of acids on metal alloys are studied in a chamber

• The chamber is filled with an acid, closed and various combinations of temperature and pressure are created inside

• To protect the chamber walls from destruction, they are lined with a corrosion-resistant glass

• When an intense vibration was applied to the chamber, the glass cracked, thus exposing the chamber walls.

Protective coating

Specimens

Chamber

Acid

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ACIDSPECI-MEN

VIBRAT.TABLE

WALLGLASS

VIBRATES

HOLDS

X BREAKS

ETCHES

CONTAINS

VIBRATES

VIBRATES

VIBRATES

CONTAINS

Acid

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System Analysis

ACIDSPECI-MEN

VIBRAT.TABLE

WALLGLASS

VIBRATES

HOLDS

X BREAKS

ETCHES

CONTAINS

VIBRATES

VIBRATES

VIBRATES

CONTAINS

Auxiliary Tools

Primary Function

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Eliminating Auxiliary Tools

ACIDSPECI-MEN

VIBRAT.TABLE

WALLGLASS

VIBRATES

HOLDS

X BREAKS

ETCHES

CONTAINS

VIBRATES

VIBRATES

VIBRATES

CONTAINS

X X

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Closing the Loose Ends

ACIDSPECI-MEN

VIBRAT.TABLE

VIBRATES

ETCHES

CONTAINS

VIBRATES

VIBRATES

CONTAINS

Loose Ends!

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Ideal System Diagram

ACIDSPECI-MEN

VIBRAT.TABLEETCHES VIBRATES

VIBRATES

CONTAINS

What can this solution look like?

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Ideal System

Specimen

Acid

Specimen-chamber

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Example: Slowing Traffic Down

Police cars slow highway traffic, but police officers have more critical things to do

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CAR DRIVER

POLICE CAR

SLOWS

SEES

POLICE OFFICER

CONTROLS

MORE CHALLENGING

TASK

X DOESN’TPERFORM

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Eliminating the Auxiliary Tool

CAR DRIVER

POLICE CAR

X DOESN’T SLOW

X DOESN’T SEE

POLICE OFFICER

DOESN’T CONTROL

MORE CHALLENGING

TASK

PERFORMS

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Focusing on the Primary Action

The driver primarily sees the car surface

CAR DRIVER

POLICE CAR

SLOWS

SEES

CARDRIVER’S

EYES

POLICE CARSURFACE

SLOWS

HITS

INCIDENTLIGHT

REFLECTS

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Solution: A Cut-out

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TRIZ: IT Adaptation

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Adaptation of TRIZ to IT

Methodology + Knowledge-baseMethodology + Knowledge-base

General

Purpose

General

PurposeEngineering

CentricEngineering

Centric

• IT Terminology

• IT Concepts

• IT Best Practices

• IT Terminology

• IT Concepts

• IT Best Practices

Innovative problem solving tool for ITInnovative problem solving tool for IT

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IT Adaptation

Develop IT equivalents for• Laws of System Evolution

• Principles

• Contradictions

• Contradiction Matrix

ExampleExample

TRIZ Concept IT Analogy

Speed Bandwidth

Temperature Number of users

Power Speed of CPUs

Segmentation Modular design

Inert atmosphere Open Source

Consolidation Parallel processing

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IT Adaptation Guidelines

High level of abstraction• Avoid specific constraints or solutions• Generalized concepts only

Repeatability• Concepts should be repeatable across all similar implementations

Longevity• Avoid the current hypes• Concepts should be long lasting

Multiple domains (but not too many!)• Application development• Business management• Infrastructure• Security

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IT Trend Laws

Law 1• IT advances in a direction to provide as much access to

information, in as many modes, forms, and granularity, as possible

Law 2• IT advances in a direction to automate as many tasks as possible

Corollary• IT invariably creates unmanageable complexity

Law 3• IT advances in a direction to simply itself.

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IT Adaptation Examples

ContradictionsContradictions• Accuracy

• Adaptability / Versatility

• Amount of Data

• Ease of Use

• Loss of Data

• Production Risk

• Reliability / Robustness

• Stability

• System Complexity

• System Generated Harmful Effects

PrinciplesPrinciples• Segment

– Normalization

– Software agents

– Divide an organization

– Use temporary staff

• Self Service

– Re-hire retired workers

– Quality circles

• Prior Action

– Use off-peak time to pre-compute answers

– Define data integrity

LawsLaws• IT systems evolve in a direction to increase information visibility

• IT systems evolve in a direction to automate tasks

• IT systems evolve in a direction to simplify operationsUnlike laws of physics (traditional TRIZ), IT laws can be dynamic

General

Conflicts

General

Solutions

Triz

Education

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