Triple Play business development

8/8/2019 Triple Play business development

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Tr end Communications

Trend Communications+44 (0)1628 503500+44 (0)1628 503500+33 1 69 35 54 70+49 (0) 89-32 30 09-30+1 256 461 0790+34 93 300 3313+91-22-28521059+86-10-8518-3141Infoline@trendcomms.comwww.trendcomms.com

International:United Kingdom:

France:Germany:Americas:

Spain:India:

China:Email:

Web:

FT T x Su m m i tby Jos M. Caballero ([email protected])

Triple Play business development


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Trend Communications 2 ( 8 4 )

2007 Trend Communications - FTTx summit - Munich June 2007

About Trend Communications

Trend Communications is an international company supplying hand-held test equipment and on-linemonitoring systems to the communications market. Trends solutions are intended to cover businessesinvolved with broadband access, voice, datacom, network management, photonic transmission,metropolitan and mobile networks.

Trend has always been at the forefront of the communications test market, and our strength is based onthe robustness and high quality of our products. Our solutions combine excellence and high technologywith ease of use, covering such technologies as Triple Play, xDSL, 3G/UMTS, ISDN, IP, Carrier Ethernet,NG-SDH/SONET and NGN.At Trend our mission is to be the preferred supplier of Field-Deployable Testers through innovative design and cost leadership .

Trend Communications is a subsidiary of IDEAL INDUSTRIES, INC.


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The Triple Play Challenge


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What is Triple Play?

Triple play is a business concept; a bundle of services rather than a completely new development.

1. Triple play is not a new technology , but a marketing concept for delivering three services:broadband access, television and telephone services over a single access network.

2. If mobile services are included, the bundle is often referred to as Quadruple Play .

3. There are two concepts closely related to triple-play: Service bundling : all the services are bundled into a commercial product. Technological convergence : one network supports voice/data/video applications.

4. Triple play can be delivered over various network types - copper, fibre, coaxial and wireless.

5. Inter-operability is not a requirement, but IP is at the heart of every implementation.

VoIPIPTV Internet VPNVoD Mobile Gaming


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Triple Play business: consumer view

Triple play , enabled by the network convergence , means: multiple services on multiple devices,supplied by one network and one vendor.

Consumer Needs- Anytime, anywhere- Tailored- Affordable

Multiple Services- Internet access- Telephony / Video calls- Television- Video-on-Demand

One Provider- One bill- One customer support- Integrated voice mail- One address book- Terminal convergence- Mobile bundling

Teruel TelecomsTeruel Telecoms


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Triple Play business: provider view

Telecom operators are embracing a new strategy to deliver new, thrilling services by means of nextgeneration networks . This packet of services includes line rental and fixed telephony with acombination of Internet access , IP television , video-on-demand , entertainment applications and,eventually, cellular phone services.

Network Convergence- IP-centric- Packet-oriented- QoS-enabled- Multiservice- Multiterminal

Multiple Services- Internet access- Telephony / Video calls- Television- Video-on-Demand- Mobile bundling

IP


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Network Convergence and Device Diversity

Triple Play is not only a set of multiple information flows, but it is a way to make a wide range of devicesand terminals manage data, audio and video applications.

Laptop MP3/4 TV MobileHand-held

Internet TV Music Games VoIP VoD

PDA


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Telecoms Deregulation

Advances in technology and new regulations have made ISPs, Cable and Mobile operators competitorsof telcos in voice and data access services. So, companies that were originally in different markets, arenow all racing to bundle and offer the same services, using their own version of a converged network.

Cable OperatorTelecom Operator

DOCSISFDM

VoIP

Internet Provider

DSL

TV

DSL (and Fiber)

DSLVoIP

IPTVIPTV

Mobile Operator

GPRS

3G

GSMPCM

VoIP

VoiceData

Video

VoiceData

AnyIMSHFC

Telcos, Cable, Mobiles and ISPs Become Competitors


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The Business Challenge for Service Providers

Cable OperatorTelecom Operator

DOCSIS

TV

VoIP

Internet Provider

DSL

TV

DSL (and Fibre)

DSLVoIP

IPTVIPTV

Mobile Operator

GPRS

3G

GSMPCM

VoIP

VoiceData

Video

VoiceData

AnyIMSHFC

Network Convergence

FDM

Threats

Voice revenue drop Attacked by ISP in VoIP LLU (Local Loop Unbundling) High churn

Opportunities

Triple Play

Threats

Telcos video entry Access restriction

Opportunities Two-way upgrading

Threats

ARPU drop Flat subs growth Fierce competition

Opportunities New video technologies 3G, Triple Play

Threats

Limited market size Competition from ISPs Networks not owned

Opportunities More bandwidth Triple Play


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Trend Communications 1 0 ( 8 4 )


The Telecom market status

More competition leads to: More segmentation: smaller scale than before. Less differentiation: to meet the same customer requirement due to convergence. Low entry barrier: more players, business cycle shorter. Price reduction: low margin.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mo n th ly Wo rld ARP U

10

50

30

20

40

TotalVoiceData

1000

Mill

2000Mobile

Fixed

2006 year

World Subscribers

1980

Cable


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Competition: the voice market

Unfortunately for telcos, ISPs, cable and mobile operators are also offering phone services. Therevenues of fixed telephony are declining, because mobile phones are so popular, and there is morecompetition now when cable operators also offer broadband access and voice services.

PSTN

2006 year 1980

%

C a

l l s

100%

0%

Mobile

VoIP

2006

Mobile

45%

Fixed line

55% V o I P

4 % S k y p e P STN

2 0 %76%

2002 2003 2004 2005

00%

2006

70% 65% 60% 57%

Traffic in minutes (Western Europe)

F i x e d l i n e

M o b i l e

0%

55%


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Competition: Wire vs. Mobile vs. Cable

It is easy to understand that bundling has become a protective strategy for incumbent operators to keepin business by means of wireline access while for cable and competitive operators it is seen as a threat.

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Homes using only mobiles (%)

a

s n v o v n g m o e s

%

UK

10%

50%

30%

SwedenGermany

NetherlandsGreece

DenmarkIreland

SpainFrance

Italy

Belgium

Austria Finland

Portugal

20%

60%

40%

35%

Mobile substitution, Oct. 2006

Cable subscribers (Millions)

P e n e t r a

t i o n

( C a b

l e / D

S L )

0.25

0,5

5 M 15 M 100 M

1

Spain UK

France

Holland

Italy3 M2 M1 M 4 M

Ger man y

Belgium

Austria

5US

Japan

RatioCable penetration, Dec. 2006


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The Driving Factors of Triple Play

Redefining the business Lower revenues: voice services are declining, data is a

commodity, ARPU is flat Social changes: personal telecommunication services

Increased competition Internet, Mobile and Cable operators get up to 2% of fixed line

subscribers per year New regulations: unbundling the local loop, wireless unlicensed

Network convergence

IP-centric and QoS-enabled Access independent: Many alternatives are valid, i.e. ADSL2+,

VDSL2, FTTH, Wi-Fi, EFM


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Triple Plays AimsDifferentiating services For better positioning, create a market, avoid head-to-head competition.

Churn prevention Gain customer loyalty with one package that includes all services.

Minimize costs Integrate infrastructure and human teams by using network convergence.

Gain new customers Face competition from cable companies for TV and video customers.

Promote Branding

Cultivate the perception of the company as being able to supply any type oftelecommunication service.

Efficient Service improvement Use advanced management solutions for quick and easy provisioning.

New revenue stream By adding data and video services.

Increase profits By using legacy and innovative applications to raise the ARPU.


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Telcos Strategies

Focus on urban and high-speed connectionsThose customers are more likely to contract new bundled services and stay loyal.

Cost is a key factorResidential customers are very sensitive to cost when contracting commodities such as

telephony, TV and broadband access.

It is Video, cant you see!Only Video-on-Demand is really new. Television is not, because there are many servicesbased on broadcast, satellite and cable.

The Mobile ConvergenceThe mobile vs. fixed lines time is over. Integration of both worlds is strategic.

Keep it simple and reliableOne bill, one provider is probably less important than a reliable service: but it should besimple to manage by the customer and easy to maintain by the operator.

Think Tank

Network convergence makes it possible to provision any type of telecom service.


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The Triple Play Market

Subscribers Yankee Group (Aug. 2006): The US market has been calculated at 32 million annually, with an

average operator spending rate of about $ 4 000 per subscriber Pyramid research (2006): World market 35 million dollars by 2010

ARPU Heavy Reading (2006): ARPU can be increased by 100% when bundled services are running Gartner research (2006): Monthly european ARPU for fixed voice, Internet and TV is 93,70 Fastweb (Italy) obtains an ARPU of 900 a year

Revenues Forrester (2006): Initial cumulative loss higher than 3 000 per subscriber


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The Big Game

Although triple play strategies may start only with service bundling, migrating to an IP-centric convergednetwork needs to be part of the strategy of the operators involved, in order to reduce the delivery costsand simplify the management structure.

3Gmultimedia

in/outdoors cells

Triple Play(voice, data, video)

Mobile bundle

Fixed bundleVoice

Broadband

Voice

SMS

TV

video

GSM+WiFi

VoD

Multiservice(TV, VoD, VoIP, Internet, Mobile...)

Multiaccess(copper, fiber, wireless)

One bill

One vendor

One network

Multiplatform(PC, TV, Mobile, Game Console)

Bundling

Convergence Support Provision

Competition, Target Customer, Segmentation, Timing, Cost, Tariff, Cultural


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Triple Play Architectures

A li i d l


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Applications and Protocols

ATM / FR

WDM / Dark Fibre / Coax / Wireless/ Twisted Pair

TV

VoIP

VPN

Internet

Mobile VoDISDN

IPTV

VoIP

VPN

InternetTele-

IEEE 802.1Q

LAPS

MobileTriple Play

ISDNServices

Media

phone

VoD

Gaming

VoIPData

Pseudowires

Networks

StorageUMTS Voice

Ethernet PHY

Ethernet MAC

PPP

RFC 2684

Ethernet MAC

- Consumer behavior- QoS & QoE Requirement- Time- Segmentation- Tariff- Billing

- Technology- Cost- Management- Convergence- Tariff- QoS Assurance

- Access Capability- Deployment Cost

IP

MPLS

PDH / SDH / OTN

GFP

T i l Pl N k


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Triple Play Network

This architecture overcomes most of the drawbacks of native Ethernet, including: Carrier class: scalability, protection, QoS Advanced OAM functions, both centralized (SDH-like) and distributed (Internet-like) Automatic topology awareness, billing

NG SDH/SONET layer

MPLS/VPLS layer

Carrier Ethernet

Optic/WDM layer

Metro/Core CPEAccessService Providers

MSSP

Internet

IPTV

VoIP

LSRLERLER

LSR

LSRLSR LSR

LSR

IP layer

A Ai C d Fib A


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Access: Air, Copper, and Fibre Access

FTTN

Splitter

DSLAM

FTTC

FTTH/FTTP

ADSL

Modem

Switch

Fibre

ADSL2+/VDSL2

ONU

OLT150m

ADSL2/VDSL21500m

3000m

Modem

Modem

DSLAM

Fibre

Fibre/Ethernet

DSL

WiMAX

Switch

Bonding

(8 Mbit/s)

Ethernet(50 Mbit/s)

(24 Mbit/s)

(50 Mbit/s)

(100 Mbit/s)

Modem

(20 Mbit/s)

HFC (Cable)(30 Mbit/s)

Fibre

Fibre

PON

CoaxCable modem

Line head

DSL A S


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DSL: A Success

Latest improvements on DSL ADSL2: Real-time rate adaptation support and Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) ADSL2: Native support (no ATM) of packet-based services (for example Ethernet) ADSL2+: Higher bit rates than ADSL2, but less reach VDSL: Faster than ADSL, but it needs remote DSLAMs closer to the customers VDSL2: Matches Fast Ethernet rate at 100 m and has native support for packet-based services VDSL2: Asymmetric and Symmetric configurations, compatible with POTS and ISDN

VDSL2: Needs remote DSLAM deployment and FTTN

DSL introduced

DSL Forum formed

ANSI DMT ADSL Standard

G.992.1 G.dmtG.992.2 G.lite

G.991.2 G.shdsl

5M subscribers

25M subscribers

G.992.5 ADSL2+G.992.3 RE-ADSL

G.993.1 VDSL

G.993.2 VDSL2100M subscribers

G.992.3 G.dmt.bisG.992.4 G.lite.bis

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

1.53.0

4.5 6.0Reach

1

10

100

D o w n s t r e a m

b i t r a

t e

V D S L 2

V D S L

ADSL2+

ADSL2

ADSL

Mbit/s

km

Optical Access in the Loop


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Optical Access in the Loop

Passive Optical Network (PON) is an optical technology for the access network, based only onpassive elements like splitters. In a PON, the transmission medium is shared, and traffic from differentstations is multiplexed. Due to the use of simple and inexpensive transmission elements and a sharedmedium, a PON is a cost-effective solution for the optical access network.

Active Ethernet is an alternative technology based on point-to-point optical links instead of a sharedinfrastructure such as PON. It can provide higher bandwidth per user than any other accesstechnology, but it is also more expensive.

APON / BPON (legacy)

GPON (ITU)

EPON (ITU)

P2P Ethernet

Standard ITU-T G.983 ITU-T G.984 IEEE 802.3ah IEEE 802.3ahDownstream rate (Mbaud) 155, 622 1244, 2488 1250 1250

Downstream throughput (Mbit/s) 136, 543 1144, 2289 899 925Upstream rate (Mbaud) 155, 622 622, 1244 1250 1250

Upstream throughput (Mbit/s) 136, 543 572, 1144 836 925Downstream efficiency 87 % 92 % 72 % 74 %

Upstream efficiency 87 % 92 % 67 % 74 %Configuration or split ratio 1:32 1:32, 1:64 1:32, 1:64 (with FEC) 1:1 (point to point)

Range (km) 20 20 20 10Encapsulation ATM GEM / ATM Ethernet Ethernet

Encryption AES AES Not standard Not standardNetwork Protection Standard Standard Not standard Not standard

Ethernet in the First Mile


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Ethernet in the First Mile

EFM interfaces provide low and medium speeds when compared to the available LAN or WAN standards.The new interfaces, however, are optimized to be profitable in the existing and newly installed provideraccess networks.

0.11

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100

Copper EthernetElectrical EFM

Electrical LAN

Carrier Ethernet

Optical LAN

0.01

LegacyEthernet

P2P EthernetEPON

B i t r a

t e ( M b i t / s )

Reach (km)

1000BASE-T100BASE-T10BASE-T

1000BASE-X

Optical EFM

Reach (km)


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Network plan case studies


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Network plan case studies

8 Mbit/s service

20 Mbit/s service1 0 0

0 m 4 0 0 m 1 0 0 0 m

FTTN

VDSL2 - 12MHz

4 0 0 m 1 0 0 0 m

FTTN

VDSL2 - 12MHz

bonding ADSL2+

VDSL2+

50 Mbit/s service

FTTN

4 0 0 m

VDSL2+

1 x SDTV (MPEG-2) + Data + VoIP 1 x HDTV (MPEG-4) + Data + VoIP

1 x HDTV (MPEG-2) + Data + VoIP 2 x HDTV (MPEG-4) + Data + VoIP

2 x HDTV + Data + VoIP

2 x SDTV (MPEG-4) + Data + VoIP

FTTH

FTTC

4 0 0 m

FTTH

VDSL2

FTTH

VDSL2+

FTTB

FTTH

1 50 0 m

3 0 0 0 m

4 0 0 m

bonding ADSL2+

1 0 0 0 m

FTTN

CO

VDSL2 - 12MHz

4 0 0 m 1 0 0 0 m

FTTN

VDSL2 - 12MHz

ADSL2+

ADSL2+xDSL


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Ethernet Scalability Problems


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Ethernet Scalability Problems

Native Ethernet has important drawbacks: Connectionless: This is often an advantage, but it limits QoS and requires constant address learning Privacy / efficiency : Switches and bridges use broadcasting for learning (IEEE 802.1d) VLAN limitations of 4 094 identifiers cannot be used in a WAN (IEEE 802.1q) Non-hierarchical MAC addresses are flat, so the switching table does not scale well It takes seconds to restore the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). It cannot match 50 ms! No Ring topologies can be used, because STP allows only tree or star topologies Limited QoS , because native Ethernet is basically a best-effort technology Poor Management of nodes, topologies, events, performance

Network Demarcation , the CPE and the Operator network must be separated clearly

Switch

EthernetVLAN

Triple Play

Mapping in FramesSDH NG

3Play

Switch

Services

CPE CPENetwork Operator

Ethernet in MAN/WAN


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Ethernet in MAN/WAN

Giga Switch

Switch Dark Fibre

LAN

CWDM/DWDM

OADM

SDH

NG SDH

MSPPswitch

E t h e r n e t

ADM

MSPPswitch

E th e rn e t

T D M

S A N

Router

SDH

NG SDH

CWDM/DWDM

Dark Fibre

T D M

IP

Ethernet PHY

Ethernet MAC

Dark Fibre

IP

WDM

Ethernet MAC

WDM

Ethernet PHY

IP

SDH/SONET

Ethernet MAC

Adaptation

NG SDH

IP

MPLS

Any PHY

MPLS

Ethernet MAC

MPLS works over anyphysical infrastructure.

A proper Ethernetservice must keep theMAC layer end-to-end.

Multiprotocol Label Switching


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Multiprotocol Label Switching

MPLS manages traffic streams by separating route selection and packet-forwarding functions.

Pseudowire Edge-to-Edge Emulation PWE3 require a Tunnel label , used for guiding the framethrough the MPLS domain, and a VC label , used to identify each customers traffic matching an MAC,Port or VLAN tag to a constant label.

Including VPLS (the PWE3 multipoint implementation) the Metro Ethernet network can provide easily: QoS to support triple play services Increased scalability overcoming the MAC address explosion issues Integrated protection architectures

Advanced management

SDH NG

MPLS domainLER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label Switched Router

LSP: Label Switched Path

CPE

Triple P layDSLAM

STB

POTS/ISDN

IPTV

VoIP

Internet

VoD

PWE3: pseudowires

MPLS and QoS


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MPLS and QoS

Provides routing, not QoS Overcomes many IP scaling problems Flexible and efficient, increasing the performance of IP networks

Makes traffic isolation per customer or flow possible Transparent to QoS protocols

Therefore MPLS makes QoS provisioning easier , but using tools like DiffServ, RSVP, or ATM

SDH NG

LERLSR

MPLS domain

LER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label-Switched RouterLSP Label-Switched Path

A New Generation of TDM Network Elements


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C r o s s c o n n e c

t

Ethernet

PDH

SAN

DVB

Triple Play

F r a m i n

g

SDH ring

SDH ring

E t h P H Y

E t h b r i

d g e

M P L S

G F P - F

V C A T

LCAS

SDH

SDH

T D M

D a

t a

Layer 2Processing

Layer 1Processing

C r o s s c o n n e c t

F r a m i n g

SDH ring

SDH ring

E t h P H Y

E t h b r i

d g e

M P L S

G F P - F

V C A T

LCAS

Layer 2Processing

Layer 1Processing

P a c

k e t i z e r

Circuit-Emulationover Packet (CEP)

Multiservice Platform (MSP)

Enhanced ADM Packet ADM

Deploying Ethernet in MAN / WANenvironments makes it necessaryto develop new types of SDH

Enhanced ADMs are like atraditional ADM, but they

include Ethernet interfaces toenable access to new services,and TDM interfaces for legacyservices.

Packet ADMs have aconfiguration similar toenhanced ADMs: They includeTDM and packet interfaces, butpacket ADM offers common

packet-based management forboth new and legacy services. T D M

D a

t a

What is NG SDH?


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Fundamentally NG SDH is a packet-enabled technology made possible by three elements: GFP (Generic Framing Protocol) is an encapsulation procedure for packet data, performing bit rate

adaptation, managing features such as rate adaption, priorities, channel selection andsubmultiplexing.

VCAT (Virtual Concatenation) is a mechanism that assigns granular bandwidth sizes rather thanexponential provisioning of contiguous concatenation. This is why VCAT is flexible and efficient.

LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) modifies the allocated VCAT bandwidth dynamicallyby adding/removing members. LCAS is also being used to implement diversity for traffic resilience.

LCAS

GFP-F

Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

GFP-T

O p t i c a l MA C

T u n n e l

L S P VL

AN

V C GT u n n e

l L S P

F i b r e

WD M

NG SDH

Alternatives to QoS Control


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Q

1. Over-provisioning Traditional solution for private and public networks

May work for a while; requires regular updates2. Traffic Engineering (MPLS) Improves routing performance and indirectly helps QoS Compatible with most networking technologies and protocols

3. Resource Reservation (IntServ) End-to-end guarantee of QoS; needs a signalling procedure (RSVP)

4. Differentiated routing (DiffServ) Edge routers classify packets into priority classes

12~106 kbit/s Bandwidth

Loss

Delay

Jitter

1%

150 ms

30 ms

VoIP32 ~ 320 kbit/s

2%

5 s

Jitter buffer

Streamed MP30.005 ~ 10 Mbit/s Bandwidth

Loss

Delay

Jitter

2%

5 s

Jitter buffer

Variable Bandwidth

Loss

Delay

Jitter

Sensitive

Insensitive

Insensitive

Audio Video Data

Integrated Services (IntServ)


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g ( )

Based on resource reservation using end-to-end signalling Applications require resource management

Resource reservation is done per flow by means of Reservation Protocol (RSVP) signalling Guaranteed service and controlled load for QoS-sensitive flows Source-to-destination packet handling at each hop and per each flow Its not very scalable: RSVP is end-to-end and too complex Large packet processing and resource reservation makes RSVP inappropriate for core routers

Source

PATHRESVDataDataData

PATHRESV

RESV Tear

RSVP

PATHRESVDataDataData

PATHRESV

RESV Tear

Destination

Initiation

Data transmission

Refresh

Termination

IP

Differentiated Services (DiffServ)


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Key QoS control is managed at the Ingress router IP packets are marked and classified into categories or DSCP In charge of packet access, shaping and policing

Core routers just forward packets

Fast routing to the next hop (rather than end-to-end management like in RSVP) Packet scheduling per DSCP. No previous signalling, no resource reservation End-to-end QoS built with PHBs

DiffServ does not guarantee a QoS but manages flows differently

Simple and scalable solution

Ingress Router

Egress Routers

Flow identificationPacket markingAccess control

Core RoutersTraffic schedulingPer hop forwarding

Data Flows

EF

AF1

AF2

AF3

AF4

BE

+-

EF: Expedited ForwardingAF1-4: Assured Forwarding (x4)BF1: Best Effort (lowest priority)

DiffServ Routing

In Out

Queues

Weighing the Options: Technology, QoS and Cost


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The right architecture depends on many factors. Each business case must be evaluated independly:

Environmental: competition, culture, affordability, consumer behavior Segmentation: niche, mass, residential, enterprise Differentiation: services bundle, content, language, premium or value price Technology: QoS with new & existing technologies and low network deployment costs Time to Market: when and where to launch Service Costs: leadership or premium

V o DCompe

titorsVPNQoS

V D S L 2

FTTH

F T T N N G - S D

H

WDM

A D S L 2 + V

P L

S

C a r r i e

r - E

TV

I n t e r n e t

Mobile IPTV

B a n d w i

d t h

F i n a n c i a l

ARPU

Compe V o I P D a t a

Market

Voice

titors VoIPCost

V o D I n s t a l l

e d

b a s e

V o D

S e r v i c e s

Budget


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Triple Play Applications

Tele-applications


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Triple Play applications are often a combination of several types of information, and a number ofparameters such as bandwidth, source/destination relationship, type of routing, QoS, and symmetry

c o n n e c

t i o n

t i m e

101

105

102

107

103

108

104

109

106

1010

10 1

10 4

10 3

10 2

1 kbit/s 1 Mbit/s 1Gbit/s

1 min

1 hour

24 hours

bit/s

HDTV

Hi-Fi

Gaming

VoIP

Webinar

Data

Data Storage

Graphics

Internet

TransactionsSurveillance

CCTV

VoD

bit rate

MP3 Datacom


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IPTV delivery


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The IP television is a recent achievement thanks to the development of the following technologies

1. Carrier Ethernet, that can guarantee seamless Video streaming over converged networks

2. New architectures for IP network to support differentiated QoS for video applications, and allow abidirectional or interactive service between the Content Provider and the Subscriber

3. Availability of a new generation of high performance IP routers and Ethernet switches

4. Evolution of First Mile technologies (xDSL, FTTx, Wireless) than can deliver several Mbit/s

5. Rich middleware software that can differentiate each IPTV service implementing options like videoon demand, pay-per-view, VCR, multiple definitions, etc.

CPEAccessAggregationDistribution

IP/MPLS

VoD

Metro

Head end

F T T N

F T T H

A D S L2 +

STB

VoD servers

Contribution

Broadcast TV

TV studio

VoD vs. IPTV


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Video on Demand (VoD)

Unicast Service Real-time QoS is not a must Pause, Stop, Backwards, Forward, etc. options controlled with RTSP protocol Rich middleware like subscription VoD, network video recorder and personal video recorder

IP Television Multicast Service Real-time QoS is required RTP & RTCP protocols for quality control Channel zap with IGMP

20062004

IPTV

10

Subscribers Millions

2008

20

30

20062004

Revenues MEur

2008

5

10


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IP Video Protocols


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Digital Video is encoded with the help of MPEG-2, MPEG-4, or WM9. Content where, who and how

Cost competitive Quality viewing experience Convenience shifted time TV, PVR Coverage accessibility (fixed line or mobile) DRM business model

IP

UDPTCP

Access

Application

IP suite

Signalling IPTV (Video + Voice + Data)

IGMP

RTSP Transport Stream

MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4

EthernetPPP

ADSL2+ Fibre 802.3ahVDSL2 FTTx WiMax

NG SDH Transport

RTP/RTCP

WM9

Audio-visual Services and MPEG


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The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is a working bodywithin the ISO that is responsible for developing video and audioencoding, compression and standards for digital televisiondelivery, IPTV, commercial advertisements and multimediadigital video applications.

1. MPEG-1 (1993), typical rates up to 1.856 Mbit/s Coding of audio/video for digital storage media Used in CD Video Video resolution, generally 352 x 240/288 MP3 is the audio draft of MPEG-1

2. MPEG-2 (1995), typical rates from 2 to 9 Mbit/s Rates generally around 4 Mbit/s with ADSL2+ Video resolution generally 720 x 480, 720 x 576 or 544 x 576 Used in Cable, DBS, DVD, VoD and HDTV When used with HDTV, MPEG-2 typically runs at 19.3 Mbit/s

3. MPEG-4 (1999), typical rates from 5 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s Developed by the ITU to enable wireless single-user video services Mobile/POTS 5 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s Internet 64 kbit/s to 364 kbit/s Broadcast/VoD 364 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s

High efficiency for IPTV

Videoconference MPEG-4 (


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Digital television requires that pictures be digitized so that they can be processed by computer hardware.

Each pixel is represented by: one luminance number, that describes the brightness two crominance numbers that describe the color of the pixel. 4:2:2 means crominance horizontally subsampled by a factor of 2 relative to the luminance, 4:2:0 the

factor is horizontal and vertically subsampled.

pixels

l i n e s

Standard TV Digitalization (4:2:0 at 25 frames/s)Luminance: 720 lines x 576 pixels x 25 fr x 8 bits = 82,94 Mbit/s

2 5f / s

Crominance: 720 lines/2 x 576/2 x 25 fr x 16 bits = 41,47 Mbit/s

High Definition TV Digitalization1920 lines x 1080 pixels x 25 fr x 8bits = 1.49 Gbit/s

TV frame

(+) = 124,5 Mbit/s

MPEG Compression


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Compression is necessary to reduce the bandwidth requirements Lower SDTV: 24bit/pixel x 480x640pixels/frame x 30frames/s = 221,16 Mbit/s! Market moves toward HDTV therefore high efficient compression is necessary Pixel characteristics is correlated with neighbors then in some extend its value is predictable Human eye is less sensitive to detail near edges or around shot changes

MPEG uses two compression techniques: Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), for intra-frame codec Motion Compensation interframe prediction

Higher HDTV

HDTV

Lower SDTV SDTV

.

Frames/s Lines/Frame Pixels/Line

Lower SDTV 24, 30 480 640SDTV 24, 30, 60 480 704HDTV 24, 30, 60 720 1280Higher HDTV 24, 30, 60 1080 1920

Pixels Broadcast MPEG-2 MPEG-4 WM9

SDTV 704 x 480 6 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s 2-3.2 Mbit/s 2-3.2 Mbit/sHDTV 1920 x 1080 19.2 Mbit/s 15 Mbit/s 7.5-13 Mbit/s 7.5-13 Mbit/s


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Intra-Frame DCT coding


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Human eye is less sensitive for high frequencies.

A two dimensional DCT is performed on small block of 8x8 pixels. The magnitude of each DCT coefficientindicates the contribution of vertical and horizontal frequencies to the original image. Note that: DCT: Converts and image block into frequency component, DCT: does not reduce the size of the image, in fact increases it! from 8 bits/pixel to 11 DCT tends to concentrate the energy into the low frequency coefficients matching eye sensitive

The non uniform coefficient distribution is a result of spatial redundancy in the block The coefficient weight is done according human perception: high freq are coarsely quantized DC coefficient: is called when the value is 0 The scanning and compression algorithm produces a variable length code The final coding results in a I-frame

641 41E 51E 4A2 F5 456 428 52

4A2 603 4A2 E39 23C 136 6 36

410 182 297 149 11 A1 2 1F

A7 49 10 1C 33 12 41 13

7F1 845 7F9 234 4F1 912 41 445478 645 437 458 306 877 817 B3

282 564 252 52 67E 31C 1AE 11

134 7F1 541 349 156 52 3 21

25 1A 11 8 0 2 1 0

5 5 7 6 2 1 0 0

3 2 A 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

123 58 69 24 F 3 0 278 2E 21 6 1 4 3 1

1C 8 5 1 3 2 0 0

2 6 9 3 1 0 0 0

25 1A 11 8 0 2 1 0

5 5 7 6 2 1 0 0

3 2 A 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

123 58 69 24 F 3 0 278 2E 21 6 1 4 3 1

1C 8 5 1 3 2 0 0

2 6 9 3 1 0 0 0

Sequence of Images

Image Macroblock Block

Slide

16 pixel

1 6 p

i x e

l s

8 pixels

8 p

i x e

l sDCT

8 bits/pixel

DCT coefficients8 bits/pixel 11 bits/pixel

Human eye is less

Weighting

sensitive to high freq.set 0 below perceptionand minimize high freq.

Compression

Zig/zag scan withdetection of zerosHuffman encoding

IDCT

- horizontal freq. +

-v er t i c

al f r e

q.

+

m x n pixels

Frame Types


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I-Frames : Intra-frame coded independly to other pictures. Compression is achieved with DCT reducing the spatial redundancy but not temporal.

P-Frame : Predicted pictures can use previous I or P pictures for motion compensation

Each block can either be predicted or intra codedB-Frames: Bidirectional predicted pictures from previous or later I or P frames (never B-frame) for motion Each block can either be forward/backward/bidirectional predicted or intra coded Forward prediction requires to change the natural frame order causing a reordering delay at reception B-frames achieve the highest degree of compression, I-frames the lowest

6B 3P I

Size: = =

I

P

B

Independent

future pictures previous picturesactual frame

B-frames P-frames I-frames

Temporal processing or Inter-frame


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A Group of Pictures (GOP) is described the number of pictures (N) and the spacing of P pictures (M) inour sample GOP N=12 M=3. In theory, the number of B-frames that may occur between any two I- and P-frames is unlimited In practice, there are typically up to twelve P- and B-frames occurring between each I-frame. One I-frame will occur approximately every 0.4 seconds during video showtime.

to

t11

P r e s e n t a t i o n o r d e r

B1 B2 I3 B4 B5 P 6 B7 B8P 9 BA BB P C

I3 B1 B2 P 6 B4 B5 P 9 B7B8 P C BA BB

G r o u p o f P i c t u r e s

to

Bitstream order Display order

t11

reordering

A r r i v a l o r d e r

future

previous

MPEG Stream Generation Scheme


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Two type of streams can be generated with the same source signal: Program Stream , intended media with low errors probability like CD-ROM

Transport Stream , for noisy medias i.e. Satellites, IPTV uses shorter packets and independent clocks

MPEG

Clock

Encoders

AudioVideoData

ESESES

Packetizers

PES

PES

PCR/SCR

DVD

PS

TS

Modulator

DVBChannel

Program 1

Program k

AudioVideoData

...

ProgramMPEG

PES Header PES Packet

PES: Packetized Elementary Stream

TS Header TS PacketAdaption Field AF stuffing

TS: Transport Stream

ES: Elementary Stream

1

1

2

2

3

3

Codified Audio, Video, Data stream

with PCR (4 bytes) (144 bytes)

Multiplex

2

CD

DistributionNetwork

DVD reader

Physical Transport

STB

TV

MPEG-2 Transport Stream


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PID=000: PAT - Programme Association Table , lists the PIDs of tables describing each programme. PID=001: CAT - Conditional Access Table , defines the type of scrambling used + management info. PID=X: PMT - Programme Map Table , defines the set of PIDs associated with audio, video, data... PID=010: NIT - Network Information Table , contains details of the bearer network used

PID=Y: PES - Packetized Elementary Stream , each independent sequence of voice, video or data

4 bytes

PayloadHeader

184 bytes

Adaption field

Transport Scrambling ControlPID

Transport PriorityPayload Unit Start Indication

Transport error indicationSync byte

Adaption Field ControlContinuity Counter

PID

8 1 1 1 13 2 2 2

Transport

Transport

TP Header

Audio

Video

DataAudio

PAT table

- Network Info: PID=10- Program H: PID=306- Program X: PID=032- Program Z: PID=510

PMT table (per programme)

- Video: PID=160- Audio Spa: PID=234- Audio Fren: PID=233- Subtitle Eng: PID=237

Packet

Elementary Stre am

TransportPackets

Stream

PES

IGMP Snooping and Zapping Delay


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IGMP snooping is a method for intelligent forwarding of multicast packets within a layer-2 broadcastdomain. IGMP registration information is snooped to create a distribution list of workstations to knowwhich end-stations will receive packets with a certain multicast address.

Channel Zapping IGMP is a test used to measure the delay that occurs when a user joins or leaves aspecific multicasting group. In other words, it is an IPTV channel zapping measurement.

Originator Switch

without IGMP snooping

Originator

with IGMP snooping

Multicastagent

Multicastagent

Multicastagent

Join request

Join reply

Examples of TV Strategies

O A T hi h d id i l i h b lif l f i


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Operator A : Targets high-end residential customers with busy life style for a premium

charge (4-10 times more than cable) for TSTV, VoD and HSI access. Operator B : Differentiates itself by delivering 25-50 Mbit/s VDSL2 bandwidth with

HDTV content at competitive rates to raise barriers to entry and strengthen its positionin the market.

Operator C : Targets the mass market by using DTT for broadcasting, deliveringcontent via VoD to use less bandwidth and make QoS control easier. This significantlyreduces costs and risks in early deployment.

Operator D : Delivers multicast services at lower prices than cable for the mass market,with attractive content to boost market share and revenue for the time being.

Operator E : Targets specific sport fans for mobile TV during major sports events. UsesDVB-H technology to differentiate the service.

Operator F : Targets enterprise customers by delivering educational content for the

campus via FTTx and LAN, to deploy the network at very low maintenance costs.

IETF VoIP Protocols


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SIP is used at the control plane and RTP/UDP is used for the voice transport H.323 was the first, and still is the most used, easy internet-working POTS & ISDN

(but it is getting less popular) SIP, used for IP phones, is currently popular, as it is very flexible SIP can be integrated easily with PCs, e-mail, web and corporate platforms

IP

UDPTCP

RTP

Audio VideoSDP PINT IMP

SIP

N e t w or k

A p pl i c

a t i on

T r an

s mi s

s i on

Supplementary

Signalling Voice over IP

Services

Voice over IP Network


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IP is data-oriented, but can also support multiple applications based on voice and video.

Why VoIP? Subscribers : cheaper calls, integration with PCs and e-mail Carriers : convergence across a unique network Service providers : new business opportunity Manufactures : new market demands

VoIP uses known protocols such as: IP, TCP, UDP (User Datagram Protocol) RTP (Real Time Protocol), RTCP (Real-Time Control Protocol)

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), H.323 (ITU-T)

Hi!

IP Network

PSTN

PABXVoIP

Router Router

Gateway

VPN

VoIP

Voice Codec Framing Protocols

Codec

Transcoding


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SIP Protocol


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SIP is the protocol used to establish IP sessions between users, to set up VoIP calls, as well asmultimedia conferences, multimedia distributions or multicast sessions. However, this protocol does nottransport voice or multimedia contents.

IP

SIP Proxy

Caller

Domain A Domain B

Router Router

Recipient

sip.caribean.comSIP Proxy

sip.trendcomms.com

SIP Signalling

VoiceI N V I T E

SIP Request(simplified trace)INVITE sip : [email protected] SIP/2.0 Via : SIP/2.0/UDP mkt12.caribean.com;To : pepon From : Alice ;

Contact : Content-Length : 142

SIP Response(simplified trace)SIP/2.0 200 OK Via: SIP/2.0/UDP mkt12.caribean.comTo: pepon ;From: leila ;CSeq: 314159 INVITEContent-Length: 131

Typical SIP SessionSIP protocol (IETF RFC 3261)


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SIP protocol (IETF RFC 3261).

What it covers: User search Call Init, Control and Close IP address, UDP/TCP Changes during the session Supplementary services

What it doesnt cover: Type of network to be used Type of codecs to be used

Session details (formats,codecs...) Where and how the proxy,

registers, redirections etc.are implemented

Note that the caller does not sendthe Invite message directly to therecipient , but to an SIP proxy thatlocates the user and startsnegotiating the session parameters.

SIP Proxy

Caller Recipient

Router Router

Invite

TryingInvite

InviteTryingRinging

Ringing

Ringing OKOK

OKACK

VoIP session

Bye

OK

sip.ideal.com SIP Proxysip.trendcomms.com

IPNetwork

SIP

SIP

VoIP

Internet-Working with PSTN/ISDN

PTSN / ISDNIP Network MGC


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Done by means of gateways. Gateways translate the voice

between the IP and the PSTNnetwork.

Signalling, SIP to/from SS#7, hasto be translated as well.

Translated messages (often onlyapproximations to the original).

There are two types of gateways:

1. Media Gateways (MGs) convertdata from the format required by acircuit-switched network to thatrequired by a packet-switchednetwork.

2. Media Gateway Controllers (MGCs) to handle all tasks relatedto call control and signalling.

VoIP

IP Phone Proxy

Gateways

PTSN / ISDN

InviteInviteTrying

IAM

ACM

Trying

ANM

Session ProgressSession Progress

One-way RTP

OK

OK

ACK

ACK

communicationsOne-way Circuit

Two-way RTPCommunications Two-way Circuit

Legacy

Ringing tone

Hello?

Two-way Circuit

PCM

Switch V o i

c e

SIP ISUP

IP Network

S i g n a l l i n g S i g n a l l i

n g

V o i c e

MG

GC

RTP and RTCP Basics


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Encoder

RTP

VoiceDecoder

Voice stream Packets ^ timestamps Packets with jitter

Retimed stream

IP

Clock Clock

RTP Voice stream

Hellooo!

Report ReportRRSR RTCP

Real Time Protocol (RTP) RFC 3550 Used to transport voice and video signals

in real time Congestion produces jitter at the far end

RTP inserts a timestamp in all voice packets Timestamps are used to ensure that all voicepackets that are delivered to the far endmaintain the time that was originally generated.

Note that RTP does not provide QoS, but just

transports timing signals.

Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP)

RTCP complements the RTP protocol withinformation on the QoS received: delays, loss,

jitter, etc. It provides:

persistent session information basic session management performance feedback to communication

parties of intermediate probes


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TriplePlay Rollout/Maintenance

Delivering QoS water (yes!)


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The problem of delivering QoS in packet networks can be compared with water distribution. In the diagram, two pumps supply water for two towns, Town A and Town Z.

Some water is lost in the pipelines between the pumps and the towns.

Some water is lost

Town Z

Town A

Waster pumps

Delivering QoS: Heavy Load


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The water company now needs to deliver water to a third town, Town M. A new pump could theoretically supply water for Town M.

As more water is pumped in the pipelines, more water is lost before it reaches its destination. The result is that now Town M can get the water it needs, but there is not enough water for Town Z.

Even more water is lost

Water supply to Town Z

is compromised

Town A Town M

Over-provisioning

Delivering QoS: Over-Provisioning

An extra pump is added


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The water company solves the problem by installing a fourth pump. Now much more water is lost in the pipelines, but all three towns can receive the water they need. The ratio between water pumps and serviced towns is now 1.33 pumps / town. What would happen if it were necessary to deliver water to a fourth town?

Town A Town M

Over-provisioning

Much more water is lost

At least, the water supply cannow be guaranteed to town Z

Delivering QoS: Fixing the Network


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There is an alternative to over-provisioning: fixing the distribution pipelines. Fixing the network can be more expensive than over-provisioning.

The ratio between water pumps and serviced towns is now 0.66 pumps / town.

Town A Town MPipelines are fixed

No more water is lost

Two pumps only

Town Z

Triple Play Testing


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Triple Play is an application that runs over a large stack of telecom/datacom protocols.This means that bad quality of service or loss of service can be caused by many different factors: CPE faults Access faults, depending on the technology used IP networks must support proper QoS and multicast requirements Service availability and performance

SDH NGIP Network Gateway

IPTV Servers

TelephonesProxy

Internet Internet

CPE Access ServiceIP Network

- Configurations

- Wiring- Hardware/Software

- xDSL/cable/fibre faults

- Bit rate expectations- Security/Privacy

- Packet loss, Delays

- QoS management

- IP continuity

- Service availability- Core infrastructures - Contention- Multicast - Performance- Data Performance

- Voice/Video quality- DSLAM performance

Modem

STB

VoIP

Data

DSLAM

C a b le

Troubleshooting ADS2+ and VDSL

Mbit/


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DSL service providers can choose between two possible configurations for the local loop: Fixed data rate : The transmission bandwidth between the customer premises and the CO is fixed.

The transmission performance (SNR and noise margin) may change. It must be checked that theupstream and downstream rates match the configured values.

Fixed SNR : The local loop performance (SNR and noise margin) is fixed. Transmission rates maydiffer for each customer. It must be checked that the noise margin is 6 dB or better.

Tester DSLAMUpstream

Downstream

Broken ormisconfigured

equipment

CrosstalkNoise

Faultylines 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0

Reach

1

10

100

D o w n s

t r e a m b

i t r a

t e

V D S L 2

V D S L

ADSL2+

ADSL2

ADSL

Mbit/s

km

Troubleshooting Optical Access

Subscribers


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DSL service providers can choose between two possible configurations for the local loop: Optical TDR: check the physical conditions of the fiber, including continuity. Optical characterization : evaluate attenuation and absolute power level during transmission. Bandwidth : PONs use a multipoint-to-point topology; the more subscribers there are,

the more critical the system is.

Efficiency : The PON is a shared medium; the scheduling performance must be checked. Security : Downstream signals are encrypted for all subscribers, to guarantee privacy.

Tester

Splitter

Fibre

ONU

Fibre

PON

OLT

Tester


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Layer-3 Continuity



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In the case of service failure, the following should be tested: Physical layer continuity

- Copper pair

- Fibre optics- Coaxial cable DSL synchronization IP Ping continuity Trace Route delays

IP pingTrace Route

address, timeaddress, time address, time

SDH NGIP Network

Internet InternetModem

Data

Data Servers


Internet Access Test



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The typical data applications (generally Internet-based) that need to be to checked are: Web browsing performance; a basic facility for residential customers

FTP capacity for file uploading and downloading Traffic statistics compiled during data browsing PPP authentication

SDH NGIP Network

Internet InternetModem

Data

Data Servers


IPTV: The Subscribers Point of ViewPacket LossSync error

Continuity error

PCR JitterTransport error

Coding error


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The QoE test aims is to measure how good the service is from the customers point of view. In practiceit is a combination of packet impairments and video content measurements.

Quality of Service (QoS) Quality of Experience (QoE)

Content Quality- PCR Jitter- Coding distortion- Server overload

Video : Blocking, blurring, visual noise, loss of colour,edge distortion, pixelization, audio/video sync...

Transport Quality- Packet loss- Latency and delay variation- TCP Retransmissions

Voice : Distortion, noise, echo, loss of interactivity,interruptions, accessibility...

Transaction Quality - IGMP latency (IPTV)- RTSP latency (VoD)Data : Low speed, low interactivity, wrong formatting,authentication problems...

AudioVideo

DataAudio

Contribution

IP NetworkSTB

Packet DelayPacket Delay

Continuity error

Packet Jitter

QoS parameters User Experience QoE measurement

- Pixelation- Freezing- Lip Sync- Blurring- Distortion- Zapping Delay

- Pixelation- Freezing- Lip Sync- Blurring- Distortion- Zapping Delay

Verify the IPTV Service

Temporal error propagation


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Video rendering is important for qualitative video performance assessment.

A single lost packet in an MPEG-2 video stream is displayed as several errored pixels or even lines in a video frame (spacial error propagation), several video frames with errored pixels (temporal error propagation).

Spatial error propagation

Testing points


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The video preview test can be performed from different points in the customer premises or in the localexchange: The WAN connection is used to test the service provider network, but not the subscriber network. The LAN connection is useful to test the combined performance of the subscriber network and the

service provider network. The LAN Connection can be used to diagnose problems in the modem/router in the customer

premises due to firewalls, NAT, and unicast or multicast routing.

WANLAN

Modem/RouterSTBTV

Tester Tester

IP Network

Video IGMP Delay

Tester


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How to check the video IGMP delay:

Channel zap , checks the delay in receiving the image when the channel is changed. Transmission : TV channels are transmitted in IP networks by using multicast IP datagram flows. Joining/Leaving an IP multicast group is managed by the Internet Group Management Protocol

(IGMP). Joining/leaving multicast groups may take time. The user sees this as excessive delays anddegraded service.

J o i n

Tester

Multicast

Local loop

J oin r e ques t

J oin repl y

Lea v e r e ques t

Le a ve repl y L e a v e

Contentsservers

agent

Testing SIP Across a NAT Firewall

LAN Internet


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Problems with NAT arise, because with SIP, there is some addressing information that is carried in theapplication payload. This information is bypassed by devices that only work at layer 3. SIP responses may fail to find the way back to the originator of the transaction if the Via or Contact

fields of the SIP requests cannot be resolved to a public IP address. The media transport protocol, usually RTP, may fail to find the participants of a session if they are

behind a NAT router.

NAT firewall

Untrusted networkProxy

UDP SIP r eques t

Trusted networkUser agent

Port opened: 5650

DS T Por t: 5060

Port closed,drop packet

UDP SIP response

Opinion Models (in-service test)

R-factorUser Satisfaction

MOS


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MOS (Mean Opinion Score) : To arrive at an MOS score, a tester assembles a panel of expert listenerswho rate the quality of speech samples that have been processed by the system under test. Ideally, a panel would consist of a mix of male and female listeners of various ages The samples should reflect a range of typical voice conversations Each panelist rates the quality of the system output from 1 to 5, with 1 indicating the worse and 5 the best The scores of the panelists are then averaged

E-Model : a computational model that uses transmission parameters (errors, packet loss, delay, echo...)to predict the subjective quality of voice. Good for conversational MOS evaluation using R-factor.

1009490

80

70

60

50

User Satisfaction

0

4.54.44.3

4.0

3.6

3.1

2.6

1

Very satisfied

Satisfied

Some usersdissatisfied

Many usersdissatisfied

Nearly all usersdissatisfied

Not recommended

Desirable

Acceptable

Unacceptablefor toll quality

DistributionNetwork

VoIP Router Router VoIP

Conversational MOS evaluation (Bidirectional)

Speech Layer Models (out-of-service test)

PABXVoIP

Router Router

VoIP


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PSQM (Perceptual Speech Quality Measure), defined by ITU-T P.861, uses pre-recorded voice signalsthat are transmitted at the origin and compared at reception in the 300 - 3 400 Hz frequency range.

Created to evaluate codec performance, basically the distortion of the voice signal. PSQM is notdesigned to reflect the effects of packet loss or jitter.

PAMS (Perceptual Analysis Measurement System) also compares an output signal with the input signal,but using a different algorithm based on factors of human perception to measure voice quality, scoringon a 1 to 5 scale that can be correlated to MOS.

PESQ (Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality), developed based upon PAMS and an improvedversion of PSQM called PSQM+. Uses the best features of both: the robust time-alignment techniques ofPAMS with the accurate modelling of PSQM. It targets not only VoIP, but also ISDN, GSM and POTS.

DistributionNetwork

Router Router

Listening MOS evaluation (Unidirectional)

VoIP Delays


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Rec. ITU-T G.114, unidirectional delay in ms: 0 - 150 : acceptable for most applications 150 - 400 : acceptable, but degrades the QoS > 400 : unacceptable; only for voice messages or walkie-talkie gadgets

IP

Hellooo!

Encoding Buffering Ingress

Transmission

Egress Jitter buffer Decoding

Half DuplexITU Internet, Satellite

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

ms

Summary


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1. In lightly loaded packet networks, delay, delay variation and packet loss ratio can be kept relativelyunder control. However, under higher traffic loads, carriers must face a dilemma: increasethe capacity of their networks further or implement QoS policies .

2. MPLS is perhaps the best QoS solution among the currently available options , includingIntServ and DiffServ. It combines the features of Intserv and Diffserv with other features that arevery much appreciated by carriers: Connection oriented technology, traffic engineering, carrier-class protection...

3. Providers must offer differential QoS both on a per customer basis and on a per service basis.Every service has its own QoS needs. Providing QoS on a per service basis is not just aproblem of prioritization . The network must be prepared to fulfill the needs of every application.

4. QoS tests are performed as end-to-end measurements . For example, a tester can be used tomeasure delay, delay variation and packet loss, for several services/subscribers, from thecustomer premises.

5. Residential subscribers experience service deficiency rather than abstract QoS problems; because they buy services rather than transmission facilities. This makes QoE testing an importantrequirement of test equipment in residential applications.


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Triple Play business development

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