Trimodal distribution of ozone and water vapor in the UT/LS during boreal summer Timothy J Dunkerton...
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Trimodal distribution of ozone and water vapor in the UT/LS during boreal summer
Timothy J Dunkerton
NorthWest Research Associates WARM SEASON
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Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL)
• Contains critical questions for atmospheric chemistry and climate
• Represents the gateway for constituents entering the middle atmosphere
• Composition and motion of air are influenced by a combination of tropospheric and stratospheric processes
• Extends vertically from the level of maximum convective outflow (200-250 hPa) to the cold point tropopause or, alternatively, to the highest altitude of convective clouds, which sometimes overshoot the tropopause
• Extends meridionally to the subtropical jet and tropopause break
• BOREAL SUMMER: jet and tropopause break are displaced well to the north, near 45°N, and thermodynamic characteristics of tropical air extend into midlatitudes
• BOREAL WINTER: rotational circulations more symmetric about equator, tropical tropopause temperatures attain their coldest values
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Ping Chen (1995 JGR) studied isentropic mixing in the middle world using ECMWF analyses
overworldmiddle world
upper & lowermiddle world
PVU=2
DJF
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Randel et al, 2001
Depletion byconvection
TransportInto tropics
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High O3Wet
Low O3Wet
Low O3Dry
Randel et al, 2001
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Low O3Wet
High O3Wet
Low O3Dry
Randel et al, 2001
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Cross-isentropic transport associated with deep convection and cirrus in active monsoon regionscauses a provocative upward bulge of water vapor isopleths to isentropic surfaces lying above thetropical cold point. There are some interesting implications for the water-vapor tape recorder.
Randel et al, 2001
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Summer hydration is contiguous tomoist phase of tape recorder head.
Randel et al, 2001
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Gettelman et al, 2002
*coldest cloud top
“hot” spots*
Cold season convection near equator
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Image courtesy Mark BaldwinImage courtesy Mark Baldwin
(used w/o permission)(used w/o permission)
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solid: 30-90 E 20-40 Nopen: 30-105 E 15-45 N
HALOE levels 32-34
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Preliminary conclusions from HALOE
• Warm-season hydration of UT/LS is observed in a shallow layer about the tropopause
• Visible after 1993, not due to Pinatubo aerosol contamination
• N American and S Asian monsoons contribute
• Asian summer monsoon is stronger and deeper
• Extreme events are more likely over Asia
• HALOE ozone agrees with SAGE: low ozone within Tibetan anticyclone, arm of higher O3 air drawn equatorward & westward over E China & Ind O
• Orbital pattern of data in midlatitudes suggests interannual variation, especially in local winter
• Spotty pattern of data in tropics and subtropical monsoon regions suggests local and episodic sources
• Origin of local anomalies unknown, possibly deep convection upstream