Trigger Point Injections...Simons Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual (Vol....
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Trigger Point Injections Amanda St. John DNP, FNP-C Instructor, Nurse Practitioner Comprehensive Pain Center Oregon Health & Science University
Transcript of Trigger Point Injections...Simons Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual (Vol....
Trigger Point Injections
Amanda St. John DNP, FNP-CInstructor, Nurse PractitionerComprehensive Pain Center
Oregon Health & Science University
Learning Objectives:
1. Define Pain
2. List types of Pain
3. Define trigger point
4. Describe the mechanism of action of trigger point injections
5. Identify appropriate indications for trigger point injections
6. Demonstrate the recommended technique for administering trigger point injections
Resources
What is Pain?An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.
Merskey H, Bogduk N (eds). Classification of Chronic Pain, 2nd ed. IASP Press, Seattle, 1979.
Type of Pain
Peripheral nocicepitive vs. Peripheral neuropathic vs centralizedPeripheral Nociceptive Peripheral Neuropathic Centralized
InflammationMechanical Damage
Damage or Dysfunction of Nerves
Central disturbance in pain processing
Myofascial pain
● Typically described as a deep aching sensation, often with a feeling of stiffness in the involved area
● Often results from muscle injury or repetitive strain
● Aggravated by use of the involved muscle(s), psychological stressors, anxiety, cold and postural imbalance
Bennett, R., MD. (n.d.). Understanding Myofascial Pain. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://myalgia.com/Myofascial/Understanding%20MPS.htm
Prevalence
● 44 million Americans have myofascial pain problems
● 47% of chronic pain is of musculoskeletal origin
● A study from an internal medicine group practice found that 30% of patients with pain complaints had active myofascial trigger points
● Patients evaluated in one pain management center were found to have a myofascial component to their pain in 95% of cases
Bennett, R., MD. (n.d.). Understanding Myofascial Pain. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://myalgia.com/Myofascial/Understanding%20MPS.htm
What is a Trigger Point?
Trigger points are, focal, hyperirritable spots located in a taut band of skeletal muscle.
Symptoms include local and referred pain
Accompanied by headache, neck pain, low back pain, and various other musculoskeletal and systemic disorders.
Wong, C. S. M., & Wong, S. H. S. (2012). A New Look at Trigger Point Injections. Anesthesiology Research and Practice, 2012, 492452. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/492452
Alvarez, D. J., Rockwell P. G. (2002). Trigger Points: Diagnosis and Management. American Family Physician, 2002, 65(4):653-661.
Active vs. Latent
Active:● Causes pain at rest● Tender to palpation, referred pain pattern that is similar to the patient's pain complaint● Referred pain is felt not at the site of the trigger point origin, but remote from it
Latent:● Does not cause spontaneous pain, but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness.● May become aware of pain originating from a latent trigger point only when pressure is applied
directly over the point
Wong, C. S. M., & Wong, S. H. S. (2012). A New Look at Trigger Point Injections. Anesthesiology Research and Practice, 2012, 492452. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/492452
Alvarez, D. J., Rockwell P. G. (2002). Trigger Points: Diagnosis and Management. American Family Physician, 2002, 65(4):653-661.
Diagnosis of a Trigger Point
● HPI
● Palpation of a hypersensitive bundle or nodule of muscle fiber (“knot”) of harder than normal consistency.
● Palpation usually elicits pain over the palpated muscle and/or cause radiation of pain towards the zone of reference in addition to a twitch response
● No laboratory tests or imaging studies (e.g.,magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography[CT] scan, or x-ray) to diagnose trigger points
Wong, C. S. M., & Wong, S. H. S. (2012). A New Look at Trigger Point Injections. Anesthesiology Research and Practice, 2012, 492452. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/492452
.
Treatments
Mechanism of Action
● Mechanical effect of the needle
● Chemical effect of the agents injected, resulting in relaxation and lengthening of the muscle fiber:
○ Injectate may include local vasodilation, dilution, and removal of the accumulated nociceptive substrates.
Travell, J. G., Simons, D. G., & Simons, L. S. (1983). Travell and Simons Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual (Vol. 1). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Indications for Trigger Point Injections
● Myofascial pain, trigger point palpated, twitch response*
● Common sites of pain:○ Low back pain
○ Neck/shoulder pain
○ Hip pain
○ Pelvic pain
○ Headaches
○ Jaw pain
○ Upper/lower extremity pain
○ Chest and abdominal pain
Bennett, R., MD. (n.d.). Understanding Myofascial Pain. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://myalgia.com/Myofascial/Understanding%20MPS.htm
Contraindications
● Abnormal bleeding tendencies
● Severely compromised immune system (eg. cancer, HIV, hepatitis, etc.)
● Epilepsy
● Altered psychological status
● Decreased ability to tolerate the procedure (needle phobia)
● Allergy to anesthetic agents
● Acute muscle traumaAlvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. Trigger points: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65(4):653-60.
Procedure
● Consent
● Patient position
● Aseptic technique
● Informed consent
● Allay anxiety
● Equipment needed
● Needle selection/injectate
● Trigger point identification
● Administration
Informed Consent
Allay anxiety
Patient Position
Supine Prone Sitting
Aseptic Technique
Equipment Needed
● Gloves
● Gauze
● Alcohol pads/Chloraprep
● 3-10 mL Syringe
● Injectate
● Needles (size depending on site to be injected)
● Adhesive bandage
Needle Selection
● Needle size depends on the location of the muscle being injected
● Needle should be long enough to reach the contraction knots in the trigger point to disrupt them *
● 22-27 gauge, 1.5-2.5 inch, depending on location of TP and body habitus
○ For thick subcutaneous muscles such as the gluteus maximus or paraspinal muscles in persons who are not obese, a 21-gauge, 2.0-inch needle is usually necessary
○ A 21-gauge, 2.5-inch needle is required to reach the deepest muscles, such as the gluteus minimus and quadratus lumborum, and is available as a hypodermic needle
Injectate
● Injectable solution: 1-2% Lidocaine, 1% procaine, 0.25% bupivacaine, normal saline
● 1–2 mL per trigger point
● Long-acting nature of agent will prevent the local soreness that some patients experience from the process
● No evidence to show corticosteroids
Injectate Max Dose
Trigger Point Identification
Administration
Isolate trigger point: pinch between the thumb and index finger or between the index and middle finger, whichever is most comfortable.
Insert needle at a 90 degree angle into the trigger point itself
Always ensure you are not within a blood vessel, the plunger should be withdrawn before injection
A small amount (0.3-0.5 mL) of anesthetic should be injected once the needle is inside the trigger point-hold for one minute
The needle is then withdrawn to the level of the subcutaneous tissue, then redirected superiorly, inferiorly, laterally and medially, repeating the needling and injection process in each direction until the local twitch response is no longer elicited or resisting muscle tautness is no longer perceived “fanning”
Post Injection
Stretching is an integral part of treatment:
Potential Complications
● Vasovagal syncope
● Pneumothorax
● Hematoma
● Nerve injury
● Intravascular complications
● Local anesthetic toxicity
Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. Trigger points: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65(4):653-60.
Clinical Pearls
● Number of trigger points per session
● After trigger point injection, it’s normal to feel radiating pain from the point, reassure patient. If it has been >7 days, consider nerve injury
● Don’t insert the needle all the way
● In highly vascular areas, use saline
● Anticoagulants (ASRA guidelines)
Questions?
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CPT Codes
● 20552 Injection(s); single or multiple trigger point(s), 1 or 2 muscle(s)
● 20553 Injection(s); single or multiple trigger point(s), 3 or more muscles
References Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. Trigger points: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65(4):653-60.
Bennett, R., MD. (n.d.). Understanding Myofascial Pain. Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://myalgia.com/Myofascial/Understanding%20MPS.htm
Hong C-Z. Considerations and Recommendations Regarding Myofascial Trigger Point Injection. J Musculoskeletal Pain 1994; 2(1):29-59.
Hong CZ. Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to myofascial trigger point. The importance of the local twitch response. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1994; 73(4):256-63.
Merskey H, Bogduk N (eds). Classification of Chronic Pain, 2nd ed. IASP Press, Seattle, 1979.
Minty, R., Kelly, L., & Minty, A. (2007). The occasional trigger point injection. Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine, 12(4), 241-244.
Money, S. (2017) Pathophysiology of Trigger Points in Myofascial Pain Syndrome, Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 31:2, 158-159, DOI: 10.1080/15360288.2017.1298688
Travell, J. G., Simons, D. G., & Simons, L. S. (1983). Travell and Simons Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual (Vol. 1). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Travell, J. G., Simons, D. G., & Simons, L. S. (1983). Travell and Simons Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual (Vol. 2). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Walsh, K. and Arya, R. (2015), A simple formula for quick and accurate calculation of maximum allowable volume of local anaesthetic agents. Br J Dermatol, 172: 825–826. doi:10.1111/bjd.13335
