Proceedings of the 13 Triennial Congress of

the International Ergonomics Association

June 29 - July 4, 1997

Tampere, Finland

"From Experience to Innovation"

IEA'97

Volume 1

Organizational design and management

Organizers:IEA International Ergonomics Association

NES Nordic Ergonomics SocietyFES Finnish Ergonomics Society

Tampere University of TechnologyTampere University

Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthFinnish Ministry of Labour

Editors:

Pentti SeppalaTuulikki LuopajarviClas-Hakan Nygard

Markku Mattila

Technical editors:

Kristiina Kulha

Ella Hanninen

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

Helsinki 1997

UB/TIB Hannover 89

122 341627

CONTENTS-VOLUME 1

PREFACE

KEYNOTES

A systematic definition ofergonomics 3Martin Helander

Ageing and human skill: a tribute to Alan Welford 6

Patrick Rabbitt

Ergonomics, quality and continuous improvement - Some current issues 10

Jorgen Eklund

The Scandinavian approach in participatory ergonomics 13Per Langaa Jensen

1 ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

1.1 MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL

CHANGES

Simulation game - Anthropocentric production planning 19

Alstrup L, Kofoed LB

Kaizen based suggestion schemes - A tool for participation and improvement of 22

working conditions and qualityAxelsson JRC

Decentralized organizations - White-collar workers as production support 25

Berglund M

Evaluation of "Office of the future". Presentation of a research project financed by the 28

Swedish Council for Work Life Research

Berns T, Klusell L, Rosenblad T

Power and leadership 31

Buhanist P, Immonen S

Ergonomic contribution to organisational changes: a bottom-up approach case study 34

in a process industryCarballeda G, Daniellou F

A case study on how to train and coach company instructors, and on how to make 37

them sensitive to accident prevention in the field of goods handlingClaessens L

i

Multi-level change - the case of Sweden Post l 40

Edstrom A, Abrahamson C '

Checklist as a tool for evaluating physical environment at hospital wards 43Engkvist l-L, Hagberg M, Wigaeus Hjelm E, Menckel E, Ekenvail L, PROSA Study Group

Participative reintegration of maintenance tasks into production areas 46Flachsenberg U, Wimmer R

Simulation games - the state of the art and the future 49Forssen-Nyberg M

The conceptual and practical transformation of facts into requirements 52

Gallaway GR

Towards new ways of action - a case study 55Haavisto T

Making sense of organisational innovations. A cultural interpretation of improvement 58practices in two Swedish companiesHolmberg R

Organisational change philosophies: isolated models or complementary strategies? 61Hagerfors A, Styhre A

Leadership and communication in managing change 64Immonen S, Buhanist P

Effects on quality of working life and economic factors using learning strategies for 67changeIngelgirdA, Norrgren F

Helping managers to find a better compromise between coherence and relevance: an 70intervention in an industrial projectJackson M, Thibault JF, Daniellou F

Ergonomic information deployment for manufacturing systems design 73JasiakAE

Organizational culture and organizational development: a case study in process industry 76Jarvenpaa £, Eloranta E

Change processes and their influence on the working environment 79Karltun J

Leadership and vision in a change process 82Kosonen K

Development of modular procedures for a Total-Quality-Management-System for 85enterprise-specific vocational trainingsKrings K, Seiwert G, Flachsenberg U

Reengineering the company - a framework for avoiding major problems 88Laming H

Creating a shared vision in a company group by benchmarking 91Pahkala S

How to develop team-based measurement systems in offices and administration 94Pankakoski M, Koivula A

Effective reengineering procedures to implement self-directed work teams 97Ruhnau J

Developing administrative work process in a service organization with the 100simulation gameRuohomaki V

The evaluation of change projects 103Salminen A

A comparison between changes in industry in the U.S. and South Africa 106Scoff PA, Kleiner BM

Workplace safety measures -what can we say about what works? 109Shannon HS, Guastello S

Evaluating macro-ergonomic intervention through perception survey 112Simard M

Tailored simulation games for business process development; comparison of two 115cases

Smeds R

Capturing organisational requirements in the development of military systems 118Strain JD

Evaluating intervention outcomes through experimental analysis of behavior 121Sulzer-Azaroff B

Project control with forward planning 124Teltumbde A

Learning to work in networks in subcontracting companies 127

Toiviainen H

A Swedish industrial research program "Co-operative for optimization of industrial 130

production systems regarding productivity and ergonomics" (COPE). Presentation ofthe program and the first case studyWinkel J, Engstrom T, Forsman M, Hansson G-A, Johansson Hanse J, Kadelors R, taring J,Mathiassen SE, Medbo L, Ohlsson K, Petersson NF, Skerfving S, Sundin A

Contents and change demands of managers' work 133

YlitaloJ

Simulation aided planning game for the redesign of assembly structures 136

Zulch G, Jonsson U, Rinn A

1.2 DESIGN AND ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Cooperative work: attempt to develop an analysis method in ergonomics 141

Barthe B, Qu6innec Y

Design and display of control information to control automated assembly production 144

Bishu RR

Virtual assembly planning 147

BullingerHJ, RichterM, HegerR

The use of quality management methods in developing network of enterprises 150

Carayon P, CoujardJ-L, TarbesJ

Concurrent engineering in practice: towards a typology of cross-functional integration 153

Couchman PK, Badham R, Zanko M

in

Quality, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder 156DayMC

A model balancing the flexibility in computer integrated manufacturing with low cost 159Dizdar EN, Keskinkilic I, Erol Y, KurtM

An ergonomic approach for use of robots in flexible manufacturing systems 162DizdarEN, KurtM, Sisman A

The organizational ergonomics model of concurrent engineering: a revised model for 165the electronics industryDuffy VG, Salvendy G

The use of level of automation as a means of alleviating out-of-the-loop performance 168problems: a taxonomy and empirical analysisEndsleyMR, KaberDB

Empirical analysis and assessment of automotive assembly work: an analysis 171procedure for work efficiency and ergonomic aspectsEngstrom T, Medbo L

Meeting future requirements for planning and production 174Eversheim W, Haufe A, Kolscheid W, Walz M

Natural GOMS language for assembly: a manual assembly time prediction model 177Fish LA, HelanderMG, Drury CG

Ergonomics oriented to processes becomes a tool for continuous improvement 180Getty RL, Cohen JA

Productivity enhancements using ergonomics methodology: a case study of train 183drivers

Goonetilleke RS, Shih HM, So RHY

Inspection training: selection of the appropriate training delivery system 186Gramopadhye AK, Harper M

Retrospective approach in organizational design and management 189Hajnal CA, Taveira AD

Human centered development of information systems and decision aids in advanced 192air traffic management and flight management systemsHansmanRJ, Vakil SS

Human factors in the HIPS assembly system concept 196HeilalaJ, VohoP

Observations, diaries and communication networks revealing the true nature of 199managers' jobsImmonen S, Jarvenpaa E

Level of automation and adaptive automation effects on performance in a dynamic 202control task

KaberDB, EndsleyMR

Level of automation for minimizing human out-of-the-loop performance effects on 205qualityKaber DB, Endsley MR, Cassady OR

Interactive task support in Finnish assembly industry 208KasviJ, Nieminen M, PulkkisA, Vartiainen M

Sociotechnical systems theory as an organizing framework for both ergonomics and 211

TQM

Kleiner BM

Defensive reasoning and routines as obstacles for collaboration and communication. 214A case study of a small manufacturing companyKuittinen M

Utilization of working-in-groups for restructuring production processes: experiences 217from three countries

Lantz A, Friedrich P

Human integrated production system 220Merilainen 0

Effectiveness of hybrid inspection in manufacturing: a laboratory study 223

MitalA, Govindaraju M, SubramaniB

Memory load and decision aids in inspection of silicon wafers 226

Moclair F, Gallwey TJ

Production ergonomics in car manufacturing. Evaluation of a model to achieve a good 229

ergonomics result in existing production and in alteration work

Munck-UlfsfaltU

Professional dyadic relationships in organisations: a method for modeling and analysis 232

Nousiainen M, Jawenpaa E

Intelligent strategies for quality in the human actions of industrial organizations 235

PaladiniEP

Quality and productivity with management of work environments 238

PaladiniEP

The relationship between the man and the computer: interaction, substitution or 241

maintenance?

PaladiniEP

The preconditions forteamwork among industrial workers of different ages 244Pitkanen M, Nyg&rd C-H, Arola H, Manka M-L, Huhtala H, Palokangas H

Work conference - a transgression tool for grouplike organization 247

PulkkisA, Vartiainen M, Laitinen M

Quality control principles and their relationships to ergonomics 250

Riley MW, Bishu RR

Horizontal and vertical information flow in a functional organization in process industry 253

Seppanen L, Jarvenpaa E, VirtaharjuJ

Supply chain issues in the fast-moving consumer goods industry 256

Siemieniuch CE, SinclairMA, WaddellFN

Supply chains, information, and job design - some ergonomics implications for quality 259

Sinclair MA, Siemieniuch CE

Ergonomics and quality - a behavioral cybernetic analysis 262

Smith TJ

A method for job design in concurrent engineering 265

Stahl J, Luczak H

TEAM - An approach for optimization of hybrid automation 268Stahre J, Johansson A, Axelsson S

Supervisors' views of their crews and the level of team work in paper industry 271TeperiA-M

Dynamic relationships - another side of team performance 274Tuominen E

Complementary interaction of humans and machines in highly automated production 277systems - KOMPASS and TEAM

Waefler J, Johansson A, Grote G, Stahre J

Driver response to automated vehicle control 280Ward NJ

Collective action regulation, common task orientation, and common objectifications 283in advanced manufacturing systemsWeber WG

The effects of change on communication networks in an expert organization 286Virtaharju J, Jarvenpaa E, Seppanen L

1.3 PARTICIPATION AND TRAINING

General introduction to the symposium: Aims, context, concepts, methods, practices 291and problems

Abrahao J, Berthelette D, Desnoyers L, Ferreira L, Jobert G, Lacomblez M, Launis K, Leppanen A,MaggiB, MontreuilS, Patesson R, Paumes D, TeigerC, VogelL, Wendelen E

The flexographic printing: a contribution of the work ergonomic analysis in the 294development and transmission of skillsBarros C

Training and development strategies for ergonomics in the company: towards specific 297intervention conditions?

Beguin P

Implementation evaluation of an occupational health and safety program 300Berthelette D, Desnoyers L, Gourde D, Authier M

Hypermedia and problem-driven learning at work 303Binder T

Formative evaluation of the implementation of a participatory ergonomics programme 306carried out by local occupational health teamBouchard P, Gilbert L, Montreuil S, Galipeau S, Patry L

Critical analysis of safety training for drivers of goods vehicles 309Bourachot E, Germain C

Why is it difficult to embed employee participation in the factory practice? 312BuhlH

The contribution of a group of workers to occupational learning 315Chatigny C, Montreuil S, Teiger C

Technology management and the participation in organizational change 318Clausen C

Studies of the connections between ergonomic work analysis and the analysis of 321incident situations forthe training of staff representativesCoffura R, Gaudart C, Guyot S, PwnierS, Pueyo V, Liehrmann E

Elaboration of a detailed course programme in safety during tyre mounting: 324contribution of ergonomic analysis of work

Cunha FB

Is the trade union moving from a role as negotiator towards a role as an advisor in 327matters of work environment?

Daugaard G, Wissing P

Conscienceness raising, information and training in manual lifting at the hospital 330Dohogne T, Schrijvers P, JoossensJ, Lahaye D

Ergonomic work analysis and knowledge of CAD operators in the garment industry 334Duarte F, Moreth B

Which involvement of trade-unionist actors in the ergonomic i ntervention? 337Etienne P, Negroni P, Herve JB

Workers representatives ergonomics, participative actions and changes in the 340

managementEtienne P, Negroni P

The maintenance activity in the tyre industry: an ergonomic approach of the decision 343strategies towards a training proposalFernandes Torres Ml

An experience of ergonomics training for union works 346Ferreira LL, IgutiAM, Donatelli S, Vezza F, Schlithler C, Abrahao J

Learner centered training. Design of training tools in virtual reality 349

Frejus M

Strategies and infrastructures for integration of occupational health and safety 352

Management - A comparative study of Australia and Sweden

FrickK

CHSCT expert reports: an opportunity for the CHSCT and staff to appropriate another 355

view of workGuillon F

Management concepts and working conditions - in a Danish context 358

Hagedorn-Rasmussen P

Towards a framework for participatory ergonomics 361

Haines H, Wilson JR

A critical evaluation of bottom up strategies in participatory ergonomics 364

HasleP, LimborgHJ, HvenegaardH, Bruvik-Hansen A

A training in weight handling based on an ergonomic work analysis 367

Hertsens P

Better working environment through learning and participation in technological 369

changesJensen LP, Kofoed LB, Rosenorn TU

Cooperative work design in Austrian sheltered workshops - an action research project 372

Jungwirth Ch

vii

Integrated management of health & safety and environment - perspectives for 375participationKampA

A design framework for cooperative telelearning 378KhalidHM.HelanderMG

Beyond participation - Social influence on information technology and work 381environment

KochC

Prevention of risks from exposure to blood 384Lapeyriere S, Decelle D

Work units and coping with changes: modes of action 387Launis K, Niemela A-L, Kantola T

Production technology, organizational characteristics, conceptual mastery of work, 390and job satisfaction in paper productionLeppanenA, TeperiA-M, TuominenE

Contribution to the analysis of quality control in cork industry 393Monarca A

Evaluation of an ergonomics training programme for VDT users 396Montreuil S, Brisson C, PunnettL

An activity theoretical approach to psychosocial work environment in work stress 399research

Makitalo J, Launis K, Palonen J, Korhonen M

Challenge to comfortable factory: concept of ergofactory and participation 402Nagamachi M

New ways for working environment issues through participation and integration? 405Nygaard E, Pieman A, MellerN

Conception as educational practice 408Pelegnn B, Martin A, Falta D

The role playing games as an educational tool: a cognitive approach 411Quintella S, Fialho FAP

Integrated management of OHS and environment - Consequences of the national 414authorities' regulatory strategiesRasmussen BH

Tech nical and pedagogical factors in participative change processes in material flow 417chains. A frame for ergonomic improvements in work conditions

RislundC, OrtengrenR

Results of an investigation about the use of ergonomics by occupational risk 420prevention officers

RocherM, ChesnaisM

Training and education for prevention in workplaces. A case study in the services 423sector

RulliG, MaggiB

Work analysis in a paper storehouse: the changing of skills and skills towards change 426Santos M

viii

The effects of training on immediate and long-term skill retention in a process control 429task: applications to extended spaceflightSauerJ, Hockey GR J, WastellD

Participative management through employee perception survey: case study 432Simard M

New technologies & needs for cognitive training 435

SimoesA, CaivalhaisJ

Worker's contribution to health surveillance in the workplace: Sindnova's "risk profile" 438

Stanzani C, Magnavita N, Carbone A

Who knows best? Participation at work and sociotechnical theory 441

Strain JP

Preventing musculoskeletal disorders in the firm by training people in Ergonomic 444

Work Analysis (EWA)TeigerC, FrontiniJ-M

The subjacent theories in training programs evaluation 447

Valverde CJL

A participatory ergonomic approach to the redesign of scaffolders' work 450

van der Molen HF, Vink P, Urlings IJM

The process of improving productivity by worker participation 453

VinkP

1.4 ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE

Concept and motivation instrumental means of operators of production information 459

technologiesAsherovA, YakimchukP

Humans in the information society - from batch processing to network computers 462

Bradley G

Work organization interventions for improving quality of working life 465

Carayon P, Haims MC, Suh H

Operational requirements of community ergonomics in turbulent American inner city 468

environments

Cohen WJ, Smith JH, Derjani Bayeh A, Smith MJ

Technology and the diffusion of community 471

Dray SM, Siegel DA

A macro-logical study on the middle and senior management aspects 474

Ebukuro R

Job satisfaction and life satisfaction of paced and unpaced job workers 477

Gregov Lj, Manenica I, Prorokovic A

Working in the good information society 480

HoimP, LjungbergJ

Forum theatre as a method for increasing awareness of social settings and as a basis 483

for improvementsHagerfors A

What work conditions do to efficiency 486Ivergird T, Hoijer C

Measurement of organizational culture in different cultural contexts 489Jarvenpaa E, Martinsuo M

The technological construction of reality: communication and information 492

technologists as new UtopiansKeenan JJ

Cross-cultural program and project management 495Kleiner BM, Bourgeois JP, Kurstedt PS, Jones JM

Empirical studies of macroergonomics and sociotechnical systems theory 498Kleiner BM

Models of healthy work organizations 501LimSY, Murphy LR

Assessing and promoting healthy work organizations 504Lindstrdm K

A study on human-oriented manufacturing system (HOMS): measurement of workers' 507satisfaction by psychological and physiological information

Matsunaga H, Nakazawa H

Development of the model for work humanization 510Molan M, Molan G

Characteristics of healthy work organizations 513Murphy LR, Lim S-Y

Is technology listening? - Creating requisite variety by listening 516Pihlajamaki K

Impact of distributed teams on organizational effectiveness 519Robertson MM, Endsley MR

Total quality management and quality of working life in a public sector organization 522Sainton F, Carayon P, Smith MJ

Methods of cybernetic analysis for engineering and management of American 525communities

Smith JH, Smith MJ

Informatization plus taylorist principles generate loss of quality, productivity and CTD 528epidemiaSznelwarLI, Arbix GT, Zilbovicius M

1.5 SHIFTWORK

Cooperative management of alertness variations during night and day shifts 533Andorre-Gruet V, Barthe B, Queinnec Y

Effects of workload level and eight- versus twelwe-hour workday duration on test 536battery performanceBendak S, Macdonald WA

Night work and alternate shift-work 539de Oliveira CRB, Mow FBP, Gomes G, Bins Ely VHM

Management of home life in shift workers 542

Hiraga M

Health counselling on individual coping strategies to reduce sleepiness in shift work 544

Harma M, Kervinen V, Sallinen M, Lundelin T, Toppila M

The 2-4 hour shift phenomenon: does it exist? 547

Megaw T

Can a short napbreak improve alertness in a night shift? 550

Sallinen M, Harma M, Akerstedt T, Rosa R, Lillqvist 0

1.6 MISCELLANEOUS

Enhancing future work places by bringing experience into design 555

AaseK.WulffIA

Topical problems of ergonomic design of production information systems at 558

enterprises in the Ukraine

AsherovA

Computer based monitoring of the operator reliability in shift rotation during the 561individual work yearBobkoN

Cognitive function analysis: an example of human-centered re-design of a flight 564

management system

BoyG

Feedback control principles applied to long-term information technology use in 567

organizationsCaldwell BS

Ergonomics and work organization in industrial projects: a proposal to the collective 570

feed

da Costa Proenca RP, dos Santos N

Is it possible to take advantage of the product structure to improve shop floor 573

ergonomics? Work characteristics of collective working in long cycle time assemblysystems

Engstrom T, Medbo L

Indicators of life quality at work: aspects and implications at manufacturers with ISO 576

9000 certificate

Franca ACL

Emotional ergonomics 579

Godoi CK, Fialho FAP

Changing mode of production as a challenge for communicative learning 582

Heiskanen T

Problems in expanding the methods of building a networking cell: case of a Finnish 585

engineering workshopKlemola S

Business process reengineering - Can a management strategy improve the working 588

environment?

KochC

XI

Learning to survive 591Koistinen K, Kangasoja J

Analysis of the effective way of teaching ideographic language by using eye 594

movements

Konosu T, Jimbo Y, Shigematsu J, Fukuda T

Measuring the organization's attitudes towards quality improvement with SQT - method 597Korsman U, Laukkanen S

Possibility of practical realization of a current ergonomic renewal of a production 600

systemMateja BE, PacholskiLM

Macroergonomics in a complex perspective 603Milito C, Gontijo L

Alienated worker versus life quality 606

Moiseichyk AE, Marqueze MA, Fialho FAP

Scheduling production with disjunctive constraints 609

Noronha AB, Ribeiro CM, Ferreira Ribeiro JF, de Oliveira MMB

The evaluation of impact forces for ergonomic and quality measurables 612O'Reilly A, KilduffHR, Bart C, VitekM

Work requirements and work organization in an automated process control room from 615a Brazilian oil refineryParaguay AIBB

Responsiveness to visual and auditory stimuli during experienced sleepiness 618Sallinen M, Lyytinen H, Harma M

Institutional diagnosis in support of investigation and behavioral change in Process 621

ManagementSaraiva LM, Juliatto D, Sabino N, Possamai O, Sellg PM

Cognitive & cultural ergonomics: a qualitative model to re-frame cognitive mapping 624and improve the success of cross-cultural collaboration

SecterM

Enhanced communication of knowledge through information technology: the EasyKit 627projectSkmme J

The psychological contract and the shop floor workers in one Finnish textile enterprise 630

TuuliP

Self-design organization: optimising organisational structure through improvement 633

processVarvakis Rados GJ, Caro MHN, Selig PM, Possamai O, Sabino N, Dias PM

AUTHOR INDEX 637

XI1