Trichinella spiralis
-
Upload
maite-haney -
Category
Documents
-
view
32 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Trichinella spiralis
S
Trichinella spiralisPresented by: Lauren Hannan and Chloe Jensen
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Adenophorea
Order: Trichurida
Family: Trichinellidae
Genus: Trichinella
Species: T. spiralis
Introduction
Trichinella spp. is the smallest nematode parasite of humans, which has the most unusual life cycle, and is one of the most widespread and clinically important parasites in the world Worlds largest intracellular parasite
T. spiralis is actually several strains – 8 “sibling species” are recognized No morphological differences among the different
kinds of Trichinella
Geographic distribution: worldwide
Morphology
Males are about 1.4 mm – 1.6 mm long, and are flat anteriorly and posteriorly Have a large copulatory pseudobursa
on each side
Females are about twice the size as males Vulva is found near the esophagus The single uterus of the female is filled
with developing eggs in the posterior portion, while the anterior portion contains the fully developed juveniles.
Hosts
Definitive Carnivorous and omnivorous animals, such as pigs
or bears
Intermediate hosts Primarily rodents
Accidental hosts Humans
Life cycle
Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing cysts (encysted larvae) of Trichinella
Once larvae enter the stomach and are exposed to digestive enzymes such as gastric acid and pepsin, the larvae burst out of the cysts and invade the small intestine, where they develop into adults Live for about 4 weeks in the small intestine
After 1 week, females release larvae that migrate to the striated muscles and encyst – alter gene expression of the host cell! Complete encystment takes about 4-5 weeks Encysted larvae can remain viable for several years
Life cycle continued
Life cycle traditionally considered to be two epidemiologically distinct types: a domestic (involving pigs and rats, around human habitation), and a sylvatic (involving wild animals)
Rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the endemicity of this infection Carnivorous/omnivorous animals, such as pigs or bears,
feed on infected rodents or meat from other animals
Humans become accidentally infected when eating improperly processed meat of these animals (or when eating food contaminated with such meat)
Pathogenesis
Causes Trichinosis
Three stages of pathogenesis: Stage 1: penetration of adult females into the mucosa:
12 hours – 2 days after infection Low grade infection Worms migration in intestinal epithelium causes:
Traumatic damage to the host tissues Inflammation Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, Sweating Respiratory difficulties Red skin blotches
Stage ends with facial edema and fever
Pathogenesis Continued
Stage 2: migration of juveniles: Damages blood vessels, creating:
Localized edema Pneumonia, pleurisy Encephalitis, meningitis, nephritis, peritonitis Deafness, brain/eye damage Sublingual hemorrhage
Death from myocarditis may occur Don’t stay in the heart, migrate through causing
necrosis and infiltration of leukocytes
Pathogenesis Continued
Stage 3: Juvenile penetration of muscle fibers: Symptoms are varied and vague
Intense muscle pain Difficulty breathing/swallowing Masseter muscle swelling Weakening pulse and blood pressure, heart damage Various nervous disorders
Death by heart failure, respiratory complications, and kidney malfunction
Heavy infection causes: Reduced heart muscle contraction Reduced stress, work, and power output
Diagnosis
Most cases go undetected
Routine exams rarely detect juveniles
Muscle biopsy is the most accurate form of diagnosis Digestion of the muscle in artificial gastric enzymes
for several hours
Treatment
No treatment
Just relieve symptoms Analgesics and corticosteroids Purges during beginning symptoms can dislodge
worms
Thiabendazole Effective in animals Human trials have been variable
Control
Cook pork and meats properly and freeze unused meat
Watch out for “backyard butchering”
Don’t used uncooked garbage for pig food
Keep pig pens clean
Proper hygiene and sanitation
Review
What is the geographic range of this parasite?
What kind of hosts are humans?
T/F: Males are larger than females
After the larvae leave the small intestine, where do they migrate to? How long can they survive there?
What is the treatment method?
Name a control method
What is the most effective diagnosis method?
How does death typically occur?