Treponema pallidum
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Transcript of Treponema pallidum
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A shepherd named Syphilus
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• 56 year old male presenting with a progressive cognitive decline
• Onset of the memory impairments was slow
• Exhibiting euphoria and logorrhea; patient’s previous personality being usually sober and reserved
• Lost his previous professional efficiency, becoming slow and erratic.
• Headaches that had become more frequent and intense in the past few months
• Many short-term relations with promiscuous sexual partners
• Had not previously been tested for syphilis
Patient History
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Diagnostic Results
• Neurological examination was completely normal, with no neurological signs
• The blood cells count, the chemistry profile and the transaminase levels were normal
• (CSF) analysis revealed a moderate cellularity, with small lymphocytes and rare neutrophyl granulocytes.– The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL) serology was positive
(titer 1/4), and the treponemal pallidum hemagglutination test index (THPA) was positive (titer 1/10,240)
• Blood serology– the VDRL was positive (titer 1/512). THPA was also positive (titer 1/20,480)
– the diagnosis of neurosyphilis being confirmed.
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• Primary stage– Multiplication of the organisms at the initial site of entry
– Superficial ulcer with a firm base called a hard chancre
• Secondary stage– Dissemination of treponemes to other tissues
– slight fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, malaise, and a mucocutaneousrash
• Tertiary or late stage– Cardiovascular involvement (80%)
– Neurologic involvement
– Gummas
Clinical Manifestations
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• Congenital spread– Bacteria can cross the placenta
– Still birth/ miscarriage
– mucocutaneous lesions, osteochondritis, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly
• Hutchinson's triad– late congenital syphilis, three commonly observed manifestations, interstitial
keratitis, notched incisors, and eighth-nerve deafness.
Clinical Manifestations
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• Structure– helically coiled, corkscrew-shaped organisms 6 to 15 μm long and 0.1 to 0.2 μm
wide
• Environment– Fastidious
– pH (7.2 to 7.4), and temperature (30 to 37°C)
– Microaerophilic
– Inactivated by mild heat, cold, desiccation, and most disinfectants
Treponema pallidum
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Cultural Characteristics??
• None– This organism has not been successfully cultured in vitro
– Preservation media
– 18-21 days
• Staining– Gram
– Stain does not take
– Non Acid Fast
– Dieterle stain?
– Can be used to visualize T. pallidum
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• Clinical manifestations are highly characteristic
• Treponema in lesion material
• Serologic reactions are often used for diagnosis– “nontreponemal”
– Detect antibodies to nonspecific antigens, such as cardiolipin, that are produced in most patients with syphilis
– Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test
– Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests
– “treponemal”
– Detect antibodies directed against protein constituents of T pallidum
– Fluorescent T pallidum Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS)
– Microhemagglutination for T pallidum (MHA-Tp)
ID
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• Humans are the only natural host
• Infection occurs through sexual contact
• Mucosal membranes and small breaks in skin
• Virulence– Several hemolysins
– A membrane protein that allows for permeability of nutrients but inaccessible to antibody
– Ligands that allow cytoadhesion
Pathogenic Mechanism
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• World wide
• 18-30 years old
• Peak incidence in 1946
• Treatment– Penicillin
Epidemiology and Treatment
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ANY QUESTIONS?
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• http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/interpretive-guide/?alpha=S&unit_code=32184
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7716/
• http://www.tmj.ro/article.php?art=5468744642124430
• http://microbiologyglossary.wikispaces.com/Treponema+pallidum
• http://www.antimicrobe.org/new/b242.asp
• http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp?pid=10179
References