Trends in International Migration & Capital Movement
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Transcript of Trends in International Migration & Capital Movement
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INDEX
SR. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATIONS 2
2. TRENDS IN LABOUR MIGRATION 3
3. CAUSES OF LABOUR MIGRATION 4
4. EFFECTS OF LABOUR MIGRATION 6
5. INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOVEMENT 10
6. TYPES OF CAPITAL MOVEMENTS 11
7. DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL FLOW 17
8. ROLE OF FOREIGN CAPITAL 20
. IMPACT OF FOREIGN CAPITAL 22
10. DRAWBAC!S OF FOREIGN CAPITAL 24
11. CAPITAL FLOWS TO INDIA 26
12. CONCLUSION 28
13. BIBLIOGRAP"Y 2
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INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATION
Each year millions of women and men leave their homes and cross national borders in search of
greater security for themselves and their families. “Throughout human history, migration has been a
courageous expression of the individual’s will to overcome adversity and to live a better life” (!,
"##$, p. %&. 'any migrants are motivated by the uest for higher wages and better opportunities,
responding to the demand for their s)ills abroad, but many others are forced to migrate because of
famine, natural disasters, violent conflict, persecution or simply a lac) of decent wor) in their home
country. The *lobal +ommission on nternational 'igration (*+'& describes the driving forces in
international migration in terms of “-s”/ development, demography and democracy (*+',
"##%&. 0idening disparities in income, wealth, human rights and security across countries serve as
push factors towards migration. 'igration in search of wor) has increasingly become a livelihood
strategy for both women and men because of the lac) of opportunities for full employment and decent wor) in many developing countries. 1t the same time, the proliferation of s)ill2intensive
economic sectors, increased demand for s)illed wor)ers, reluctance of local wor)ers to accept
certain low2s)illed 3obs, and demographic trends such as population decline and population ageing
in ma3or destination countries act as strong pull factors. 1 growing number of nations are involved
with migration as countries of origin, destination or transit, or all three. The ma3ority of migrants
move in search of employment, ta)ing their families with them4 it is estimated that there will be "56
million international migrants in the world in "#5# (!7, "##8&. 1lmost half of international
migrants are women, most of whom are now migrating on their own, rather than primarily as family
members of other migrants.
nternational 9abour :ffice estimates that economically active migrants will number some 5#%.6
million in "#5#4 these and family members accompanying them will account for almost 8# per cent
of total international migrants. :nly about ;ation (9:&5 approaches
migration from a labour mar)et and decent wor) perspective within the overarching framewor) of
its ecent 0or) for 1ll agenda (9:, "##;a&. 0hile international migration can be a positive
experience for migrant wor)ers, many suffer poor wor)ing and living conditions, including low
wages, unsafe wor)ing environments, a virtual absence of social protection, denial of freedom of
association and wor)ers’ rights, discrimination and xenophobia. 'igrant integration policies in
many destination countries leave much to be desired. espite a demonstrated demand for wor)ers,
numerous immigration barriers persist in destination countries. 1s a result, an increasing proportion
of migrants are now migrating through irregular channels, which has understandably been a cause of concern for the international community. 1s large numbers of wor)ers < particularly young
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people < migrate to more developed countries where legal avenues for immigration are limited,
many fall prey to criminal syndicates of smugglers and traffic)ers in human beings, leading to gross
violations of human rights. espite international standards to protect migrants, their rights as
wor)ers are too often undermined, especially if their status is irregular.
TRENDS IN INERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATION
The nited !ations 7opulation ivision (!7& estimates that the world’s stoc) of migrants,
defined as persons residing outside their country of birth or citi>enship, will be "56 million in "#5#.
Thus, even though the percentage of the global population who migrate internationally is small (as
noted above, about - per cent per year&, the total number is large < and it has more than doubled
since 58=#, when it stood at 5#" million. The ! figures show the largest increase for 588#,
reflecting the brea)2up of the [email protected] into a number of independent countries, which added about ";
million people to the total international migrant stoc). t should be noted, however, that many of
those in the former [email protected] did not actually move, and some part of the statistical increase is
accounted for by the fact that they were within newly defined national borders. This contributed to
the growing share of migrants in the world population from ".- per cent in 58;% to -.5 per cent in
"#5# (!7, "##8&. :ut of the total number, $# per cent were estimated to live in developed
regions. nternational migrants represent between ; per cent and "# per cent of the population in
most :rganisation for Economic +o2operation and evelopment (:E+& countries, while the share
is much higher in the *ulf ?tates (see figure 5.5&. The large ma3ority of these people are migrants
for employment and their families. t is interesting to note that the distribution of migrants by origin
is more or less eually divided between three types of movement.
+ontrary to popular belief, international migration from poor, developing countries (“the ?outh”& to
rich, developed countries (“the !orth”& represents little more than a third of the global total. ?outh
example, there have been large movements of wor)ers from Aur)ina Baso to +Cte d’voire, from
Egypt to Dordan, from aiti to the ominican @epublic, from ndonesia to 'alaysia, and from
neighbouring countries to 1rgentina. 'any countries are both sources of and destinations for
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migrants. +anada, for example, is a traditional destination for migrants, but +anada also sends
significant numbers of people, particularly the highly s)illed, to the nited ?tates.
?imilar phenomena have emerged in 1sia. Bor example, Thailand receives many low2s)illed
immigrants from +ambodia, the 9ao 7eople’s emocratic @epublic and 'yanmar, and also sends
its own wor)ers to other countries, including srael, the @epublic of Forea and Taiwan (+hina&. Bor
a summary of the countries pro3ected to have the highest proportions of international migrants in
"#5#, see figure 5.". G"# per cent ;ation4 reduction in the cost of transport and communications, resulting in
increasing interactions among societies4 the absence of respect for human rights in some countries4
and establishment of migration networ)s by earlier migrants. n the future, climate change may
raise migration pressures. +ontemporary international migration can essentially be explained,
however, by the increasing differences between countries, the lac) of gainful employment, decent
wor) and human security in certain parts of the world, the growing demand for both high2 and low2
s)illed wor)ers in destination countries, and the geographical proximity and historical lin)ages
between origin and destination countries ('artin and 0idgren, "##"&.
I. DECENT WORK DEFICITS: The world’s population, calculated at $.; billion in "##=, is
growing by about ;% million every year, with most of this increase ta)ing place in developing
countries. The 9: report *lobal Employment Trends "##8 estimates the world’s labour force in
"##= at around - billion people (9:, "##8a&. The global drop in economic activity since "##=
has resulted in hiring free>es and wor)ers being dismissed in considerable numbers. @evised
predictions for "##8 estimate that 9abour migration in a globali>ing world 58 global
unemployment could rise by between "8 million and %8 million, with the middle case being -8 million (9:, "##8a&. The number of “wor)ing poor”, defined as persons living on the euivalent
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of ?G" per day or less, has continued to grow, reaching an estimated total of more than 5.6
billion in "##8, an increase of more than "## million since "##; (9:, "##8a&. The plight of
farmers in developing countries is a powerful eco