Trends In College Spending: Where Does the Money Come From? Where Does It Go? Donna Desrochers...
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Trends In College Spending: Where Does the Money Come From? Where Does It Go?
Donna DesrochersDirector of Economic and Education Research
Delta Cost Project
IES Research ConferenceWashington, DC
June 8, 2009
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Policy Reasons for Focusing on College Costs
• Economic competitiveness
• State budget deficits and eroding state funding
• Rising tuitions and declining affordability
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Delta Cost Project IPEDS Database
• IPEDS Data, Academic years 1987-2006– Institutional Characteristics (Carnegie group, sector)
– Enrollment (headcount, FTE, ft/pt by level, age, and race)
– Finance (revenues, expenditures, balance sheet)
– Completions (degrees and certificates awarded, graduation rates)
– Human Resources (ft/pt by position, faculty salaries)
– Student Financial Aid (first-time, full-time students – number and average amount)
• FISAP Data, 1998-2006 (aid recipients by income range)
• 500 Variables3
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Data Development
• Harmonization– Reconciling changes across reporting standards and
survey instruments as much as possible– Consistency in treatment of parent/child institutions
• Panel Construction– Three analysis panels (5, 10, and 20 years)
• Requires reporting for: FTE, instruction expenses, completions• Roughly 2,000 institutions in the 20-year panel
• Other Data Improvements– Derivation of Metrics– Provide variables/code to standardize by enrollment
and adjust for inflation– Imputations for missing data 4
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Six Metrics for Monitoring Costs
1. Revenues - Where does the money come from?
2. Expenditures - Where does the money go? – E&R, E&G, total operating– Within E&R
3. Spending and tuition increases - What is driving tuitions?
4. Spending and Subsidies – What portion of education spending paid by students and the state?
5. Outcomes: Spending and completions - What does the money buy?
6. Spending vs. Enrollments
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Metric 1: Where Does the Money Come From?Privatization of finance continues; biggest growth among publics in tuition;
among privates, in PIE followed by tuition
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Metric 2: Measuring the “Cost of Education”
How much money is going to core academic/ educational programs?
•Education and related spending (E&R): – Instruction, student services, and share of “overhead”
(academic, administrative, and operations/maintenance costs)
•Education and general spending (E&G): – E&R plus sponsored research and public service (and
their portion of shared costs)
•Total operating expenses– E&G spending plus auxiliaries and hospitals
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Metric 2: Where Does the Money Go?Focus on top line spending overstates resources that pay for the core
academic program
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Education and General (E&G)
Total Operating Expenditures
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Metric 2: Education and Related SpendingIn Publics, overall costs quite steady since 2002; instructional share is down
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Metric 2: Education and Related SpendingIn Privates, spending is increasing but instruction share is down
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Metric 3: Tuitions and Spending
Are tuitions rising because spending is increasing?
•What proportion of tuition increases is attributable to increased spending?
– Compare “sticker price” increase…– with increases in Education and General
spending, and ask…– “What if…” tuition had only increased enough
to accommodate E&G spending increases
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Metric 3: Tuitions and Spending
• Between 2002 and 2006, the percent of the tuition increases attributable to increased E&G spending:– Public Research: 8.4%– Public Masters: n/a– Public Community Colleges: n/a– Private Research: 72.0%– Private Masters: 12.8%– Private Bachelors: 15.0%
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Metric 4: Cost/Price/Subsidy
What are the student and subsidy shares of E&R costs?
•Cost: Education and related spending per student
•Price: Portion of E&R spending paid for with tuition revenues
•Subsidy: Costs paid from other institutional revenues
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Metric 4: Cost/Price/SubsidyIn Publics, student share of cost is increasing
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Metric 4: Cost/Price/SubsidyIn Privates, student share of cost is increasing in non-research institutions
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Metric 5: Completions and DegreesIncreases in spending/completion; but in Publics, decreases since 2002
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Metric 6: Enrollment and SpendingSpending per student greatest in institutions with the fewest students
Source: Delta Cost Project IPEDS dataset.
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Data Availability• Raw data files
– SAS, SPSS, Stata files– available for download on website:
www.deltacostproject.org
• Data web – Web portal to provide quick access to standard reports
on the six metrics– Data for 2002-06, updated annually– User selected institutions, peer groups, Carnegie group;
export tables and graphs– Expected completion in Summer 2009
• Delta reports– Trends report, policy reports 18
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For more information…
• To access reports and data, visit: http://www.deltacostproject.org
• Or contact:
Donna Desrochers
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