Trees for future 2016 - notes
Transcript of Trees for future 2016 - notes
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© Project SOUND
Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden
Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. CountyProject SOUND – 2016 (our 12th year)
© Project SOUND
Trees & Shrubs for the Future: large native plants suited to our
changing climate
C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
CSUDH (emeritus) & Madrona Marsh Preserve
Madrona Marsh PreserveFebruary 6 & 11, 2016
The last four years have been stressful…
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heat
smog
drought
wind
unusual rain patterns
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Some days, you just want to weep….
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Like it or not, the past four years have been a pilot test of our future
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Some plants lost –others surviving
Destructive effects of new pests
Cool, green oasis with dry shade
People have gone crazy about water-wise gardening this year
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Water restrictions
$$$$ rebates $$$
Exhortations/examples
http://www.greenindustrypros.com/article/12069076/turf-terminators-cashing-in-on-lawn-replacement-rebates-in-california
This kind of ‘water-wise garden’ makes me sad and mad at the same time
© Project SOUNDhttp://ks957.com/heat-advisory-issued/
Heat Wave
So does this one!!!
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http://dev.easyturf.com/artificial-grass-transformation-backyard-la-mesa-california-10967/
http://www.hometone.org/12687/2015/05/03/the-killer-benefits-that-come-with-artificial-grass-installation-in-your-lawn/
http://www.mediacitygroove.com/tag/heat-wave
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So how do we go about evolving a sustainable – and elegant – future?
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http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/
2016 Season ‐ Rediscovering Eden: S. California Gardens for the 21st Century
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The past four years have taught us important lessons (if we’re willing to listen)
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…lessons that point towards the future
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… and steps we can take (right now) to make that future more pleasant & sustainable
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Today we’ll be creating a green oasis, starting with replacing a sick tree
© Project SOUNDhttp://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/
http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html
Considering the future is most important when we choose long-lived plants
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Why take your time when choosing a new tree?
They take longer to mature – you don’t want to have to start over
They hopefully will serve you for many decades – if not more
Their size means they dominate – and effect - the landscape
If chosen wisely, they can provide many services:
Shade; cooler temperatures Food (fruits or nuts) Materials for crafts Excellent habitat for birds, insects and
others: food, home sites, cover, etc.
© Project SOUND
A well-chosen tree is the jewel of the garden
Trees are one of the best ways to create a green oasis
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What future will our new tree live in?
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http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html
The earth has gotten hotter since 1950-1980
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A few new pieces have been added since we last considered climate change (2014)
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The Climate Change in the Los Angeles Region Project
Series of studies by atmospheric scientists at UCLA (and others)
Employ innovative techniques, applying multiple global climate models to the Los Angeles region
Goal: to provide detailed projections of climate change (through 2100)
Why important? Direct planning at all levels (National/state government to your own backyard)
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Read about it yourself: • http://research.atmos.ucla.edu/csrl//LA_project_summary.html • http://www.kcet.org/news/climate_change_la/• http://slideplayer.com/slide/6269865/
http://slideplayer.com/slide/6269865/
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First Report (2012):"Mid-Century Warming in the Los Angeles Region."
By mid-century, Los Angeles will experience temperatures similar to what we experience today only about 75-80% of the time (274-292 days a year)
If we don't reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, Los Angeles will continue to get warmer. By the end of the century, temperatures will be like they are today only 50-65% of the time (183-243 days a year)
© Project SOUND
• Hotter than normal temperatures will likely be experienced primarily in late summer and early fall (our typical hot, dry period).
• December to January and July to August are projected to change the most (relative to today).
The South Bay benefits from it’s proximity to the ocean
© Project SOUNDhttp://research.atmos.ucla.edu/csrl//LA_project_summary.html
Areas that are already ‘somewhat hot’ will see many more days > 95°
Palmdale, Lancaster The San Fernando Valley Riverside
What can we expect (Western L.A. County)?
More hot days in summer/fall
More year-to-year variability in both hot and cold temperatures
Warmer days in winter (on average)
Warmer nights in winter; fewer nights below 45° F
We do need to worry about the effects of more warm/hot days on local plants
All plants have optimal temperature ranges – in general, plants from hotter places have higher ranges
Temperatures higher and lower than the optima affect literally everything a plant does:
Taking up water Growing new leaves, branches Producing flowers, fruits & seeds Warding off pests & diseases Timing of life & seasonal changes Just plain staying alive!
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http://www.intechopen.com/books/abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture/extreme-temperature-responses-oxidative-stress-and-antioxidant-defense-in-plants
temperatures just beyond the optimal range can greatly affect both survival and reproduction
Precipitation change in the 20th century
Most of the U.S. saw increased precipitation
S. CA and Arizona saw significant decreases
© Project SOUND
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/weather-climate/precipitation.html
http://pauldouglasweather.blogspot.com/2014/01/winds-ease-travel-improves-another.html
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This has not been a good 4 years for the West
All of California experienced some level of drought throughout 2015 Estimated population in drought areas: 36,660,308
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http://www.californiadrought.org/drought/current-conditions/
© Project SOUND
Totals: 2013 = 3.5 inches 2014 = 9.5 inches 2015 = 6.5 inches
What was I thinking, starting a garden in 2012 (and 2014)?
Good news – El Niño year this year!
© Project SOUND
The period October through March tends to be wetter than usual in a swath extending from southern California eastward across Arizona, southern Nevada and Utah, New Mexico, and into Texas.
There are more rainy days, and there is more rain per rainy day. El Nino winters can be two to three times wetter than La Nina winters in this region.
Local gardeners are anxiously awaiting El Niño…
© Project SOUND
…and wondering what all this means for the future
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Predicting S. California’s future precipitation is challenging
© Project SOUND
Role of El Nino events is not well understood – and they have a role in our precipitation
We have complex topography
Our area lies right between two areas on which most models agree:
An area of more precipitation to the north
An area of significantly less precipitation to the south
“21st Century Precipitation Changes over the Los Angeles Region” - 2014
Major findings: Probably about the same amount of precipitation overall
(some models suggest slightly higher – some slightly lower)
Continued high year-to-year variability
Less precipitation falling as snow (40% decrease in snowfall) due to increasing temperatures Higher wintertime stream/runoff flows Need to capture/infiltrate
For more see: http://www.kcet.org/news/climate_change_la/downloads/LARC_PartIII_V2.pdf
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Slight decrease or slight increase?
Probably wisest to assume somewhat drier conditions –and less water available for home gardens
Year-to-year variability will likely increase Plan for drought years Plan enough flexibility to
deal with wet years: Plant choices Water infiltration/
conservation
© Project SOUNDhttp://cal-adapt.org/precip/decadal/
PV peninsula
Much of South Bay
Los Angeles average since 1877 thru 2012 (135 years): 14.98 inches
So, we now have a good idea of the conditions we need to plan for: hotter & more variable precipitation
© Project SOUND
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Trees and large shrubs are more important now (and in the future) than ever
Heat is not just annoying – it kills
Greater risk of death from dehydration, heat stroke/ exhaustion, heart attack, stroke, and respiratory distress
By mid-century, extreme heat events in urban centers such as Los Angeles are projected to cause two to three times as many heat-related deaths as there are today.
High temperatures stress living creatures - from bacteria to mammals.
© Project SOUND
http://leadingwithtrust.com/2013/06/23/are-you-a-thermometer-or-thermostat-leader/
Trees/other vegetation cool our neighborhoods in two important ways
Provide shade Tree shade: decrease temperature
20 to 45ºF (11-25ºC) for walls and roofs; ~ 45ºF for parked cars
Vines: reductions of up to 36ºF (20ºC).
Provide evapotranspirational cooling Peak air temperatures in tree
groves are 9ºF (5ºC) cooler than over open terrain.
Suburban areas with mature trees are 4 to 6ºF (2 to 3ºC) cooler than new suburbs without trees.
Temperatures over grass sports fields are 2 to 4ºF (1 to 2ºC) cooler than over bordering areas.
© Project SOUND
http://www.c3headlines.com/global-warming-urban-heat-island-bias/
http://gawker.com/5625730/take-a-tour-of-tv-landmarks-with-google-street-view
And trees/other vegetation have other effects that will help us cope in the future
Filter out harmful UV rays
Root system allows for increased water absorption during rain/irrigation events
Act as windbreaks to decrease wind-associated drying
© Project SOUND
We should choose our trees carefully, so they provide these services for years to come.
The human benefits of trees/vegetation
Improve human health and well-being
Reduce pollution/dust Reduce noise levels Decrease effects of
extreme heat events Provide habitat, food Provide oxygen ‘calm the soul’
© Project SOUND
Trees have inspired writers, painters and other artists as far back as record goes.
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Why plant trees?
Aesthetics Light & shade are more
interesting Provides vertical depth
Human/environmental health Decreases heat for both the
home & neighborhood Cleans the air Carbon sink; oxygen source Mental health
Habitat Perching, nesting sites Food (flowers; fruits; seeds;
insects)© Project SOUND
Qualities to look for in a tree for the future Tolerates more hot days than we
experience now.
Good drought tolerance – can get by on 8-10” per year + supplemental irrigation. Look for deep roots.
Tolerates occasional flooding/above average rainfall. Look for shallow roots, in addition to the deep ones.
Low vulnerabilities to: Wind Smog Pests/pathogens
As locally native as possible for both viability and habitat value
© Project SOUND
In short, we’re ‘looking for Super-tree’
Where is Super-tree likely to live?
Right here locally
In slightly warmer/drier areas of Los Angeles, Orange & San Diego Counties
In the California deserts – and particularly:
In the Sonoran desert (which experiences summer rainfall)
Along season streams (which experience both drought and flooding)
In desert chaparral (which is dry, but also receives more rain than CSS)
© Project SOUND
http://www.viator.com/tours/Phoenix/Self-Drive-Twilight-Tour-through-the-Sonoran-Desert/d639-3121TWILIGHT
http://www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9792/3501
© Project SOUNDhttp://publicgarden.ucdavis.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/chilopsis-Timeless-Beauty-Monhews.jpg
Needless to say, ‘Super-tree’ must also be lovely and useful
Not asking for a lot, are we?
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Many people like the look of pine trees
© Project SOUND
http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html
If you like pines, the smaller CA native species may be just the ticket
© Project SOUNDhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophylla
© Project SOUND
Singleleaf Pinyon – Pinus monophylla
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophylla
Single-leaf Pinyon occurred as early as the Late Wisconsin glacial period (20,000 to 11,000 years ago.
Large area of distribution and, therefore, probably a large degree of genetic variation
© Project SOUND
Singleleaf Pinyon – Pinus monophylla
green - Pinus monophylla subsp. monophyllablue - Pinus monophylla subsp. californiarumred - Pinus monophylla subsp. fallax
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophyllaMark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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© Project SOUND
Singleleaf pinyon Soils:
Texture: most any pH: any local
Light: full sun to part-shade
Water: Winter: good soil moisture Summer: very drought tolerant
Most xeric pine in the U. S. Mean annual precipitation range
is 8 to 18 inches; most precipitation falling December-April (perfect for our area)
Once established, needs only occasional watering
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Management: Native Californians
pruned out dead branches; removed underbrush – fire can kill this species
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_monophylla
Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences
© Project SOUND
Gardening with single-leaf pinyon Large container or bonsai plant
Screen/hedge; good for mild, coastal conditions
Neat and bold appearance for a native tree
Gray-green color blends well with dry high-desert and mountain landscapes, as well as modern and Mediterranean gardens
http://selectree.calpoly.edu/treedetail.lasso?rid=1054
http://www.thetreefarm.com/pine-pinon
© Project SOUND
*Pinyon pine – Pinus edulis Southwestern United States, in southern
California (rare), the intermountain region (Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico), to w. Oklahoma (rare) and w. Texas, and south into Chihuahua, Mexico.
Note: CA plants may actually be Pinusmonophylla with double needles
© Project SOUND
*Pinyon pine – Pinus edulis
©2005 Robert Sivinski©1998 Joseph Dougherty/ecology.org
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?PIED
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_edulis
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© Project SOUND
Pinyon pine: medium size tree Size:
25-50 ft. tall 15-30 ft. wide
Growth form: Short, shrubby trees; conical when
young, mounded with maturity Somewhat open; shade not dense Lowest branches quite low Bark: red-brown aging to gray Slow-growing; very long-lived
Foliage: Needles in bundles of two Yellow-green to blue-green Tree is very sticky
©1998 Joseph Dougherty/ecology.org
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_edulis_Torrey-UT.jpg
© Project SOUND
Best pinyon for eating Blooms: spring when weather warms up
Flowers: typical pine Separate male (pollen) and female
(seed) cones on same tree Seed cones are short, squat and very
sticky Seeds take two years to mature
Seeds: Produced by mature trees (at least 20
years of age) Variable crop year-to-year Large and absolutely delicious Gathered and used/sold by indigenous
and other people Jays, small mammals LOVE them too
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_edulis
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained best
but tolerates clays pH: any local (6.0-8.0)
Light: full sun to part-shade
Water: Winter: need normal rainfall;
supplement if needed Summer: likes occasional, deep
water (Water Zone 2)
Fertilizer: fine with poor soils, but OK with occasional fertilizer
Other: Prune to shape, remove dead
branches Use organic mulch (pine needles
or bark best
Like all pines, especially in dry years, pinyons become more susceptible to pests and diseases: boring insects, moths, sawflies and rusts
© Project SOUND
Use Pinyon pine
Where ever a medium-size, hardy, drought-tolerant pine is needed
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_Edulis,_UNM_Arboretum,_Albuquerque_NM.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/12199713556http://www7.nau.edu/arboretum/Littleman/pinyon.html
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Using Pinyon nuts: raw or roasted
Seeds ground, rolled into balls and eaten as a delicacy.
Seeds mixed with yucca fruit pulp to make a pudding.
Nuts parched, ground, mixed with datil fruit, mescal, mesquite beans or sotol.
Pinon and corn flour mixed and cooked into a mush.
Seeds parched, ground, kneaded into seed butter and eaten with fruit drinks or spread on bread.
Nuts used to make a soup. Needles used to make a tea.
© Project SOUND
http://www.dishmaps.com/pinon-rice-bake-recipe-with-artichokes-plum-tomatoes-pine-nuts-and-goat-cheese/25832
http://www.theperfectpantry.com/2014/05/pine-nuts-recipe-toasted-pinon-shortbread-cookies-vegetarian.html
December to January and July to August are projected to change the most (relative to today)
© Project SOUND
What can we expect (S. Bay)?
Warmer nights (on average) in summer
Warmer days in winter (on average)
Warmer nights in winter; fewer nights below 45° F.
http://www.c3headlines.com/global-warming-urban-heat-island-bias/
https://www.zagat.com/b/los-angeles/7-new-outdoor-bars-for-sipping-around-la
The more heat-absorbing surfaces that surround us, the warmer the nights (whenever we have sunny days)
Decreasing hours of chill: bad for W. Coast agriculture
‘Chill factor’ – the number of hours below a certain temperature required to trigger some plant behavior (often flowering)
Most important for fruiting trees/shrubs, ‘winter annuals’ and biennials
Fruit and nut production in California will likely be seriously affected
May also affect those of us that grow ‘low chill’ fruits in home gardens [Anna apple; Fuji apple; Black Mission fig; Santa Rosa plum]
© Project SOUND
DECREASING CHILL HOURS,2070-2099
How will decreased hours of chill affect local native plants (in gardens & Preserves)?
Some native plants from slightly higher elevations, more northern latitudes and the high desert(which experience more chill) will likely not produce as well/reliably:
Manzanita? Native cherries & other Prunus ? Coffeeberry & other Rhamnus
species ??? Native pines ??? Hard to predict
Research is desperately needed on native species that provide food for birds & other creatures.
© Project SOUND
http://irri.org/rice-today/rice-feels-the-heat
Lots of research on effects of heat on crop species – very little on native plant species
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The past few years give reason to pause & think
© Project SOUND
Climate change raises important concerns for some California plants
Temperature and precipitation extremes may kill or limit reproduction
Fire & disease – will be worse problems
Loss of other key components of habitat: Associated plant species Pollinators; seed distributors
Particularly vulnerable: Small natural populations Isolated populations Plants with very narrow climatic ranges Plants w/ very specialized relationships Large, long-lived plants (trees)
© Project SOUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cupressus_nevadensis_resin_glands.jpg
Piute Cypress Hesperocyparis nevadensis
© Project SOUND
* Piute Cypress – Hesperocyparis nevadensis
©2008 Matt Teel
Narrow endemic: Kern County: the drainage of Bodfish Creek, and, at 4000 feet, on Red Hill in the Paiute Mountains where it grows at elevations of 5000-6000 feet with Juniperus californica, Pinus sabiniana, P. monophylla and Ephedra viridis
© Project SOUND
* Piute Cypress – Hesperocyparis nevadensis
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=89300
http://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus_nevadensis.php
©2012 Joey Malone
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© Project SOUND
Uses for Piute Cypress Planted as an ornamental tree,
particularly for gray foliage Nice large background plants – or
drought-tolerant large hedges/screens Hardy – planted along roads in Santa
Monica mtns
http://www.worldbotanical.com/images/145-Cupressus.jpg©2002 Dr. Louis Emmet Mahoney
©2010 Rebecca Wenk
Climate change forces us to face serious questions about species conservation
© Project SOUND
Gardens/parks are one place to conserve rare/endangered plant species
© Project SOUND
Nevin’s barberry
© Project SOUND
* Tecate Cypress – Hesperocyparis forbesii
Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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© Project SOUND
* Tecate Cypress – Hesperocyparis forbesii
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=89295
http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=784
Very rare – 15 U.S. populations; formerly more widespread – in La Brea tar from Pleistocene
Santa Ana Mountains (Orange County); Guatay Mountain, Otay Mountain (San Diego County); Mount Tecate on the U.S.-Mexican boundary; N. Baja.
Dry slopes, exposed hillsides, ridgetops; also along stream banks/arroyos, 1,500 to 5,000 feet
© Project SOUND
Tecate cypress in the garden Anywhere you might consider a non-
native Cypress Great on dry hillsides – but is fire-prone Excellent as a large evergreen hedge or
screen; good boundary plant Impressive specimen plant Can even be pruned up as a shade tree
http://www.geographylists.com/tecate_cypress.jpg
http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;70998
http://www.laspilitas.com/garden/pictures/Cupressus_forbesii_tecate_cypress.jpg
© Project SOUND
*Cuyamaca cypress – Hesperocyparis stephensonii
©2011 Joey Malone
Endemic to headwaters of King Creek in the Cuyamaca Mountains, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego County. Also a population in NW Baja
AKA: Cupressus stephensonii ; Cupressus arizonica subsp. stephensonii
© Project SOUND
*Cuyamaca cypress – Hesperocyparis stephensonii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_stephensoniihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_stephensonii
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© Project SOUND
Cuyumaca cypress: shape changes with age Size:
30-50 ft. tall 20-30 ft. wide
Growth form: Central trunk; grows 1-3 ft.
per year Form depends on age and
environment; young tend to be tall & narrow, spreading w/ age
Bark pretty red-brown, peeling
Foliage: Typical scale-like leaves of
cypress species Dull green to blue-green
©2011 Joey Malone
©2013 Susan McDougall © Project SOUND
Cones typical of Cypress
Blooms: in summer – only CA cypress that’s summer-blooming
Flowers: Separate male, female Female cones are rounded;
each section has a unique projection (umbro)
Green – age to gray when ripe (takes two years)
Pods open with heat (incl. from fire) releasing seeds
Seeds: Tan, flat and hard; may be
hard to germinate
©2011 Joey Malone
http://www.hazmac.biz/100726/100726HesperocyparisStephensonii.htmlhttp://www.baumpruefung.de/baumlexikon/baumbilder/cupressus/arizonica_conica/var_stephensonii
© Project SOUND
One tough Cypress Soils: Texture: well-drained pH: best with slightly acidic –
use pine needle mulch
Light: full sun
Water: Winter: needs normal rain;
supplement if needed Summer: best with occasional
summer (deep); Water Zone 2
Fertilizer: fine with poor soils; light fertilizer probably fine
Other: Pretty disease/pest-free Little pruning needed; nice
natural shape
©2013 Susan McDougall
Has deep roots – but won’t cause damage
© Project SOUND
Garden uses for Cuyamaca cypress As an accent plant – unique appearance, color
On slopes, hillsides and in formal gardens - in place on non-native pines & cypress
For large hedgerows, screens
As large tree in a habitat garden with Ceanotusspp., Cercocarpus spp., Rhamnus spp. - good choice
©2013 Jean Pawek
http://www.baumpruefung.de/baumlexikon/baumbilder/cupressus/arizonica_conica/var_stephensonii
http://conifersgarden.com/grafted-plants/cupressus/cupressus-arizonica-var-stephensonii.html
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Using cypress in a garden Mainstay of formal Italian gardens
Good for leading the eye – lining roadways, long driveways
As backdrops, screens & accents in larger gardens – evergreen
Remember: they become LARGE
© Project SOUND
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus
http://www.houzz.com/cypress-trees
How about something a little more open?
© Project SOUND
http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html
© Project SOUND
*Blue paloverde – Parkinsonia (Cercidium) florida
J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences.
Sonoran Desert of California, Arizona & Mexico
Scattered along washes, flood plains in desert riparian associations, pseudo-riparian communities and desert wash woodlands
© Project SOUND
*Blue paloverde – Parkinsonia florida
J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences©2011 Neal Kramer
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L76_Map_35_Parkinsonia_florida.png
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© Project SOUND
Blue Paloverde: big and impressive Pea Size:
15-35 ft. tall 20-35+ ft. wide
Growth form: Large shrub or tree; mounded
to weeping habit Multiple stems (usually) Drought deciduous – loses all
its leaves in dry season Bark: green (photosynthesis)
becoming gray with age Deep roots
Foliage: Compound leaves typical of Peas Blue-green Has thorns
http://www.public.asu.edu/~camartin/plants/Plant%20html%20files/parkinsoniaflorida.html
https://www.snwa.com/apps/plant/detail.cfml?id=14986 http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=Parkinsonia%20florida© Project SOUND
Clouds of yellow flowers Blooms: in spring – Mar-May
Flowers: Bright yellow flowers in loose
clusters Absolutely splendid display! Habitat for bee pollinators
Seeds: In flat, rather thin pods Mature in summer Seeds are relative large and
hard-coated Usually require some
treatment (sanding; hot water; acid) to aid germination
©2011 Neal Kramer
And yes, the seeds are edible
Native tribes (Cahuilla; Pima; Papago) all gather and eat seeds
Immature pods can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable
Green pods & seeds were also eaten raw in summer
Seeds were traditionally dried and ground in mortars to produce a flour which could be used to make a mush or cakes.
They were also parched and stored for lean times.
© Project SOUND
Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences
http://snowbirdpix.com/sonoran_desert_plant_page.php?id=1072© Project SOUND
Paloverde needs Soils:
Texture: adaptable but like well-drained. If clay, limit water
pH: any local
Light: full sun only; heat is fine
Water: drought-tolerant Winter: normal rainfall Summer: bi-monthly deep watering
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: Does fine in our area Can prune up for tree; periodically
thin (no more than 30% a year) Watch for pests in dry, dusty
conditions Does drop leaves, pods Few plants can grow beneath it
https://azsf.az.gov/forestry-community-forestry/urban-community-forestry/tree-care
http://k-adventuresinlife.blogspot.com/2011/04/mon-mar-28-2011-southwest-spring-break.html
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© Project SOUND
Blue paloverde Used as an ornamental shade tree
in dry gardens Excellent habitat tree Large informal screen or hedge Looks beautiful with other desert
nativeshttps://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5268/5670580435_627551819d_b.jpg
http://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?type=85&id=14986http://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?type=85&id=14986
Parkinsonia ‘Desert Museum’
Parkinsonia (Cercidium) x 'Desert Museum‘ - complex hybrid among Mexican, Blue and Foothills paloverdes
Introduced by Arizona Sonora Desert Museum (1981); widely available
25-30 ft. x 25-30 ft.
Good attributes
Thornless; few seed pods Fast growing to 25 ft. Long flowering season (up to 2 months)
Needs well-drained soil
© Project SOUND
http://www.public.asu.edu/~camartin/plants/Plant%20html%20files/parkinsoniaflorida.html
© Project SOUND
*Desert-willow – Chilopsis linearis
http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/techhort/PLANTID/desert/dsrtwllw.htm
© Project SOUND
*Desert-willow – Chilopsis linearis
American SW from CA to Texas; S. to Mexico
Desert & adjacent mountain ranges < 5000
Mojave and Colorado deserts
Common in gravelly or rocky soils in arid desert washes and desert grasslands
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Chilopsis+linearis+ssp.+arcuata
http://www.delange.org/WillowDesert/WillowDesert.htm
http://southwestdesertflora.com/WebsiteFolders/All_Species/Bignoniaceae/Chilopsis%20linearis,%20Desert%20Willow.html
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© Project SOUND
Desert Willow is a small, deciduous tree or large shrub
Size: 15-30 ft tall 15-25 ft wide
Growth form: Naturally grows with several
trunks – can be trained to single Open structure; graceful looking Branches droop as they age Old bark has fissures
Foliage: Bright green glossy leaves Winter-deciduous (Nov-spring)
Fast growing – to 3 ft/year
http://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=21922© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: any well-drained;
can’t take very wet soils pH: any local
Light: Full sun best Light shade ok
Water: drought tolerant Regular water first 2 years;
no flooding Zone 2; deep water when soil
is dry
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: can tolerate extreme heathttp://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Chilopsis_linearis.html
© Project SOUND
Flowers are like orchids Blooms:
Long bloom period usually Apr-Aug/Sept. in S. CA
Flowers: Like an orchid or Catalpa Extremely showy – tropical- or
Mediterranean-looking Light fragrance – somewhat like
violets Nectar attracts hummingbirds &
bees
Seeds: In long, thin pods Tan pods remain on tree through
winter
http://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=21931
http://www.smugmug.com/gallery/1788381_t5i7e/1/91507869_yreg7#91507869_yreg7
© Project SOUND
Common cultivars
If you're looking for a specific flower color, shop in spring, while the trees are in bloom.
Named cultivars are propagated vegetatively and are consistent in their flower characteristics.
Look for a tree with good vigor and a profusion of blooms in the color you like.
‘Lucretia Hamilton’
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-436.html
‘Burgandy’
‘Warren Jones’http://www.flickr.com/photos/vsny/2530579994/
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© Project SOUND
Many uses for Desert Willow As a shade tree – even in lawns
(with well-drained soils) Produces filtered sun – can grow
other plants beneath it Winter deciduous Good near decks/patios
As a specimen/accent tree –even on parking strips
For erosion control on slopes
As a large informal hedge or screen; windbreak
In very large containers – better in ground
http://www.delange.org/WillowDesert/WillowDesert.htm
http://desertwillow.us/
We like winter-deciduous – but want a bit more shade
© Project SOUND
http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html
© Project SOUND
Netleaf hackberry – Celtis laevigata var. reticulataCeltis reticulata
Native to western United States (mainly the Southwest), but extending eastward
Riverside & San Bernardino Co, Kern Co -Banning, Mojave Desert Mtns
Most commonly in bottomlands, washes, ravines, arroyos, etc. Also as scattered individuals in desert shrubland and semi-desert grasslands.
© Project SOUND
Netleaf hackberry – Celtis laevigata var. reticulata
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7729,7730,7731
http://www.arizonensis.org/sonoran/fieldguide/plantae/celtis_reticulata.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtis_reticulata
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© Project SOUND
Celtis: nice size water-wise tree Size:
20-30 ft tall 20-30 ft wide
Growth form: Usually a small tree with relatively
short trunk; bumpy bark Spreading branches; rounded form Medium-slow growth; lives 100-
200 years Winter deciduous
Foliage: Medium green; simple with net-like
veins underside; gritty feel
Roots: wide-spreading, shallow & deep. Don’t plant too near foundation
©2013 Jean Pawek
http://www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/bio406d/images/pics/ulm/celtis_laevigata_reticulata.htmhttp://www.bio.utexas.edu/courses/bio406d/images/pics/ulm/celtis_laevigata_reticulata.htm
Fruit: sweet drupes
Fruits are small drupes ( ¼ - ½ inch)
Ripen in late summer or fall; ripe fruits are red to dark red
Surprisingly sweet and tasty – you can eat them fresh, but they have a big seed
Important food source for many Native American peoples; eat fresh, dried, as fruit leather, cooked
Make nice jelly, candy, syrup – or dried and ground for tea, seasoning
Birds love them; they stay on the tree in winter, so birds can eat great quantities of them
© Project SOUND
http://www.friocanyonnature.com/n/w/celtis-r.htm
© Project SOUND
Hackberry: hardy Soils: Texture: any well-drained pH: any local, including alkali
Light: full sun to part-shade
Water: Winter: adequate Summer: wide tolerance range:
Water Zone 1-2 to 2-3
Fertilizer: whatever you want
Other: galls are common; other than that no problems
Sheri Hagwood @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
http://www.arizonensis.org/sonoran/fieldguide/plantae/celtis_reticulata.htmlStart training up fairly early
© Project SOUND
Hackberry: water-wise shade tree
Shade, water-wise, habitat and fruit – good all-purpose tree
Good choice for home & public Fine for rain garden/infiltration Takes heat, cold, sun
http://artmeetsnature.org/portfolio/treesx/pages/Celtis%20reticulata-1.htm
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What about something more open & lacy?
© Project SOUND
http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/http://www.clker.com/clipart-tree-silhouette-4.html
Crepe myrtle Pacific wax myrtle
© Project SOUND
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/432416001694936923/http://crapemyrtleguy.com/blog/
© Project SOUND
* Baja Birdbush – Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia
© 2005 TRNERR P. Roullard
Very limited range (narrow endemic) : San Diego Co. and N. Baja
In Chaparral from 180-2500‘
listed as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act.
© Project SOUND
* Baja Birdbush – Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3449,3582,3583
©2005 TRNERR P. Roullard http://www.plantscomprehensive.com/ornithostaphylos-oppositifolia-aka-palo-blanco-aka-baja-bird-bush
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© Project SOUND
An unusual and lovely shrub or small tree
Size: 6-10 ft tall 6-8 ft wide
Growth form: Erect, multi-branched evergreen
shrub Reddish-brown bark; peels in thin
sheets to expose smooth, white or gray-green stems – hence the common name ‘Palo blanco’;
Foliage: Thick, linear leaves - shiny green
above and pale green beneath Looks almost like an olive
© 2005 TRNERR P. Roullard
© Project SOUND
Flowers like manzanita
Blooms: winter, usually Jan-March in western L.A. Co.
Flowers: Small, pale-pink or white and
urn-shaped Attracts butterflies
Fruits: Also like manzanita Loved by birds; also eaten
by Native Californians
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: well-drained, rocky pH: any local except alkali
Light: Full sun best Part-sun OK
Water: Winter: adequate Summer: looks best with
occasional water (Zone 2 or 1-2) but very drought tolerant.
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: leaf mulch/self-mulch
© Project SOUND
Garden uses for Palo Blanco
As a unique and rare specimen plant – like a manzanita
As a small tree – somewhat like Crepe Myrtle in architecture
In a white/moonlight garden
Does well in large pots
Can even make an informal hedge
Good for hot gardens
http://www.flickr.com/photos/briweldon/5209373967/
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Palo Blanco gives the feel of a dry forest
© Project SOUND
That may be just the look you want for your garden
Have sandy soil – love the look of the desert
© Project SOUND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olneya
© Project SOUND
*Desert ironwood – Olneya tesota
http://arboretum.arizona.edu/old-main-tour
© Project SOUND
*Desert ironwood – Olneya tesota
Sonoran Desert of CA, AZ and n. Mexico;Imperial, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego counties
In washes, arroyos, flood plains to 2500 ft. – sandy/rocky soil, intermittent water
Member of Desert Riparian plant community
http://www.livescience.com/51276-desert-ironwood-trees-photos.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olneya
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© Project SOUND
Desert ironwood is one tough tree! Size:
15-35 ft tall (slow-moderate) 15-25 ft wide
Growth form: Shrubby tree, often multi-trunk,
mounded form Attractive gray bark Partially drought deciduous;
evergreen with a little water
Foliage: Leaves compound, medium- to blue-
green, leathery Sharp, curved thorns at leaf base Very nice looking tree; long-lived
Roots: Deep and shallow; shallow ones
nitrogen-fixing
http://www.livescience.com/51276-desert-ironwood-trees-photos.html
© Project SOUND
Flowers like orchids
Blooms: late spring into summer
Flowers: Pea-shape; in clusters Color: white, pink, lavender Bee pollinated Very pretty – showy – trees
covered with blooms
Seeds: In bean-like, brown pods Edible seeds Birds, animals love them!
http://faculty.ucr.edu/~chappell/INW/plants/ironwoodblossoms.shtml
http://ironwoodforest.org/about/the-monument/nature/desert-ironwood-tree
© Project SOUND
Very hardy Sonoran Desert tree
Soils: Texture: must be well-drained:
sandy, gravelly pH: any local
Light: full sun; takes heat well
Water: Winter: needs adequate Summer: deep water monthly or
less once established (Water Zone 2 or 1-2)
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: Will need to be pruned up – be
careful of thorns Plant 10 ft. from watered lawn;
don’t over-water Flower, pod, leaf drop – self-mulch
http://web.gccaz.edu/glendalelibrary/glis%20olneya%20tesota.htm
© Project SOUND
Water-wise with the look of Crepe Myrtle or Olive
Good shade tree; becomes more dense with water, age
Often used in desert front yards –with Sonoran desert (or other Zone 2) plants (serves as nurse plant)
Attractive: needs few other plantingshttp://www.enchantedgardenaz.com/plants_pg3.htm
http://deserthorizonnursery.com/desert-trees/ironwood-tree/ http://www.desertharvesters.org/native-plant-food-guides-the-desert-can-feed-you/desert-ironwood/
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Desert trees as ‘nurse plants’
Ironwood functions as a habitat modifying keystone species – a nurse plant
Services they provide: Safe sites for seed dispersal Seedling protection from
extreme cold and freezes Sapling protection from
extreme heat and damaging radiation.
Protection from herbivores preying on vulnerable plant seedlings
Enrich the soil with nutrients such as nitrogen.
Other examples: Mesquites and Palo verde
© Project SOUND
Edible seeds are an extra plus!
Fresh seeds taste like fresh soybeans
Seeds can also be dried, roasted or parched and eaten as pinole, or ground into a flour
Can also be sprouted for sprouts (like bean sprouts)
© Project SOUND
http://www.desertharvesters.org/native-plant-food-guides-the-desert-can-feed-you/desert-ironwood/
The wood is fantastic: prized by woodworkers
Very hard & heavy – traditionally used for tool handles and other ‘heavy use’ items like arrowheads
Wonderful grain, colors
Also makes great charcoal
© Project SOUNDhttp://straightrazorplace.com/workshop/38870-olneya-tesota-desert-ironwood.html
http://ironwoodmexico.com/information
http://www.edelholzverkauf.de/?MODsid=73c67940b6831d1940bc4f02c35ac56c © Project SOUND
*Honey mesquite – Prosopis glandulosa
https://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?current_page=16&type=80&id=15190
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© Project SOUND
*Western honey mesquite – Prosopis glandulosa
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?PRGLT
Southwest U.S. and Mexico
In CA (var. torreyana) : San Joaquin Valley, San Gabriel & San Bernardino Mtns, Mojave & Sonoran Deserts south into Mexico.
Common. Mesas, washes, bottomlands, sandy alluvial flats and other low places to 4000', creosote bush scrub, alkali sink.
©2002 California Academy of Sciences http://www.nzdl.org/gsdl/collect/hdl/index/assoc/HASH011e.dir/p060.png
© Project SOUND
Honey mesquite: large member of the Pea Family Size:
25-40 ft. tall 20-50 ft. wide
Growth form: Large shrub or tree Mounded or weeping form Bark red, brown or gray 2 inch thorns
Foliage: Medium green Double-compound leaves with 15-35
rather narrow leaflets – feathery or fern-like appearance
Roots: Deep taproot (to 150 ft.) Shallow roots (N-fixing); most nutrients
http://wnmu.edu/academic/nspages/gilaflora/prosopis_glandulosa.html
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/537--prosopis-glandulosa-torreyana
https://selectree.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/prosopis-glandulosa-torreyana
© Project SOUND
Mesquite flowers: small
Blooms: in warm weather – April to August
Flowers: Small, yellow flowers on
dense stalks Sweetly fragrant; bee
pollinated Unique – make you want to
look at them up close (sort of like willow catkins)
Seeds: Bean-like pods with
constrictions between seeds
Another edible ‘Pea’
Lining of seedpods separated, dried, and ground into a powder to make mesquite meal or mesquite flour
Sweet, caramel-tasting; a staple of indigenous diet & now sold commercially
Can be used to make breads, cookies and other baked goods.
When fermented, it produces a slightly alcoholic beverage.
The green pods can be boiled in water to make a syrup or molasses.
A tea or broth can also be made from the pods.
© Project SOUND©2005 Robert Sivinski
http://sagebud.com/honey-mesquite-prosopis-glandulosa
http://wnmu.edu/academic/nspages/gilaflora/prosopis_glandulosa.html
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© Project SOUND
Adaptable Mesquite Soils:
Texture: just about any pH: any local
Light: full sun
Water: Winter: need adequate Summer: best with occasional deep
water – Water Zone 1-2 to 2
Fertilizer: fine with poor soils; likely fine with light fertilizer
Other: Prune up (carefully) for tree Low risk – roots not invasive Does drop leaves, pods
http://blog.growingwithscience.com/tag/prosopis-glandulosa/
© Project SOUND
Ornamental shade Fast-growing & attractive
Best 10-20 ft. away from lawn or regular water
Nice, medium shade – the best kind to have!
Excellent habitat treehttp://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PRGLT
http://knpr.org/programs/norms-favorite-desert-treeshttps://www.springspreserve.org/apps/plant/detail.cfml?current_page=8&type=85&id=15037
Mesquites are important medicinal plants
Pods/Seeds: Eyewash Sunburn treatment Sore throat
Gum (exuded from trunk): Eyewash for infection and
irritation Treatment for sores, wounds,
burns, chapped fingers and lips and sunburn
Diarrhea, stomach inflammation, system cleansing or to settle the intestines
Sore throat, cough, laryngitis, fever reduction, painful gums
Leaves Eyewash To treat headaches, painful
gums and bladder infection
© Project SOUND
Mesquite wood (smoke) is also favored for barbeque
http://www.couponclippingcook.com/how-to-barbeque-a-turkey/
https://www.groupon.com/deals/green-mesquite-round-rock-1
Who needs Crepe Myrtle when we have attractive, water-wise natives
© Project SOUND
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What if you like the looks of an Olive tree?
© Project SOUND
https://ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/athenas-gift/
© Project SOUND
Toyon – Heteromeles arbutifolia
Some local native shrubs can be usedas ‘tree-like’ shrubs (somewhat olive-like)
Lemonadeberry – Rhus integrifolia
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/11962755236984722/
© Project SOUND
* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND
* Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens
SW north America from TX & CO to CA and s. to northern Mexico
In CA, mostly in foothills of dry desert mountains, 3000-7000 ft. Dry slopes, canyons, cliffs Creosote bush scrub, chaparral,
coastal sage scrub and foothill woodland
Forestiera: named after Charles Le Forestier (?-1820), an 18th century French physician and naturalist,
pubescens: with soft, downy hair Other common names are Elbow
Bush & New Mexico Privet
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5249,5250,5251
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© Project SOUND
Desert Olive: large shrub or small tree? Size:
10-15+ ft tall; mod. long-lived 12-15 ft wide
Growth form: Woody shrub/tree; lovely gray
bark ; moderate growth rate Somewhat mounded shape –
reminds me of Laurel Sumac –but may be almost vine-like
Densely branched, some thorny; hard wood (used for tools)
Foliage: Winter deciduous Bright green/gray-green leaves
– yellow color in fall
Roots: naturally clump-forminghttp://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=FOPUP
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/dendrology/syllabus2/factsheet.cfm?ID=739
Yes, Desert olives do make olives
Plants are dioecious (separate male & female plants)
Fruits (olives) only on female plants, and only if you have both male & female plants
© Project SOUND
© Project SOUND
Can be pruned and shaped, even hedged
Can be sheared to make a reasonable hedge
Mix with other species in mixed hedge or hedgerow
Very adaptable and useful – could probably even be espaliered
Limit water to provide better shape
http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/Trees/Shrubs/mexpriv.htm
http://flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2640329338/in/set-72157605994561368/http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2973733432/
Forestiera & Cornus glabrata© Project SOUND
Desert Olive makes a lovely tree
Use as a substitute for non-native white-bark ornamentals like Olive, Aspen, Melaluca
Great plant for front yard, background areas, along roadways –very tough and need little water
Management: Start selective pruning in first
year Limit to 1-5 stems; prune out the
rest Selectively prune each winter to
provide open habit
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© Project SOUND
* Silver buffaloberry – Shepherdia argentea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherdia_argentea
Primary distribution outside of CA South Coast Ranges, Western Transverse
Ranges, San Bernardino Mountains Mt. Pinos, Cuyama River Valley/Piru Along streams, river bottoms, slopes,
1000–2000 m. Introduced into cultivation in California
by Theodore Payne
© Project SOUND
* Silver buffaloberry – Shepherdia argentea
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?SHAR
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherdia_argentea©2010 Lee Dittmann
© Project SOUND
Silver buffaloberry: silvery foliage Size:
6-15 ft tall 6-10 ft wide
Growth form: Deciduous large shrub or small
tree Bark silver-white, exfoliating Some stout thorns
Foliage: Leaves simple, lance-shaped Color: silvery green – like olive
tree
Roots: complex; shallow and deep; sprouting from rhizomes
©2005 Louis-M. Landry
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SHAR
© Project SOUND
Flowers: simple
Blooms: in spring - usually April-May in many areas
Flowers: Dioecious (separate male &
female plants) Both are simple, yellow
flowers – small (males slightly larger)
Long bloom period Bee pollinated – perhaps with
help from pollinator flies
Vegetative reproduction: sprouting from rhizomes
Al Schneider @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Fruits are drupe-like
Ripe color varies – usually dark red but may be yellow
Fruits have single large seed Use soon after harvesting – and
best to harvest after a cold spell – sweeter
Used to make pies, jams, and jellies & other cooked foods; or dried – breaks down the low levels of saponins
Native Americans also used berries/bark medicinally for fevers, stomach complaints & more.
© Project SOUNDhttp://www.nps.gov/plants/sos/news/BLM-Montana-Dakotas%20Miles%20City%20Field%20Office%20Develops%20Native%20Plant%20Materials%20Program.htm
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements Soils:
Texture: well-drained is best, but adaptable
pH: any local
Light: Full sun to part-shade
Water: Winter: needs good moisture Summer: fairly drought tolerant
but best with some summer water – Water Zone 2 or 2-3. Let dry out between waterings to prevent fungal diseases
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: inorganic or thin layer of organic mulch; prune out suckers regularly – other than that easy
© Project SOUND
Silver buffaloberry Often used as hedge/ hedgerow plant
– also good on slopes
Nice accent plant – showy foliage, fruit – quite pretty with a little pruning
Prune up for a small tree – nice shape
R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
http://conservationgardenpark.org/plants/213/silver-buffaloberry/http://search.millcreeknursery.ca/11050005/Plant/443/Silver_Buffaloberry
We hope this talk has given you some things to ponder – and some hope for the future
© Project SOUNDhttp://www.zillow.com/homedetails/23192-Maple-Ave-Torrance-CA-90505/2106438376_zpid/
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What trees should I choose? The answers are not all available
Need to weigh the effects of heat as well as those of intermittent drought & other factors
Need for empirical studies in the local setting – role of CSUDH, local gardens
© Project SOUND
Current favorites (based on last four years) Citrus fruits: ‘Moro’ and other blood oranges;
lemons; grapefruits
Local natives: Mulefat - Baccharis salicifolia Mountain mahagony – Cercocarpus spp. Fremontodendron spp. Toyon - Heteromeles arbutifolia Boxthorns – Lyceum spp. Catalina ironwood - Lyonothamnus floribundus Laurel sumac - Malosma laurina Catalina Island cherry - Prunus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii Local Quercus (Oaks) Rhus (especially Lemonadeberry) ? Chaparral currant - Ribes malvaceum ? Blue elderberry - Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea ? Mission manzanita - Xylococcus bicolor
© Project SOUND
Desert/chaparral natives to considerTrees
Arctostaphylos pungens Chilopsis linearis ssp. arcuata Hesperocyperus forbesii Hesperocyparis nevadensis Juniperus californica Olneya tesota Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia Parkinsonia florida Pinus edulis Pinus monophylla Prosopis glandulosa Prosopis velutina Prunus andersonii Prunus fasciculata
Large shrubs Acacia/Senegalia greggii Baccharis sarothroides Calliandra californica Celtis laevigata var. reticulata Cupressus arizonica ssp arizonica Fallugia paradoxa Forestiera pubescens var.
pubescens Hyptis emoryi Lycium andersonii var. deserticola Lycium brevipes Mahonia fremontii Mahonia nevinii Shepherdia argentea Simmondsia chinensis© Project SOUND
Climate change will be a challenge to local plants in the future – often in subtle ways
A few more really hot days –but generally warmer temps
Warmer nights
Shorter winters – chill factor
Pollinator mis-match due to seasonal shifts & higher temperatures
‘tropical’ pest species: insects and pathogens
© Project SOUND
We’ll discuss these and other topics in greater detail in future talks
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© Project SOUNDhttp://www.immersivmedia.com/gardensoft/garden_detail.aspx?garden=1085
But we do hope you’re inspired to plant a tree