Tree Service Canada #3 Fall 2007

B Y G R E G F U R M I N G E R

ew friendships based on bark and chainsaws took root in Welland, Ont. this summer. Wellands 45-year-old forestry supervisor, Aurelio Magazzeni, paired with Winnifried Funke

of Bottrop, Germany, through an exchange program of the Society of Municipal Arborists, a professional affi liate of the International Society of Arboriculture.

I found out about the program through a friend of mine who works for the City of Hamilton, said Magazzeni.

Expecting to be paired with another North American community, he was somewhat surprised to learn his exchange will later take him across the Atlantic Ocean to Funkes west-central German city of 120,000 in the Ruhr industrial district.

What they want to promote is the international friendship aspect of (the arborist trade), he said.

Both coming from cities with industrial histories, both partners

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IN THIS ISSUE:

Profile: Uxbridge Tree Service, Worker Safety, and much more!

Matt Follet demonstrates the form that won the Atlantic Canada Tree Climbing Championship, in September. See page 14 for details.

B Y K AT E M E R L I N

he cream of Atlantic Canadas arborists showcased their skills on a gorgeous September day at the annual tree-climbing competition

that was hosted by the Atlantic Chapter of the International Society of Arborists in conjunction with their annual meeting.

Some of the 15 competitors that gathered at Victoria Park in Moncton, NB were old hands at the competition; others like Jason Cochrane from Asplundh and Bryce Brown from Arbor-Tech were competing for the first time.

Its a blast, said Cochrane. Hell be back next year because it was a great learning experience to

see so many different climbing styles. Dan Leblanc, from the City of Moncton, had shown everyone how it was done as he streaked up the line to win the event.

Trevor Burton, from Atlantic Arborists Ltd., in N.S., won the Work Climb event and Keanen Jewett, the defending champion from the year before won both the Aerial Rescue and Belayed Speed Climb events. Jewett had recently returned from representing Atlantic Canada at the World Climbing competition in Hawaii this July. He combined the trip with an early honeymoon so his fiance was able to cheer for him.

Gunning for the Top in Atlantic CanadaSeptember tree climbing competition a success

I SA news

German Arborist in Ont. says, "Here is wonderful working for me. . . "

International Exchange

N

T

B Y B I L L R E D E KO P

n the aftermath of a summer storm that clobbered Manitoba, Richard Marshall removed trees off 40 cottages, including up to four trees off one roof.Hes also removed trees the storm left dangerously leaning over

another 160 cottages. One cottage in Betula Lake had 22 trees just leaning over the cabin, said Marshall, who runs Rough Country Tree Service out of Rennie.

Natures rage ripped down tens of thousands of trees in a swath from Betula Lake to George Lake.

Betula got it the worst.I just love Betula because all the majestic jackpines. Theyre just

all gone, said Marshall, who put in 16-hour days after the storm.There were great swaths where trees were either snapped off,

blown down or bent over. One cottager described the bent over trees as looking like a bad comb over.

Continued on page 3

Archers bow Hits MBBetula Lake area of cabins

takes shellacking from storm

Continued on page 3

I

Continued on page 14

Looking for a career in

arboriculture? See our classifi eds!

BANDIT CHIPPERS FROM

TREE SERVICE CANADA FALL 2007


cover story

in the exchange also find themselves tending to similar tree specimens.

On the job in late August, Funke climbed into a bucket truck and was raised into a 20-metre-tall sycamore tree where he proceeded to lop off limbs.

The trees roots were compromised by an excavator that had earlier bored into the tiny front yard of a wartime home for a sewer repair job.

Later, back on the ground, Funke, 37, said, Here is wonderful working for me because I have a good crew working downside.

In Germany when I work, we need two people (tasked only with) looking for traffic.

With wider Welland streets, tasks at hand here are easier than at home, said Funke. One of the biggest challenges in his city,

he said, is to contend with tall trees that have spread well over rooftops of abundant three- and four-storey apartment buildings.

Between laughs with his new city comrades, Funke snapped away with a camera, documenting his experience.

While Welland crews commonly uses ropes and pulleys to lower large limbs from trees, its a practice not used in Bottrop.

The purpose of the exchange is to create a way for municipal arborists to swap urban forestry expertise, management ideas and technology through first-person contact and onsite experience, says the arborist society website. Participants spend at least one work week with their host city. Magazzeni will go to Germany this fall.

While there, he plans to visit

a documented 1,000-year-old oak tree some 30 kilometres outside Bottrop. He had hoped to visit the factory where Stihl saws used by Wellands forestry department are made, but distance prevents that opportunity.

All airfare for the exchange is

paid for by the arborist society. Participants are insured by their municipalities. The city isnt dishing out any money at all, said Magazzeni.

A 21-year city employee, Magazzeni has been lobbying to have the 20th annual International Society of

Arboriculture Ontario Tree Climbing Championship staged at Chippawa Park next year, tying it in to Wellands 150th anniversary celebrations.This article first appeared, in somewhat different form, in the Welland Tribune.

What they want to promote is the international

friendship aspect of the arborist trade)~ Welland

forestry supervisor Aurelio Magazzeni

Winnifried Funke (left) of Bottrop, Germany, discusses a work-related situation with a Welland forestry worker.

Continued from cover

Welland, Ont. arborist goes abroad as part of program

Some windows just cracked from pressure from the wind, said Marshall.

At least 70 hydro poles were knocked down along major high-ways, not including damage to hydro lines on peoples properties.

Wawanesa Insurance esti-mated about 60 claims from the Whiteshell storm, mostly from trees fallen on cottages. Other insurers also have adjusters assess-ing claims.

There were no total losses among its clients, said Wawanesa spokesperson Edna Rossong. Basic coverage protects homes against fallen trees. Well have the tree removed and fi x the cot-tage, she said.

It wasnt a tornado that blew down trees, smashed windows and tore down power lines, as many cottagers seem to believe. It was what meteorologist call a bow echo.

On the radar it look like an archers bow drawn out in the middle ready to fi re, said David

Klassen, an Environment Canada meteorologist.

The storms tend to happen in a line. Its just a big wall of wind, said Klassen, adding that there were no sightings of a fun-nel cloud to indicate a tornado. Winds reached more than 150 kilometres in the storm. It can do

damage that looks like a tornado.Manitoba Conservation

does not know how many cot-tages were damaged by the storm. However, it estimates about half a million cubic metres of ma-ture timber were knocked fl at. The heart of the storm hit an area about 20,000 hectares, said

Mitch Walker, Manitoba Conser-vation acting director for eastern Manitoba.

Manitoba Conservation plans to clean up as much of the timber as possible in the next 18 months before the bugs get it, espe-cially around cottage and camping areas, and then reforest it. The

main reason is to remove the fi re hazard. Coniferous trees, when they dry out after a year, are just like gasoline, Mitchell said.

Winnipeg Free Press, July 10, 2007, reprinted with permission

This was typical of the scene Richard Marshall faced after a summer storm fl atted forests in Betula, Man.Credit: Wayne Glowacki/Winnipeg Free Press, July 10, 2007, reprinted with permission

Continued from cover

Archers bow Hits MB

I just love Betula be-cause all the majestic jackpines. Theyre just all gone. ~Richard Mar-shall, Rough Country Tree Service


www.treeservicecanada.ca

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letters

I N T E R N AT I O N A L N E W S

I want to begin by giving a thumbs up for your publication. It provides an excellent variety of information from all over the country. With the challenges we face in keeping trees healthy, the articles in neighboring regions provide a heads up on what may be lurking around the corner for our customers.

I am however, appalled by an article by Robert Romeril in the Summer 2007 edition entitled A veteran arborist argues for a controversial technique. Dinosaurs are extinctso should this philosophy when it comes to urban tree care. Last time I checked the arborists primary responsibility is to do NO HARM to trees.

I first met Mr. Romeril in Calgary 16-18 years ago. At this time, I was not aware of Olds College, Certification, the ISA or any other professional organizationbut I did know that topping was NOT healthy for trees unless it was 2-3 above grade. Our discussion lasted 1-2 minutes leaving me disgusted by his cute but unacceptable practice of shaping and skirting spruce trees. In 12 years in Lethbridge (the topping capital of Alberta) I have tried to set an example by having the COURAGE to say NO!!!! and explaining why not. Telling the next generation of arborists it is okay to top trees is irresponsible when the ISA and numerous other organizations do not condone and mass market the ills of this form of tree butchery. Most of the literature unfortunately focuses on deciduous trees and the CONIFEROUS family is frequently omitted from consumer education

literature. Do evergreens not release pheromones just as deciduous, which attract pests, starve the tree of its food production resources? Dense canopies, while great sound barriers, result in premature die-back of foliage of this sun loving specimen.

We are the guardians of our urban forest and we owe it to the next generation of consumers and professionals to educate, to better our surroundings through the process of being the best example of a tree health care professional possible. Topping a spruce is a manageable process and shaping does not require a great deal of skill you had better hope that in our transient society, you keep that customer for life. My experience with the thicker, more aesthetically pleasing shape he describes is quite the contrary. We see insect and fungal infested tree that is a liability to your client. Forced co-dominants are highly prone to failure. How is that acceptable? They already have a shape. If it is too bigthe simple solution is removal and replacement

with a better suited tree for this location. We have professional training for this. No one is suggesting that a customer remove all 110 trees at once. We need to provide solutions such as culling out the worst and working towards reforestation in stages. At some point, they will have to be removedis it practical to keep charging them for a service when we can realistically predict its end?

Trees live long and die slow what we do to them matters !

Grant Colling, Certifi ed ArboristISA Prairie Chapter

Lethbridge-based arborist Grant Colling vigorously opposes the idea of topping trees.

BOGUS CLAIMISA challenges Minnesota tree service companyA claim by the International Society of Arborculture against a Minnesota-based tree service for false advertising on their website has resulted in the company removing the claims in question.

According to the ISA, the Minnesota Valley Tree Services website claimed on at least three web pages to have an ISA Certified Arborist. The ISA says the company has not had an ISA Certified Arborist on staff since January of 2006.

The company has since removed the claims.

The ISA helps maintain the integrity of its programs, services, and member benefits by monitoring for false advertising.

Scientists at Oregon State University have used genetic modifi cation to successfully manipulate the growth in height of trees, showing that its possible to create miniature trees that look similar to normal trees -- but after several years of growth may range anywhere from 50 feet tall to a few inches.

This is a proof of concept that tree height can be readily controlled by genetic engineering techniques. It opens the door to a wide variety of new products for the ornamental and nursery

industries. It would be possible to create an elm tree

which ordinarily would grow to 100 feet or morethat is only five feet tall at maturity, a charming addition that would fit nicely on a backyard deck. Or a 30-foot version that might be a better fit on urban streets. Other changes can also affect foliage shapes or color in very attractive ways, and some might have value in cleaning up environmental pollution.

TOWERING FORESTS-NOT!Genetic modifi cation used to control height of trees. Six inch mature tree now possible

UP IN ARMS DOWN UNDERAussie arborists furious at govt programAustralian arborists say the governments attitude to signifi cant trees is at odds with climate change strategy and water restrictions.

The South Australian Society of Arboriculture, however, says The Development (Regulated Trees) Amendment Bill 2007 being debated in Parliament will lead to the mass removal of about 50 per cent of Adelaides estimated 500,000 private trees.

Spokesperson and arborist Alan Cameron says this potentially will release about 2.5 million tonnes of carbon over the next five to 10 years.

Each mature tree, including roots and foliage, weighs about 100 tonnes, Dr Moore says.

You can do some calculations that then conservatively tell you that about 10 tonnes of carbon is contained within each mature tree.

BOOK REVIEW

The Wild Trees: A Story of Passion and DaringBy Richard Preston2007Random HouseISBN 9778-1-4000-6489-2$32 Can.

R E V I E W E D B Y M I C H A E L R I C H A R D S O N

Ocean bottoms and forest canopies are two of the last unexplored places in the world. Forest canopies are different and amazing that eminent scientist E.O. Wilson called them the eighth continent.

In Richard Prestons new book we follow hobbyists and scientists as they search for the worlds tallest trees and the secrets they hold. Michael Taylor obsessively searches for California Redwoods of 100+ meters. Steve Sillett and Marie Antoine are Humboldt College ecologists studying canopy lichens and aid in the critical task of measuring trees as Taylor hates heights.

There are incredible stories of free climbing trees and leaping from one to another; camping overnight in a tree that falls a mere month later; and finding small water courses never before explored. There are discoveries to be made; lichens and salamanders that occur only in the canopy; lichens that grow on trees over 600 years old; and safe tree climbing methods.

For anybody interested in big trees, climbing them, and their ecology this is a must read book.

An illustration from Richard Prestons new book on the adventures of forest researchers.

in the news


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B Y J U L I E S TAU F F E R

ometimes, it takes a tree specialist to fight city hall. In Guelph, Ont., a local citizens group hired old-growth authority Bruce Kershner in a dispute over proposals for a 655-acre business park in an undeveloped corner of the city.

When plans for the Hanlon Creek Business Park appeared to threaten woodlands and wetlands on the site, nearby residents hired a lawyer, took the case to the Ontario Municipal Board (OMB), and brought in Kershner to inventory the property.

Kershner, who died of cancer earlier this year, had a reputation for uncovering ancient trees and forests in eastern North America where no one thought they existed. He had also authored several texts on ancient forests.

In the Hanlon Creek Business Park he found at least 10 different species of old growth trees, including a dozen 300-year-old maple trees at the south end of the property that were threatened by road widening and re-grading.

The jewel in the crown was an ironwood treea part of the heritage maple groveestimated

to be at least 500 years old, making it the oldest broadleaf tree in the county.

As a community and as a province we need to recognize and protect our natural environment and heritage, said Guelph resident Robert Barron, a participant in the OMB hearings.

At the end of the day, he got his wish. The grove was protected under the OMB settlement, along with the central wetland, and citizens will be a part of a committee to monitor and comment on draft plans for the business park.

Tree Exper t IDs Anc ient I ronwood, Saves Wet land

Tree specialist identifi es countrys oldest broadleaf in battle with developers

At left: The jewel in the crown was an ironwood treepart of the heritage maple groveestimated to be at least 500 years old, making it the oldest broadleaf tree in the county.

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B Y J E F F R E Y C A R T E R

A knowledge of trees is a key ingredient in the success of one of Canadas leading landscape design and building companies.

Juergen Partridge Ltd. often combines their own tree expertise with the knowl-edge of other tree experts in the industry. According to Audrey Partridge, one of the companys owners, the Toronto-area fi rm works with a variety of companies and individuals involved with the tree service industry.

First and foremost, with very large trees that require pruning or are in ill health, well bring in a qualifi ed arborist right a way, Partridge says.

Tree removal may be necessary. Arbor-ists may also be consulted for tree mainte-nance issues, the selection of tree species best suited to a site, or for the viability of small wooded areas, Partridge says.

Tree selection is especially important.Were constantly recommending native

species with our design work . . . theres also a big trend in the industry to stay away from trees that are currently under attack from a major insect pest or disease.

Trees, naturally, are often an integral part the design process at Juergen Par-tridge, a process that closely involves the participation of the property owners.

Typically, people have an idea of what they want and how a potential design can meet their lifestyle needs. From there, the company brings its many years of experi-ence into play, fi nding ways to bring the vi-sion to fruition, adding suggestions of their own or proposing alternatives, Partridge

says.We tend to work with clients who feel

its important to be interactive with the spaces theyre using.

There are 30 employees at Juergen Partridge during the peak season, includ-ing members of the design team and the people who make the design a reality. The construction phase of the process usually involves a broad range of components, such as the lawn and garden, water features, lighting, patios, decking, gazebos and much, much more.

Juergen Partridge is the name of the companys founder. He started the business in 1977 and continues to lead the creative aspects of the company. Robert Turner, an employee, is another important member of the design team.

The company is headquartered in Cale-don, near Toronto, and serves much of the Greater Toronto Area.

This year, Juergen Partridge Ltd. was the recipient of Landscape Ontarios Dun-nington Grubb Award and the National Award for Landscape Excellence. For more information about the company, visit the website at www.patridgedesign.com .

Bruce Kershner had a reputation for uncovering

ancient trees and forests in eastern North America

where no one thought they existed.

Were constantly recommending na-tive species with our design work . . . theres also a big trend in the industry to stay away from trees that are cur-rently under attack from a major insect pest or disease.~ Audrey Partridge

I N D U S T R Y C O N N E C T I O N S

Designer selects trees for landscapingChoices made now will affect arborists in the future



avid Watts manages to combine a bit of humour to the sometimes hectic nature of his businessUxbridge Tree Service, Inc. Days often begin at

7 a.m., or earlier. And if Watts is close to leaving his offi ce for home at 5 p.m., its been an exceptional day.I dont count them (the hours I work). Its a wonder my wife is still married to me, Watts jokes.Watts says his interest in growing things began when he was a boy. There was a greenhouse he loved to visit a block from where he lived, near the intersection of Jane and Lawrence in what is now Toronto.

He fostered that interest, earning a Bachelor of Science, with a major in horticulture, at the University of Guelph, and from there went on to work for others in the public and private sectors. In 1981, Watts went to work for himself, providing both horticulture and arboriculture services with a one-man operation.

The business grew. In time, Watts shifted his focus to trees and built up a small, dedicated employee base. Over the past fi ve years, the business has again ex-panded. There are now about 20 full-time employees for much of the year.

From the headquarters in Uxbridge, a community located north of Toronto, the company regularly serves Durham Region and a large swath of the Greater To-ronto Area. There has been a considerable investment in equipment, including dump trucks, a bucket truck, chippers and stumpers.

There are certifi ed arborists among the trained staff members. Work is roughly divided into three

main areas: tree removal, tree pruning and a range of other jobs including stump removal, consulting work, fertigation, and shrub and hedge pruning. Uxbridge Tree Service works with individual home owners, mu-nicipalities and utility companies. Some of the larger jobs include trimming trees along power lines and in residential subdivisions.

Watts says that while a signifi cant part of the work involves removing trees, there are many instances in which the company will recommend that a healthy tree be left standing.

Tree removal, however, is often the best recom-mendation. Decaying trees left standing are a danger to both property and lives.

We specialize in removing large treestrees that have become a hazard. We try to make it affordable so that the owners do not try to do it themselves, Watts says.

Overall, Watts says his company takes an envi-ronmentally-friendly approach to tree care and tree removal. When it comes to maintaining healthy trees, he favours a reliance on natural ecosystems in com-bination with nonaggressive interventionsuch as watering.

Watts avoids the indiscriminate use of the pesti-cides and discourages, in most instances, the topping of trees.

For more information about Uxbridge Tree Service, visit the company website at www.uxbridget-reeservice.com.

CORPORATE PROFILE

UXBRIDGE TREE SERVICE INC.

From one-man operation to diversified tree service company with 20 employees

Work is roughly divided into three main areas: tree removal; tree pruning; and a range of other jobs including stump removal, consulting work, and shrub and hedge pruning.

D

The Uxbridge corporate album: residential and golf course work, urban tree care, tough jobs!


rees sometimes fall down, or parts of them fall off and cause damage to people or property. No tree can ever

be guaranteed 100% safe because all trees fail at some point, and especially in adverse weather conditions.

However, we can undertake some basic precautions to reduce the chance of damage, and these are the basis of tree risk assessment.

In the event of personal injury or property damage the Courts seek to determine the sequence of events prior to the incident. Any links between factors that caused the failure leading to the damage become very important. Many people have heard an Act of God. In its strictest sense a tree failure triggered by an Act of God is defined as an incident that was linked directly to natural forces with no evidence of any human activities that may have served to predispose the tree to failure. If the tree roots had been damaged by a sidewalk installation; if the branches had been partly pruned, or if there are clearly other factors caused by humans, then the Act of God defence may fail if the human interventions can be shown to have caused (wholly or partially) the failure.

In order to decide if the tree owner is liable (responsible) for the damage caused by the failure, the Courts will want to know if the failure was foreseeable. It might be argued that all tree failures are foreseeable since all trees fail eventually. The unknown factor is when that may occur. Foreseeability hinges on whether or not the reasonable man would have been able to reasonably predict the failure within a reasonable time frame. If there were issues with the tree that would clearly lead to a failure in a short term, then the Standard of Care that should have been used will come under scrutiny. If all reasonable steps had been taken, there may be no issue to pursue. If the problems were obvious and should have been recognised and abated, then the owner may have a problem.

Assessing tree risk is a specialised area of professional practice. It involves

examination of the biological and mechanical features of the tree, its context in the larger site, the past history of the site, the uses of the site (possibly by season), and the changes that may occur within the next year or two. The risk assessor provides an assessment of risk, along with recommendations to reduce or eliminate the risk, to the risk manager. The risk manager weighs the need for action against the need to spend time and money on other aspects of equal or higher importance.

Risk assessment is a key part of due

diligence. For owners with jurisdiction over extensive parks, roads, and public open spaces containing trees, designing and implementing a risk assessment and management programme is an important part of avoiding liability issues. The programme should start with a policy statement, followed by a clearly defined process showing who is responsible, how they should implement and operate the process, and who will undertake the risk reduction actions recommended. While it is often the case that time and budget constrain what can be accomplished,

having a well-defined programme and policy is essential. Without these, it would be much harder for the owner to prove that due diligence had been undertaken in the event of a claim.

Julian Dunster is the senior author of Arboriculture and the Law in Canada. Copies of the book can be obtained by emailing him : [email protected]. Dunster is not a lawyer and the above notes only provide general guidance. If you have a tree issue, contact your lawyer for legal advice that will be specific to your situation.

Trees & the LawB Y J U L I A N D U N S T E R

TREE SPADE 3 point hitch

Loader mount skid streer mount

24 - 50 rootball size

Stump Grinders 3 point hitch up to 90 hp skid steer mount

Stump Grinders 3 point hitch up to 90 hp skid steer mount

Brush MulcherBrush Mulcher

TREE SPADE 3 point hitch

Loader mount skid streer mount

24 - 50 rootball size

Risky Business Understanding all the factors in tree risk managementT

Did this tree fail because of an Act of God? Or did recent roadwork weaken the tree and contribute to the collapse? Tree risk assessment deals with these and other similar questions.

If the tree roots had been damaged by a sidewalk installation; if the branches had been partly pruned, or if there are clearly other factors caused by humans, then the Act of God defence may fail.


PHILIP VAN WASSENAER

tatics integrating tree pulling tests were created at the University of Stuttgart,

Germany by a multi-disciplinary team of researchers lead by Dr. Lothar Wessolly in the late 1980s and early 90s.They were developed to non-destructively analyze the stability and breaking safety of trees. The research was initiated with the aim of applying the principles of statics to tree hazard assessment. Dr. Wessolly also developed the non-invasive dynamic cabling system (Cobra or Boa) that is now commonly employed throughout Europe and increasingly used here in North America.

The pulling test methodology or Elasto-Inclino Method closely adheres to the structural engineering principles that apply to the safety analysis of buildings and other structures. The basic principle behind those methods is called the Triangle of Statics (Figure 1). The triangle has three key components; the properties of the material used to build a structure, the force acting on the structure, and the geometry of the load bearing parts of the structure. In trees this translates to: the compressive strength of the green wood fibres, the weight of the tree and the force of the wind acting on the crown creating bending in the stem, and how

much holding wood is present around a cavity or crack. All three of these factors need to be incorporated into a complete risk assessment of a stem. Drilling trees is an incomplete analysis as it only provides information about the geometry and not about the two other factors.

The Inclino test to determine the uprooting safety of trees is based on the generalized tipping curve that was derived by pulling over 400 trees to failure and measuring the breaking characteristics of the roots. It was found empirically that at 2.5 of inclination (from initial angle) most trees would experience primary root failure. This is the point in the uprooting process beyond which no greater force is required to pull the tree over.

Elasto-Inclino tests are carried out as follows: A steel cable is attached to a sling installed in the crown of the tree. The other end of the cable is attached to a winch anchored to a nearby tree, truck or ground anchor in the appropriate pulling direction (Photo 1). The winch is also attached to a dynamometer that measures the force in the cable with a resolution of 0.1 kN. (Photo 1) The winch is used to simulate wind forces acting on the crown of the tree. As the force is gradually applied, in discrete steps, the trunk bends and creates reactions in the

marginal wood fibres. On the outside of the bend the fibres are tensioned and on the inside the fibres are compressed. These reactions can be measured with a strain gauge called an elastometer (Photo 2). The change in length of the marginal fibres is measured between the tips of the instrument with a precision of 1/1000 of a millimetre. The root plate reactions are measured with a device called an inclinometer (Photo 2). This device measures deflections in the angle of the root plate with a precision of 1/100th of a degree.

During a pulling test, the trees reactions are measured with

the precision instruments while the winch is used to simulate forces acting on the crown at relatively low wind speeds (Photo 2). These data, combined with digital photographs of the tree, can then be entered into a computer program that extrapolates how the tree would react if it were subjected to gale wind velocities. The result of the analysis is then compared to species specific fracture limits and the generalized tipping curve.

Following general structural engineering standards, the safety margins are determined using a threshold value of 150%. A tree with safety values of more than 150% has enough reserves to withstand wind velocities up to force 12 on the Beaufort scale (117 km/h or 72.7 mph). Trees with values between 100 and 150% clearly have reduced safety reserves. If these trees are hit with gusts of force 12, they may not remain standing or resist

breaking. These trees usually require some form of pruning to reduce the size of the crown (thereby reducing the forces exerted by the wind). The safety can be increased by this reduction of crown area Trees with safety values of less than 100 % may be prone to failure in a gale gust.

These sophisticated tests allow the consultant to make good decisions about the hazard level posed by suspect trees and provide guidance for pruning strategies to reduce risks (if appropriate). The method is particularly useful for trees with root decay or trees that have their roots severed during construction. The safety of those trees is impossible to quantify by any other method. Over 7,000 trees have now been tested by practitioners in all parts of Europe and more recently in North America.

THE TRIANGLE OF STATICS

(WIND) LOAD

Geometry of load bearing structure/Degree

of hollownessMaterial properties of green wood

Figure 1: An illustration of the Triangle of Statics.

techniques

Statics Integrated Risk AssessmentA detailed exploration of the Elasto-Inclino Method

S

Photo 2: The location of the inclinometer and elastometer during a pulling test are shown with the circles.


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ELIET CHIPPER/SHREDDERSThis chipping technology takes advantage of the natural weakness of the wood to chip it into small pieces. The rotary cutting blade system splits openand cuts off the wood in the direction of the wood fibers with a series of fixed cutting blades. Each blade functions as a splitting axe and tens of thousands of alternating chopping motions are produced using a special arrangement of these blades. This efficient system makes no distinctionbetween solid wood or leafy yard waste.

F E A T U R E P R O D U C T S

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PORTABLE CAPSTAN WINCH Powerful - up to 5000 lb of pulling power with snatch block Lightweight - weighs only 33 lbs making it extremely portable Speed - up to 4 times faster than electric winches Quick attach - anchors to any tree, pole, stump or ball hitch Easy to use - anchor it and pull True power - 100% duty cycle (vs 20% duty cycle for electric winches) Constant pulling power - standard winches are rated for 1st layer pull Unlimited rope length Safe - no kinks, pig tails, barbs on rope or whiplash using synthetic rope instead of wire rope Reliable - 4 cycle 50cc Honda engine

techniquesPhoto 1: Two alternate anchors for the pulling test are shown. The red circle shows the dynamometer attached to the winch and cable to measure the loads during the pulling test.

Photo 3: Showing setup

of a pulling test.

Figure 2: Schematic drawing to show set-up of a tree pulling test.

B Y H E LO I S E D I XO N - WA R R E N

f you love trees then youve got to love the story of birch syrup.Producing syrup from sap of the birch tree dates to World War II, when

commercial sugar was not readily available. Although the industry is small, with 10 commercial producers in Canada, the potential to expand is considerable. Points in favour of this industry:

-birch grows across Canada-emerging interest in non timber forest product (NTFPs)-an ongoing need for agricultural and economic diversification in light of the

challenges farmers and rural people are facing.Additionally although labour intensive, the production of birch syrup is rewarding

and as it is niche product it fetches a premium price.In Canada, birch syrup is typically derived from the sap of one of two birch tree

species. Paper birch is the more common of the trees but Yukon birch, with a smaller distribution, can also be tapped. The two trees are similar in appearance and where there distribution overlaps, they hybridize. Many people do not differentiate one tree from the other.

Typically a commercial evaporator, designed for maple syrup production, is used. But this is where the similarities with maple syrup end. For maple syrup the ratio of sap to syrup is approximately 40:1. For birch syrup, the ratio ranges from 80-100: 1.

Maple syrup can be purchased in bulk 1 litre containers for as little as $12 whereas birch syrup fetches $22-25 for 250 ml. In one case, 1 litre of birch syrup sold for $100. All birch producers state that the demand is bigger than the supply. They always sell out.

The existing producers in Canada are located in British Columbia (3), Alberta (1), Saskatchewan (2), Ontario (1), Yukon (1), NWT (2). The time for sap collection is in the spring, typically for three weeks, with the sap run occurring from April through to May.For more information, contact 250.992.3522 or www.quesnelinfo.com/birch or Heloise Dixon-Warren, RPF at 250.249.5329, email: [email protected]

RURAL D IVERS IF ICAT ION

Tapping A New MarketBoreal Forest Style

Birch syrup may be a viable option for woodlot owners

I



egal measures exist in Canada to protect forested areas and, in some cases, trees that are part of a designated heritage property.

But supporters of the Ontario Heritage Tree Alliance want to go even further. They say that small groups of trees, or even individual trees, are often deserving of heritage status. According to the organizations executive-director, a grass-roots effort can encourage municipalities to take advantage of existing provincial legislation to introduce bylaws that protect trees with a heritage designation. This way, the value of individual trees can be recognized, not only for their age, size and rarity, but for their historical and cultural values, Jack Radecki says. The idea is starting to develop. I believe Toronto has some reference (in their bylaws) to heritage trees. Mississauga is investigating and Oakville is investigating. Ontarios Planning Act, Municipal Act, Heritage Act and Conservation Land Act provide some of the necessary tools for the development of appropriate bylaws. The Ontario Heritage Tree Alliance published a guide in 2006Securing the Future of Heritage Trees: A Protection Tool Kit for Communitiesthat outlines the appropriate legislation. The guide also provides a wide range of ideas, in-formation and advice for individuals and community-minded groups interested in preserving their natural heritage. Less formal measures are being taken to recognize heritage trees. In St. Thomas and Elgin County, for example, volun-teers, municipal government and interested landowners have combined to map more than 300 individual trees in a series of guides.

news

Lobbying for Heritage Tree StatusNUMBER OF TREES NOTAS IMPORTANT AS AGE

L

Members of the community-based Woodland White Oak Committee

raised nearly $300,000 to save this 250-year-old treeThe Great White

Oakfrom being cut down by to make way for a road-widening project

in Halton Region near Oakville, Ont.

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Catherine Spratley with the St. Thomas Parks and Recreation Department helped with the project. She says the guides, along with raising community awareness of the value of trees, help promote the region as a tourist designation. Radecki says the idea of providing indi-vidual trees or groups of trees with heritage designation has become a North America-wide phenomenon. There are strong programs in California, Oregon and Alberta, he says. While the number of trees involved in heritage designation programs are relatively small, Radecki feels there is great value in the process. Public awareness is raised, not only for the value of trees, but for all nature and how the human population relates to it. The Ontario Heritage Tree Alliance is a project of the Ontario Urban Forest Council. The Ontario Urban Forest Council is a not-for-profi t organization which includes, among its members, tree-care professionals.

news

This huge red oak along Coral Drive was nominated by the Weston Historical Society for the City of Toronto Heri-tage Tree Program.

The idea of providing individual trees or groups

of trees with heritage designation has become a

North America-wide phenomenon.

Heritage TreesA Defi nition: A notable specimen because of its size, form, shape, beauty, age, colour, rarity, genetic constitution or other distinctive features; a living relic that displays evidence of cultural modifi cation by Aborigi-nal or non-Aboriginal people, including strips of bark or knot-free wood removed, test hole cut to determine soundness, furrows cut to collect pitch or sap, or blazes to mark a trail; a prominent com-munity landmark; a specimen associated with a historic person, place, event or period; a representa-tive of a crop grown by ancestors and their successors that is at risk of disappearing from cultivation; a tree associated local folklore, myths, legends or traditions; a specimen identifi ed by members of a community as deserving heritage recognition.

~Paul Aird, Professor Emeritus; Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto

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B Y PAT K E R R

esearchers are trying to encourage yew as a new northern farm product. The moist, understory of Canadas northern forests produces yew with high

levels of paclitaxel. This chemical has a worldwide market for the production of a breast cancer-fi ghting medication (it stops or slows cancer cell growth). The market for Canada Yew or ground hemlock (Taxus canadensis) is already signifi cant and expected to increase ten percent each year for the next ten years.

The news that this low-growing shrub had a commercial value surprised PEI landowners in the late 1990s. Harvesters started knocking on doors and offering payment for what was considered a useless forest plant. Harmful harvesting, trespassing, theft and land damage resulted. The provincial forestry ministry produced guidelines and suggested a voluntary ban on harvesting of yew between mid May and mid July while they advised landowners of its value to their ecosystem and the need for sustainable harvesting practices.

Ontarios commercial harvest of ground yew started in 2003 with 5,000 kg harvested from the wild. In 2004 and 2005 it increased to 320,000 kg then 400,000 kg mostly from public lands.

Tom Noland of Ontarios Forestry Research Institute has two goals. The fi rst is to fi nd and propagate an elite variety of the wild yew. This shrub will be both the fastest growing and contain the highest levels of the taxanes available (taxanes are a group of drugs that include

paclitaxel). A drug company has already purchased fi rst refusal rights to all the plants.

The second goal is to determine best practice guidelines for farmers. Most of the data should be complete by February 2008. Studies currently underway include soil type, usage of mulch, compost, fertilizer or a combination. Other experiments will help determine harvesting schedules from annual to once in four years. Yew is presently in experimental plantations in New Brunswick, Quebec, PEI, Nova Scotia and Ontario.

Brian Whelan crop farms in Northern Ontario and he has one of the test plots. He enjoyed working with a government test product and would do it again but he doesnt think yew is suitable for his site since it requires signifi cant moisture and weed control.

Early results indicate that although yew is a shade plant, full sun is not affecting the harvest as long as moisture levels are maintained. Compost is likely too expensive for a plantation harvest. Currently the Thessalons First Nations community in Ontario is working with researchers and is selling yew plants.

Taming of the YewResearchers aim to control wild harvest, encourage plantations of tree that yields anti-cancer-agent

Tom Nolan, of Ontarios Forestry Research Institute, is coordinating a program to develop varieties of yew that produce more paclitaxel, the chemical used in the production of a breast cancer-fi ghting medication.

The market for Canada Yew or ground hemlock is already signifi cant and expected to increase ten percent each year for the next ten years.

Harvesters started knocking on doors and offering payment for what was considered a useless forest plant.

R


TechniquesB Y D WAY N E N E U S TA E T E R

Worker Safety as It Relates to Pruning, Cutting and Removing Large Limbs

F O U R I M P O R TA N T A S P E C T S T O C O N S I D E R O N T H E J O B S I T E

O C T O B E R 2 0 0 7

Oct 16-18: Louisville, KYInternational Construction & Utility Equipment Expowww.gieexpo.com

Oct 18: Toronto, Ont.Ontario Urban Forest Council AGMwww.oufc.org

N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 7

Nov 5-7: Calgary, AltaISA Prairie Chapter Fall Conferencewww.isaprairie.com

Nov 8-10: Hartford, CT, USATCI Expo 2007www.tcia.org

Nov 15: Saint-Hyacinthe, QC ISA-Quebec Conferencewww.SIAQ.org

Nov 15-16: Edmonton, AltaGreen Industry Show & Conferencewww.greenindustryshow.com

J A N U A R Y 2 0 0 8

Jan 8-10: Toronto, Ont.Canadas International Horticultural Trade Show &Conferencewww.locongress.com

Jan 22-23: Vancouver, BCLandscapers & Contractors Expowww.landscapingexpo.net

F E B R U A R Y 2 0 0 8

Feb 13-15: Niagara FallsISA Ontario Annual Conferencewww.isaont.com

Feb 24-29: New Braunfels, TX, USAMunicipal Arborists Municipal Forester Institutewww.urbanforestry.com

Events

PROMOTE YOUR EVENTS

HEREEmail:

[email protected] or fax 1.250.478.3979

n the last column I wrote about removal of large limbs from a tree health perspective.

In this column Ill write about the same issue from a worker safety perspective.

Pruning of large limbs is often to clear an obstacle, alleviate a safety concern or remove storm damaged tree sections. Often a chainsaw is needed to make such cuts and many times the cut is made from an elevated position such as off of a ladder, using tree climbing equipment, or from some type of lift device or using a telescoping high reach chainsaw on a pole.

When pruning from an elevated position it is necessary to have some form of fall protection. In Canada there are some variations from province to province as to when a worker must be secured and what defines

an elevated position, however for safety sake, be sure that you as a worker are protected from a fall at all times when using a chainsaw off of the ground at any height.

Fall protection is a broad topic, here we will look at four important aspects;

1. Fall arrest

A fall arrest product is specifically designed to arrest a

fall from an elevated position. For example, when a worker is in a man-lift device, a shock-absorbing lanyard must be connected to a rated full body harness, onto a rated anchor on the harness located between the shoulder blades and/or dorsal area of the worker, and a rated anchor point on the aerial lift device.

2. Work positioning

Work positioning equipment designed so a worker can attach a lanyard around an anchor support and to the side D rings of the saddle. This allows the worker to be work positioned in such a way that both hands are free for work. This is similar to the way Power Lineman are supported when climbing with spurs.

3. Suspension

Equipment designed to suspend a worker comfortably allowing for easy ascent and descent and suspend a worker while working. It is not intended to arrest a fall.

This type of system is required when climbing trees using a climbing line.

4. Restraint

Equipment designed to prevent a worker from reaching a fall situation. This type of system can be used when securing a worker who is working off of a ladder.

It is important that whenever working in an elevated work position that appropriate

fall protection system and components are used. Remember: not all harnesses are for all fall protection systems and be sure your harness, lanyard, rope and all major components of your systems are of a design for the work you are doing. There are many variations it is important to consult a knowledgeable supplier that can understand your fall protection needs answer your questions and alleviate your concerns. The Deluxe Saddle series by Buckingham is an example where one harness can be fitted and accessorized allowing this saddle series to be retro fitted to meet all categories of fall protection.

Remember: not all harnesses are for all fall protection systems

B Y S H I R L E Y B Y E R S

Saskatchewan-based Parkland Agroforestry Products, aims to alter the taditional Prairie landscape. They think there should be many more trees across Saskatchewan. They want to promote agroforestry, farmers growing trees, and Saskatchewans premier, Lorne Calvert is onside too. In his November 7, 2005 throne speech he announced the goal to transform 10 per cent of the provinces arable land to agroforestry over the next 20 years.

The groups main aim is to promote woody crops such as hybrid poplars, willows and fruit trees. The idea is to provide options for farmers to diversify, said Bill Sullivan, charter member of Parkland Agroforestry Products Inc.

Thats not to say that Parkland is unaware of all the other benefi ts which trees can provide. Theyre looking at income from lumber, furniture, biomass for ethanol plants, but theyre also looking at what thousands of trees could do for the environment. The benefi ts are considerable. Those trees could suck up greenhouse gases, conserve water by trapping snow, provide a home for wildlife and much more.

Where will all of the trees come from? Along with several other members of the group Sullivan is growing seedlings for about fi ve different hybrid poplars as well as willow, sour cherries and haskap.

Sullivan and the other growers obtain bare rooted seedlings, about 12 inches tall from PFRA (Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration which produces trees for farm shelterbelts at Indian Head, SK). The trees are planted in stool beds. Each spring the new growth is cut off, reducing the tree to ground level. The new growth is divided into 10 inch lengths. They are sold as cuttings or planted and sold as rooted material or as container stock. By pooling their trees the group can fi ll larger contracts.

Treeing SaskatchewanFirm aims to change the face of the Prairies

I


ISA news ISA ATLANTIC CANADA

The Throw line event was won by Matt Follett, who had just joined the chapter after moving to Atlantic Canada. It was his first time competing in the Atlantic competition, but he had competed in an Ontario one a few years back.

Burton, Jewett, and Follett captured positions 1st, 2nd, and 3rd and qualified for the masters along with Joey Peters, from Atlantic Arborists Ltd., who had scored well in every event and came in 4th. Each would have 15 minutes to assess an old silver maple on the edge of the Park, make their throw, attach the mainline, gear up and perform their tasks before they returned to ground and retrieved their throw line.

Although all four finalists showed good form, it was Matt Follet who triumphed. A few misses ate up valuable time at first and the half time call came as he started up the line. He managed to ring all three bells and started down with a minute and a half left. As soon as he touched the ground, he quickly retrieved his line from the tree and finished just under the allotted time.

Matt Follett captured the title and qualified to represent the Atlantic Chapter at the World Tree Climbing competition in St. Louis, MO next July. Hes quite excited because hes moved to the region so recently that he hasnt even had a chance to find full time work. However, with his skills, he should have no problem. Peters, Burton, and Jewett came in second, third, and fourth respectively.

Competitors in the Masters category of the Atlantic Canada Tree Climbing Competition, from left-right: Matt Follet (1st), Keanen Jewett (4th), Joey Peters (2nd), Trevor Burton (3rd).

Recent changes at Atlantic Canada ISA include a change in leadership. Pictured here are incoming President, Stan Kochanoff (Environova), and Past President, Dan Hicks (City of Moncton).

ISA ONTARIO

Results of the 19th ANNUAL Ontario Tree Climbing Championship

Sept. tree climbing competition a success Continued from page 1

Results of the 2007 OTCC, held at Niagara Parks Botanical Gardens & School of Horticulture, September 15, 2007

Womens Category

Footlock: Patricia Leier, Chrissy Blakoe, Julie Tucker

Belayed Speed Climb: Chrissy Blakoe, Patricia Leier, Julie Tucker

Aerial Rescue: Julie Tucker, Patricia Leier, Chrissy Blakoe

Throwline: Allison Boles, Julie Tucker, Chrissy Blakoe

Work Climb: Patricia Leier, Chrissy Blakoe, Allison Boles

Masters Climb: Patricia Leier, Chrissy Blakoe, Allison Boles

Mens Category

Footlock: John Hoondert, Nick Desrochers, Jeffery Thompson

Belayed Speed Climb: Dan Chipps, John Ratten, John Ransom

Aerial Rescue: John Ransom, Sean, Hoondert, Chris Brown

Throwline: Travis Spoelstra, Jerome Bishop, Andrew Drummond

Work Climb: Dan Quigg, John Ransom, Andrew Drummond

Masters Challenge: Andrew Drummond, Sean Hoondert, John Ransom

Spirit of the Competition Award: Andrew Hordyk

ISA ONTARIO

This group is hosting a conference on November 15, 2007 at the Saint-Hyacinthe Conference Centre, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC. The conference agenda includes some interesting and useful items such as: Writing price quotes and proposals for tree pruning,

falling, and planting; Techniques for composting green tree boughs,

including chipping and shredding; Sudden Oak Death (SOD) a new menace for

oak trees; and the proper pruning and quarantine techniques (phytosanitation) to minimize the spread of this disease.

Sudden Oak Death, found in Europe and California, is best known for its damage to oaks (red oak in particular), but can also attack sugar maple, yellow birch, tamarack, and balsam poplar. The spread of this disease in Canada could have serious economic and ecological impacts and pose a risk to the horticultural

and Christmas tree industry. Conifer trees themselves may not be at risk, but their needles could become infected and become a source of inoculum. Prevention of the disease (Phytophthora ramorum) by keeping infected plants out of Canada, particularly horticultural plants, is very important. Raising awareness among arborists and other forest workers and using proper pruning and management practices is also important. This presentation will be given by Danny Rioux, a tree researcher at the Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City. See following the publication for more information on SOD : http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/Fo113-1-25-2006E.pdfContact information for the International Society of ArboricultureQuebec is: PO Box 69042, Laval, Qubec, H7X 3M2, Phone: (450) 689-9393, email: [email protected]. Website: www.SIAQ.org(translated by Harry Williams)

Whats New at the International Society of Arboriculture Quebec (Socit Internationale dArboriculture-Qubec)Promote your

business

Send us your press releases

[email protected]


Jobs & Opportunities

POSITIONS AVAILABLE: Arborist Climbers ($15-$25 per hour, pay dependant on experience, ability and duties)Pest Control Technicians an asset

QUALIFICATIONS & EXPERIENCE Minimum one year work experience in Arboriculture and/or

training in an Arborist diploma program

Experienced in the safe and ef cient operation with the tools of the trade (chainsaws, wood chippers, rigging systems etc..)

A valid G drivers license

ISA certi ed or equivalent an asset

First Aid/CPR an asset

Commitment to Safety

Professionalism

Team player

EMPLOYERS COMMITMENTRespect for all employeesHealth bene ts package and vacation payA safe work environment with proper equipmentOpportunity to develop and grow within the company

Cohen & Master has established a solid reputation and customer base, built on quality work and good service. Based in Toronto, Ontario, Cohen and Master Services Markham, Richmond Hill, North York and downtown Toronto. We are poised for growth and are seeking committed arborists for full time employment within our company.

Tree Technology and Research in Burlington, Ontario requires experienced full-time Climber. ISA Certi cation and DZ license

an asset. Candidate needs to know all aspects of tree pruning and removals. Tree Technology offers excellent wage and bene t package. We also will offer pro t sharing to the right candidate.

Franchise Opportunities Available.

Other Positions Available:Groundsperson

Experienced Sales PersonPlant Heath Care Technician

Please contact us by tel: 905-637-4877, email [email protected] or

fax 905-637-4866

Resumes can be faxed to 905-832-9205 or email to [email protected]

Tel. 905-832-4214.ARBORCORP TREE EXPERTS3180 Teston Rd. Maple,

Ontario L6A1S5

Located in Vaughan, just north of Toronto Arborcorp Tree Experts has full time positions available for both a Climber/Arborist and a Groundperson. Payrate to reflect experience.

Assets:

Class D license,first aid /cpr

Certified arborist

Ability to work independantly and selfstart

2yrs exp.

Climber/Arborist and Groundperson

On-site Training available in the following skill areas: Climbing (Rope Access)Chainsaw and Technical Tree FallingRescue & Emergency ResponseRiggingTree Worker Risk Assessment and Tree DynamicsTree BiologyTree IDTree PlantingAerial OperationsGround Operations

Please call our of ce directly, 416-932-0622 for more information and to arrange an interview, fax to 416-932-1701 or email your resume to [email protected]

Established Tree Service in Toronto area for lease:

Want to run your own business without a huge investment in equipment and years struggling to build a clientele? Take over ours. We have done the hard part . Run your own show and make pots of cash!!

Serious enquiries only. 416-567-7598Time to start working for yourself!

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ONTARIO OPERATION: MILTON 905-693-0771

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Tree Service Canada #3 Fall 2007

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Transcript of Tree Service Canada #3 Fall 2007