Tree diversityday2012 jamnadass.pptx
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Transcript of Tree diversityday2012 jamnadass.pptx
Tree Diversity Day
Biodiversity for development:
human benefits from tree diversity for food, health and nutri:on
Rio Conven:ons Pavilion Programme CBD COP11, Hyderabad, India 10 October 2012
Ramni Jamnadass World Agroforestry Centre
– Ramni Jamnadass (ICRAF): Introduc6on to the session and a brief overview on benefits of trees for local peoples' lives/livelihoods.
– Par6cipatory indigenous fruit tree domes6ca6on and livelihood impacts in Central Africa (Zac Tchoundjeu)
– Amy Ickowitz (CIFOR): The rela6onship between forest cover and child nutri6on across Africa.
– Hugo A. H. Lamers (or colleague? Bioversity Interna6onal): Fruit tree diversity and conserva6on on farm in the Western Ghats, India, par6cularly Garcinia and Mangifera species.
– Navin Sharma (ITC): Bio-‐economy -‐ from sustenance to value crea6on, an Indian example.
At one time in history ………. 70% of the world’s surface was covered with forest
From then, until recently, humans got most of the tree products they needed direct from the forest…..
this included firewood….
also included Dawa…
… and also included fruit, nuts, oil….
But more recently due to forest clearing, and …
… rising human populations,
… it is clear that wild harvesting may no longer satisfy our needs for all the tree products every time and everywhere…….continued degradation
Trees for Products
Trees for Services fruit firewood medicine income Sawn wood fodder
Soil fer:lity Carbon erosion watershed shade biodiversity
Tree Diversity offers diversity of func:ons
Future of trees is on Farms …cultivation of trees is required
...for both the market,
and home use
Commodity 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Coffee 8,661,842 8,462,349 9,769,085 11,810,867 15,637,891 18,256,575 22,061,510 26,800,406 Palm oil 4,916,280 7,479,292 9,841,363 11,842,625 11,638,148 13,962,578 21,346,063 33,016,870 Citrus 7,709,475 8,598,655 10,217,484 10,924,690 11,597,821 12,661,180 15,869,879 17,689,609 Apples 3,410,183 3,852,300 4,675,737 5,354,522 5,622,449 6,410,561 8,398,383 9,320,535 Olives 2,761,684 3,085,092 3,996,924 5,989,857 6,716,176 8,049,248 7,289,693 7,754,972 Cocoa 2,208,064 3,219,631 4,200,355 4,836,469 4,954,083 4,790,227 5,708,236 7,246,038 Almonds 917,197 1,176,724 1,461,219 1,840,873 2,650,190 2,571,436 2,637,102 2,652,035 Cashew nuts 947,931 1,066,060 1,118,091 1,604,034 1,850,100 1,757,346 2,025,783 2,735,722 Coconuts 895,924 976,193 1,210,337 1,527,598 1,876,246 1,633,117 1,996,676 2,895,301 Pears 929,469 996,744 1,166,442 1,333,622 1,548,355 1,608,812 1,931,508 2,376,579
Peaches, nectarines 944,861 966,836 1,291,024 1,147,052 1,297,850 1,566,048 1,702,527 2,112,357 Kiwi fruit 611,803 720,365 833,194 1,104,284 1,241,451 1,387,549 1,584,275 2,019,843 Natural rubber 428,511 501,537 808,637 991,985 1,055,177 1,684,945 1,910,370 2,052,320 Pistachios 610,856 695,840 988,595 941,879 1,342,740 1,661,415 1,425,435 1,707,343
Plums & sloes 610,560 613,885 709,624 751,423 842,534 951,051 1,079,191 1,184,595 Raisins 558,066 577,380 673,286 809,938 895,637 915,796 954,722 1,285,479 Walnuts 424,313 462,340 535,894 685,925 830,099 1,010,112 1,171,124 1,270,622 Mango 428,299 401,188 578,874 585,438 646,821 778,814 918,524 1,001,681 Apricots 291,164 331,417 390,074 464,738 491,066 514,222 541,578 763,834 Papayas 124,014 130,550 161,481 201,833 185,248 182,419 186,153 188,050 Brazil nuts 51,840 57,901 70,975 109,783 163,617 129,307 154,651 159,584 Sheanuts 10,452 12,376 22,807 8,938 7,167 18,835 30,399 42,410 Gums natural 6,628 9,646 11,656 7,761 8,311 5,656 6,747 6,513 Kolanuts 6,932 1,808 1,668 5,241 477 600 1,916 1,904
Total value (US$) 38,466,348 44,396,109 54,734,826 64,881,375 73,099,654 82,507,849 100,932,445 126,284,602
Global exports value for some agro forestry related commodi:es 2001-‐2008 (US$ ‘000)
$126,284,602,000 industry Source: FAOSTAT, 2011
Farmers can, however, only plant what is available • Quality planting material needs to be developed • Access to quality material required
A key problem though is that for most species that there has been no formal domestication undertaken.
Nutri:on and Health
Interna6onal Forestry Review (2011), Forests, Biodiversity and Food Security
Around 50 million children are at risk of vitamin A deficiency in Africa, where it is the con6nent’s third greatest public health problem afer HIV/AIDS and malaria, Micronutrient malnutri6on-‐ hidden hunger
Fruits for improved nutri:on and health
Jus6fica6on: • Fruit consump6on very low in most developing countries – Consumers are not aware of fruits‘ values for health – High seasonality in produc6on, poor marke6ng, high prices
• Fruit produc6on very low in sub-‐Saharan Africa – Lijle use of improved, high-‐yielding varie6es – Poor on-‐farm fruit tree management – High post-‐harvest losses – Small number of na6onal hor6cultural scien6sts
Fruit consump6on is too low in developing countries
Table 1: Average daily consumption of fruits (FAOSTAT, 2004).
Region Fruit consumption (g/day) EU 288
N. America 286
Latin America 194
Eastern Europe 150
Asia (developing) 99
Western Africa 90 Southern Africa 89 Central Africa 40 East Africa 36
Minimum recommended by WHO: 200 g
Edible tradi:onally important tree products harvested from the forest as new domes:cated
crops
Contribu6on of fruits to nutri6on: 1. High contents of vitamins C and A, iron and calcium
Species Vit C (mg/100 g)
Vit A (mg/100 g)
Iron (mg/100 g)
Calcium (mg/100 g)
Adansonia digitata
150-‐500 0.03-‐0.06 1.7 360
Grewia tenax N.A. N.A. 7.4 610
Tamarindus indica
3-‐9 0.01-‐0.06 0.7 260
Guava 230 0.03 0.3 18
Mango 28 0.04 0.1 10
Pawpaw 62 0.14 0.1 24
Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), Lukmanji & Hertzmark (2008) Tanzania Food Composition Tables
Table 2: Nutrient content of selected fruits.
Available year-‐round, during the ‘hunger gap‘
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ZambiaMalawiPercentage
(%) of households facing food
shortage Harvest season
Cropping season = ‘hunger gap‘
Tree species Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Avocado (exotic)
Citrus (exotic)
Parinari curatellifolia
Mango (exotic)
Uapaca kirkiana
Strychnos cocculoides
Syzygium cordatum
Annona senegalensis
Flacourtia indica
Vangueria infausta
Vitex doniana
Adansonia digitata
Ziziphus mauritiana
Fruits for income genera6on
• Fruit tree cul6va6on offers great poten6al for income genera6on if farmers are – linked to markets – trained in fruit tree management – cul6va6ng improved, high value varie6es
• There is a high poten6al for enhanced employment, business development and income genera6on through local processing of fruits
Commercializa:on of diverse AFTPs – A vital business ini:a:ve for Africa
From tradi:onal markets ………………. to…………….… new business
Investment in indigenous fruit trees is an opportunity for small holder farmers and others….
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) www.worldagroforestry.org
Aichi targets Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming…
Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pres-sures on biodiversity an& promote sustainable use
Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiver-sity by safeguarding ecosys-tems, species and genetic div
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity an & ecosystem services
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity buildi..
(targets 14…16)
(targets 17…20)
(targets 11…13)
(targets 5…10)
(targets 1…4)