Tree Biology, Benefits, and the Urban Environment
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Tree Biology, Benefits, and the Urban Environment
Massachusetts Tree Steward Training October 19, 2012, Harvard Forest Eric Seaborn & Mollie Freilicher
MA-DCR Urban & Community Forestry Program
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Tree Biology
• What makes a tree a tree?
– Wood
– Grow radially as well as vertically
– Can you climb it?
2009 San Diego Urban Tree Exhibit
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Tree Anatomy Xylem
• Dead and living cells
• Conduct water and minerals
• Structural support
• Store carbohydrates
• Defend against disease spread & decay
• Made of tracheids, fibers, parenchyma, and vessel elements (hardwoods)
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Tree Anatomy Phloem
• Moves sugars produced by photosynthesis in leaves to other parts of the tree
• Innermost layer of bark; old phloem becomes part of bark
• Made of sieve tube elements and companion cells in hardwoods and sieve cells in conifers
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Tree Anatomy Rays
• Transport sugars and other compounds through trunk
• Store starch
• Restrict decay
bio.tamu.edu
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Tree Anatomy Bark
• Protects – Moderate temperature
– Provide defense
– Reduce water loss
– Made of old (non-functioning) phloem and cork tissue
– Lenticels are small openings in the bark that allow gas exchange
Image: TX A&M Extension
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Leaves
• Photosynthesis
• Transpiration
Image: Maricopa.edu
Image: Arbor Day Foundation
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Parts of a Stem
Image: Clemson.edu
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Branch Structure
Image: U.S. Forest Service
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Image: Univ. of Kentucky
Branch Structure
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Roots
• Functions
– Anchorage
– Absorption
– Storage
– Conduction
• Grow outward
– Most roots are in top 6-12 inches of soil
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Importance of Urban Trees
Pittsfield, MA
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Percent Urban – Suburban 2010
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Percent Urban – Suburban 2020
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Percent Urban – Suburban 2030
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Percent Urban – Suburban 2040
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Percent Urban – Suburban 2050
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FOREST COVER BY STATE
STATE %TREE
COVER
LAND
AREA km
% AGR.
%
FOR.
%
URB.
% POP.
CHANGE
DENSITY
Per km
CT 45.1 12550 11.2 54.2 25.0 -0.4 260.9
MA 50.4 20300 8.2 48.5 24.6 1.3 300.1
ME 70.0 79939 3.1 82.1 2.1 1.3 15.6
NH 73.7 23231 5.0 75.6 8.6 4.8 50.0
NY 54.6 122310 29.4 52.3 9.0 1.1 148.7
RI 35.2 2707 7.7 49.1 21.7 -1.3 365.9
VT 73.3 23956 17.4 71.5 3.7 4.6 24.6
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TREE COVER IN MA
COMMUNITIES
PLACE TREE
COVER
LAND
AREA
WATER
AREA
1990
POP.
POP.
DENSITY
NEEDHAM 29.5 32.7 .02 27557 843
AMHERST 23.2 12.7 0.0 17824 1404
DOVER 50.4 11.3 0.0 2003 177
WIN-
CHESTER
16.8 15.6 .07 20267 1295
BROOK-
LINE
14.1 17.6 .1 54718 3111
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Nature is a continuum with wilderness at one pole and the
city at the other. But the same natural processes operate
in the wilderness and in the city. - Anne Whiston Spirn
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Tree Benefits
• Stormwater
– Reduction & retention
• Air pollution
– Reduction & retention
– Temperature Reduction
• Energy savings
– Reduce cooling costs
• Social
– Reduced crime
– “Sense of Place”
– Property values
– Screening & privacy
– Noise reduction
New Bedford, MA
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A 20-inch swamp white oak in our area can intercept 2,564 gallons of water per year
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Air Pollution
Roots stabilize soil and prevent soil erosion
Evapo-transpiration from leaves cools surrounding air reducing the formation of ground-level ozone
Leaves filter pollutants from air Branches and form
provide shade, reducing the need for air conditioning
Blocks wind to help reduce heating needs
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Larger Trees, Greater Benefits
Image: Arbor Day Foundation
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Large Tree Argument
• Large trees provide nearly 8 times the benefits as smaller trees over the life of a large tree
• Ornamental trees are often shorter-lived than large shade trees – A crabapple may only live 40 years
– An elm may live for 100s of years
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Urban Environment Urban Heat Island
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Urban Environment People
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Urban Environment Limited Planting Space
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The Real World – Tree Decisions
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We Make it Tough on Trees
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Urban Environment People
Important for us to be stewards of our trees to help them in the difficult urban environment
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Urban Environment Poor Urban Soils
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Urban Environment Compaction
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After removals
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Proximity to Wachusett Reservoir
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“ The wind up here is terrible now! My windows were rattling and I think I lost shingles from my
roof”
“I never used to be able to see I-190 and all that stuff down there”
“The sun baked us this summer”
“My Dad planted that tree. It was hard to see it go”
“Welcome to the wasteland”
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