Treatment Choices for Multiple...
Transcript of Treatment Choices for Multiple...
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Treatment Choices for Multiple Myeloma
DR. Dr. Ugroseno YB., Sp.PD., KHOM - FINASIM
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Pengertian
Multiple myeloma (MM) adalah keganasan dengan ciri khas proliferasi sel ganas single klon dari sel plasma yang menghasilkan imunoglobulin monoklonal
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History of Multiple Myeloma
➢ In 1873, Rustizky mengenalkan nama
Multiple Myeloma
➢ In 1922, Bayne-Jones dan Wilson
Bence Jones protein
➢ In 1956, Korngold and Lipari
hubungan Bence Jones protein dan
serum protein
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Santiago Ramon Y. Cajal
1852-1934
Paul Gerson Unna
1850-1929
History of Multiple Myeloma
In 1890s, Paul
Unna and Ramon
Cajal identified the
plasma cell as a
cell type and the
cause of Multiple
Myeloma
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Plasmasel Dalam Darah
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• Sel-sel darah pada manusia dibuat di dalam sumsum tulang, kemudian baru beredar di dalam sirkulasi pembuluh darah.
• Sel darah ini dibedakan menjadi 3 bagian yaitu sel darah merah, sel darah putih, dan platelet.
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©2012 MFMER |
3206302-9
n=1,733
MGUS51% (879)
Multiplemyeloma20% (348)
Amyloidosis (AL)10% (174)
Lymphoproliferative 1% (25)
SMM 5% (81)
Solitary or extra-medullary 2% (34)
Macro 3.5% (62)
Other 7.5% (130)
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Etiologi
• Belum diketahui
• Faktor -2 yang berperan :
• Genetic
• environmental or occupational causes,
• MGUS
• radiasi
• Inflamasi kronik Infection.
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MGUS (Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance )• Merupakan salah satu perkembangan dari plasmasitoma
• Insiden ada orang tua 2-3% ras Caucasian
• Penelitian Wadhera dkk, dari 1942 pasien MM, 128 (6.6%) dari MGUS sekitar 12 bulan dari MM
• Ada Tiga Kriteria MGUS
• Serum monoclonal M protein (M-protein) concentration < 3 g/dL
• Plasma sel dalam Bone marrow < 10%
• Tidak terbukti kerusakan organ ( No evidence of end organ damage)
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Smoldering Multiple Myeloma SMM, Asymptomatic
Kriteria yang harus dipenuhi :
• Serum monoclonal protein ≥3 g/dL and/or bone marrow plasma cells ≥10 percent
• No end organ damage related to plasma cell dyscrasia
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Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
All 3 criteria must be met:
• Serum monoclonal protein <3 g/dL
• Bone marrow plasma cells <10 percent
• No end organ damage related to plasma cell dyscrasia or a related B cell lymphoproliferative disorder
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Smoldering MM
Kriteria :
• M protein concentration >3 g/dL
• Abnormal FLC ratio
• Bone marrow plasma cell concentration >10%
Waktu progresif menjadi MM tergantung jumlah faktor risiko : :
• satu faktor: 10 tahun
• dua aktor: 5.1 tahun
• Tiga aktor: 1.9 tahun
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Radiasi
• Radiasi berperan pada beberapa pasien
• Resiko meningkat dilaporkan pada mereka yang hidup akibat bom atom bila terpapar > 50 Gy: Pada 109,000 survivors bom atom Nagasaki Nagasaki pada World War II, 29 died from multiple myeloma between 1950 and 1976.
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MGUS (Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance )• Merupakan salah satu perkembangan dari plasmasitoma
• Insiden ada orang tua 2-3% ras Caucasian
• Penelitian Wadhera dkk, dari 1942 pasien MM, 128 (6.6%) dari MGUS sekitar 12 bulan dari MM
• Ada Tiga Kriteria MGUS
• Serum monoclonal M protein (M-protein) concentration < 3 g/dL
• Plasma sel dalam Bone marrow < 10%
• Tidak terbukti kerusakan organ ( No evidence of end organ damage)
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Smoldering Multiple Myeloma SMM, Asymptomatic
Kriteria yang harus dipenuhi :
• Serum monoclonal protein ≥3 g/dL and/or bone marrow plasma cells ≥10 percent
• No end organ damage related to plasma cell dyscrasia
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Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
All 3 criteria must be met:
• Serum monoclonal protein <3 g/dL
• Bone marrow plasma cells <10 percent
• No end organ damage related to plasma cell dyscrasia or a related B cell lymphoproliferative disorder
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Smoldering MM
Kriteria :
• M protein concentration >3 g/dL
• Abnormal FLC ratio
• Bone marrow plasma cell concentration >10%
Waktu progresif menjadi MM tergantung jumlah faktor risiko : :
• satu faktor: 10 tahun
• dua aktor: 5.1 tahun
• Tiga aktor: 1.9 tahun
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Radiasi
• Radiasi berperan pada beberapa pasien
• Resiko meningkat dilaporkan pada mereka yang hidup akibat bom atom bila terpapar > 50 Gy: Pada 109,000 survivors bom atom Nagasaki Nagasaki pada World War II, 29 died from multiple myeloma between 1950 and 1976.
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Gambaran Klinik• CRAB
• C = Calcium (elevated)
• R = Renal failure
• A = Anemia• B = Bone lesions
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•Nyeri tulang • Myeloma bone disease -- >proliferasi sel tumor melepas IL-6
merangsang osteoclast yang merusak tulang dan menimbulkan hypercalcemia
• Foto polos : "punched-out" / lytic bone lesion
• Myeloma bone pain
• Spinal cord compresion
• Patah tulang
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• Hypercalcemia• Bingung , nyeri tulang, konstipasi, nausea, gelisah, haus dan tidak
sadar
• Anemia• anemia akibat infiltrasi sel tumor pada sumsum tulang
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• Bleeding• Akibat thrombocytopenia.
• monoclonal protein bisa menyerap clotting factors dan bleeding
• Hyperviscosity• high volume of monoclonal protein -- > blood viscosity increases--
>stroke, myocardial ischemia, atau infarction.
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• Infection • Akibat immune deficiency resulting from diffuse
hypogammaglobulinemia, karena penurunan antibodi dan peningkatan pengrusakan normal antibodies.
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• Gagal Ginjal
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• Gangguan syaraf
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Pemeriksaan Standard
• Pemeriksaan standard menurut The International Myeloma Workshop guidelines :
• Pemeriksaan monoclonal protein Serum dan urin• Konfirmasi dengan immunofixasi• Serum free light chain assay (semua kasus baru)• Bone marrow aspiration dan atau biopsi• Serum beta2-microglobulin, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase • Pemeriksaan Sitogenetik• FISH • Bone survey• MRI
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Laboratorium
➢ Darah perifer
➢Serum immunoelectrophoresis : monoclonal gammopathy
➢A 24 jam urine ➢quantitate protein excretion
➢electrophoresis and immunologic typing dari komponen protein M
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Hapusan darah perifer
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Electrophoresis and Immunofixation
• Electrophoresis and Immunofixation
• Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) untuk menetukan tipe protein dan karakteristik kurva proteincharacteristic curve (spike).
• Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) untuk menetukan Bence Jones protein dalam urine.
• Immunofixation untuk menetukan subtype dari protein (IgA lambda).
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Normal SPEP
TBGhaptoglobin
transferrinCRP immunoglobulins
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Abnormal SPEPMonoclonal protein
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Serum Immunofixation
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Serum Free Light Chain Assay
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National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Merekomendasikan :
• serum free light chain assay
• dan sitogenetik plasma cell (FISH) : del 13, del 17p13, t(4;14), t(11;14), 1q21]
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Petanda diagnosis dan monitoring
Cost Ease ofTesting
Diagnosis Prognosis Monitoring
M-Protein + + + - +/-
Beta-2microglobulin
+ + - - -
Bence Jones protein
+ - - - +/-
Bone marrowbiopsy
- - + - -
Radiology - - - - +
BCMA + + + + +
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Pemeriksan Imaging
• Foto Polos : bone survey : skull skull, ltulang panjang dan spine
• MRI : deteksi ditulang punggung dan lesi di spina dan kompresi di spina
• PET scanning
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Hindari seperti ini…
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Extramedullary Plasmacytoma
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Beberapa pertanyaan yang biasa menjadipertimbangan dalam pemilihan terapi MM:
1. Apakah penyakit terlokalisasihanya di satu tempat tanpaketerlibatan tulang secaraumum?
2. Apakah penyakit memilikigejala simtomatik?
3. Apakah transplantasi sel indukautologous bisa menjadipilihan?
Menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaanini akan membantu memutuskanperawatan mana yang akan dipilihdan kapan harus dimulai.
Multiple myeloma: a guide for patients - Information based on ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines - v.2017.1
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MM: indikasi pengobatan
• Anemia (hemoglobin <10 g/dL or 2 g/dL below normal)
• Hypercalcemia (serum calcium >11.5 mg/dL)
• Renal insufficiency (serum creatinine>2 mg/dL)
• Lytic bone lesions or severe osteopenia
• Extramedullary plasmacytoma
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Urutan Pengobatan MM
Kebanyakan penderita MM akan menerima lebih dari satu jenis pengobatan. Berikut gambaran singkat mengenai urutan pengobatan MM
PengobatanUtama
PengobatanPemeliharaan
Pengobatantambahan
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pilihan Pengobatan Multiple Myeloma
• Radiasi
• Kemoterapi
• Terapi target
• Steroid
• Transplantasi sel punca
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
![Page 50: Treatment Choices for Multiple Myelomamyelomaindonesia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/MM-dr.-Ugro.pdf · •Myeloma bone pain ... National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Merekomendasikan](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020416/5c7aaabe09d3f207058c81b1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Penatalaksanaan
Chemotherapi dan immunosupresan
• Chemotherapy :
• Thalidomide : tunggal atau kombinasi dengan melphalan
• Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone
• Bortezomib plus melphalan
• VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin [Adriamycin], and dexamethasone)
• Melphalan plus prednisone
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*Thal/dex or dex are additional options especially if immediate response is needed.
Tidak layak Transplantasi berdasarkan age, performancescore, and komorbid
MPT, MPV, Len/dexor clinical trial*
Potensial Transplantasi Stemcell
Nonalkylator-based induction x 4 cycles
Stem cell harvest
Pendekatan Awal pengobatan MM
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Terapi Target
Terapi target adalah pengobatan dengan obat yang bekerja secara spesifik pada fitur sel kanker yang unik.
Karena obat ini sangat spesifik menargetkan sel kanker Mieloma, maka kecil kemungkinannya untuk membahayakan sel normal di tubuh kita.
Efek samping dari terapi target tergantung pada obat dan dosis yang digunakan. Beberapa contoh efek samping yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh terapi target adalah kelelahan, kelemahan, mual atau muntah, diare, konstipasi, menurun jumlah sel darah, penggumpalan darah, mati rasa dan kesemutan di tangan atau kaki, ruam kulit dan nyeri otot.
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Steroid
Steroid adalah jenis obat yang digunakan untuk mengurangi pembengkakan dan peradangan, tetapi beberapa jenis dari steroid memiliki efek anti kanker.
Efek samping paling umum adalah rasa lapar, sulit tidur, penyembuhan luka yang lambat, sakit perut, pembengkakan di pergelangan kaki dan tangan, perubahan emosi dan suasana hati yang cepat.
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pilihan Obat untuk Multiple Myeloma
Nama Generik Jenis Obat
Bendamustine Kemoterapi
Bortezomib Terapi Target
Carfilzomib Terapi Target
Cisplatin Kemoterapi
Cyclophosphamide Kemoterapi
Daratumumab Terapi Target
Dexamethasone Steroid
Doxorubicin Kemoterapi
Elotuzumab Terapi Target
Etoposide Kemoterapi
Interferon Imunomodulator
Ixazomib Terapi Target
Lenalidomide Imunomodulator
Liposomal Doxorubicin Kemoterapi
Mephalan Kemoterapi
Panobinostat Terapi Target
Pomalidomide Imunomodulator
Prednisone Steroid
Thalidomide Imunomodulator
Vincristine Kemoterapi
Vorinostat Terapi TargetNCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pengobatan Primer
Pengobatan primer adalah pengobatan utama yang diberikan untuk membersihkan tubuh dari kanker.
Pengobatan primer meliputi kemoterapi, terapi target dan steroid dimana mereka dapat diberikan sendiri atau dengan kombinasi.
Pilihan pengobatan primer tergantung dari apakah pasien akan direncanakan untuk menjalani transplantasi sel punca.
Beberapa obat dapat menyebabkan kerusakan parah terhadap sel yang sehat di sumsum tulang.
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pengobatan Primer (cont.)
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Transplantasi Sel PuncaSel punca adalah sel yang berkembang menjadi semua jenis sel darah dimana sel punca darah dan sel darah matang dibuat di sumsum tulang yang dirusak oleh kanker.
Transplantasi sel punca dilakukan dengan menekan sumsum tulang dan kanker dengan kemoterapi, kemudian dilakukan transplantasi (memasukan kembali) sel punca darah yang sehat. Sel punca darah sehat akan tumbuh, membentuk sumsum tulang baru dan menyerang sel kanker yang tersisa.
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Transplantasi Sel Punca (cont.)
Ada 2 jenis utama dari transplantasi sel punca:
1. Transplantasi sel punca autologous: transplantasi yang menggunakan sel puncadarah pasien sendiri.
Transplantasi ini paling sering digunakan untuk pengobatan myeloma aktifwalupun tidak dapat menyembuhkan.
2. Transplantasi sel punca alogenik: transplantasi yang menggunakan sel punca dariorang lain sebagai donor
Transplantasi ini tidak sering digunakan dikarenakan sulit untuk menemukan donor yang cocok, efek samping yang serius (sampai kematian), resiko kembalinya kankermasih tinggi.
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pengobatan penunjang
Pengobatan penunjang adalah pengobatan yang bertujuan untuk membantu pengobatan primer.
Pengobatan penunjang yang direkomendasikan:
• Bifosfonat untuk kesehatan tulang (direkomendasikan untuk semua pasien)
• Obat, terapi radiasi, atau pembedahan untuk mengatasi nyeri tulang
• Obat untuk mengatasi level kalsium yang tinggi
• Plasmapheresis untuk hiperviskositas
• Erythropoietin untuk anemia
• Vaksin dan pengobatan untuk infeksi
• Pengencer darah untuk mencegah pembekuan darah, dan
• Cairan dan kemungkinan plasmapheresis untuk mencegah kerusakan ginjal
Pengobatan penunjang direkomendasikan berdasarkan pada gejala dan efek samping yang pasien miliki, maka dari itu, tidak semupasien memerlukan pengobatan penunjang yang disebutkan di atas.
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Kelanjutan setelah pengobatan primer
Pemeriksaan Lanjutan Hasil Tes Pilihan Selanjutnya
Aspirasi sumsum tulang dan biopsi jikadibutuhkan
Pengobatanmenunjukkan
respon
Transplantasi sel punca autologousTransplantasi sel punca alogenik
Teruskan terapi primer sampai responyang terbaik dicapai, lalu observasi
dan/atau berikan terapipemeliharaan
Hitung Darah Lengkap
Tes kimia darah: BUN, kreatin dan kalsium
Serum Imunoglobulin kuantitatif
SPEP dan SIFE
Serum Free Light Chain jika dibutuhkan
Pengobatantidak
menunjukkanrespon
Mulai terapi untuk mielomakambuhan atau mieloma yang
memburuk
UPEP dan UIFE
Survei tulang tahunan atau jika ada gejala
Scan MRI jika dibutuhkan
Scan PET/CT jika dibutuhkan
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pilihan Terapi Pemeliharaan
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pengobatan untuk penyakit kambuhan atau perburukan setelah pengobatan primer
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Pengobatan Tambahan
Pengobatan tambahan adalah pengobatan yang diberikan setelah pengobatan sebelumnya gagal untuk membunuh semua kanker.
NCCN Guideline for Patients ® Multiple Myeloma
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Frontline Therapy pada orang tua
• Untuk Orang tua yang tidak kandidat transplantasi , standar terapi dengan MP, memberikan :• ORR: 60%
• Long-term CR: < 5%
• Kombinasi denganMP-based combinations memperbaiki respon : • MPT
• VMP
NCCN Practice Guidelines. Myeloma. V.3.2010.
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• MPR (50% to 95% reduction in myeloma protein in 55.6%)
• VMP (ORR: 86%)
• Hati-hati bila dengan terapi IMiD-based , dan
regimen berbasis terhadap kekambuhan herpes
zoster
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TIDAK layak transplantasi Stemcell (Autologous HCT) • Umur > 77 tahun
• Direct bilirubin>2.0 mg/dL (34.2 µmol/liter)
• Serum creatinine>2.5 mg/dL (221 µmol/liter) unless on chronic stable dialysis
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 3 atau 4 kecuali bonepain
• New York Heart Association functional status Class III or IV
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54
42
Attal M, et al. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:91-97. Child JA, et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1875-1883.
15 30 45 60
25
50
75
100O
S (%
)
00
High dose
Conventional dose
Mos20 40 60 80
25
50
75
100
Surv
ival
(%
)
00
Intensive therapy
Standard therapy
Mos
P = .03 by Wilcoxon testP = .04 by log-rank test
Transplantation vs Conventional Chemotherapy
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Opsi Terapi MM yang terdepan
• Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs)• Thalidomide
• Lenalidomide
• Proteasome inhibitors• Bortezomib
• Carfilzomib
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Bortezomib:A Reversible Proteasome Inhibitor
Chymo-tryptic
Site
Post-Glutamyl
Site
TrypticSite
b1 b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
Cross section of b ring
Bortezomib
Adams J, et al. Invest New Drugs. 2000;18:109-121. Adams J, et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998;8:333-338.
H N B
N H
O
O
OHN
N
OH
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Penelitian▪ Bortezomib-based treatment improves PFS (median 27
months vs 36 months) and OS (median 84 months vs not reached, p=0.05)
▪ Bortezomib significantly improves long-term outcome of pts with renal failure (p<0.001)
▪ Double ASCT improves PFS and OS in pts with ISS1
▪ Bortezomib improves outcome in pts with intermediate/poor risk disease
▪ No increased risk of SPM
Sonneveld et al._ASH 2013: Abstract 404, oral
presentation
Bortezomib memperbaiki:
Trial HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4
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Terapi Targets Myeloma Masa yad
Anderson KC. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:445-52.
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Terapi Induksi untuk Transplantasi
Sesuai NCCN :
• Bortezomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone (category 1)
• Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone (pada kasus yang
gangguan ginjal)
• Bortezomib/doxorubicin/dexamethasone (category 1)
• Carfilzomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone
• Ixazomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone (category 2B)
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Menurut NCCN Pada Kondisi Khusus : orang tua • Bortezomib/dexamethasone (category 1)
• Bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone (category 1)
• Lenalidomide/dexamethasone (category 1)
• Dexamethasone/thalidomide/cisplatin/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide/etoposide/bortezomib (VTD-PACE)
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Terapi Induksi bukan kandidat Transplantasi
Menurut NCCN
• Bortezomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone (category 1)
• Lenalidomide/low-dose dexamethasone (category 1)
• Bortezomib/cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone
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mSMART – Off-StudyTransplant Ineligible
a Dex is usually discontinued after first yearb Bortezomib containing regimens preferred in renal failure or if rapid response needed
*Clinical trials strongly recommended as the first option
Intermediate Risk Standard Risk*
MP + weekly Bortezomib
or weekly CyBorD for
~12 months
Bortezomib based therapy
for minimum of 1 year
High Risk
VRd* for ~12 months, Rda, b
Dispenzieri et al. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:323-341; Kumar et al. Mayo Clin Proc 2009 84:1095-1110; Mikhael et al. Mayo Clin
Proc 2013;88:360-376. v11 //last reviewed Dec 2013
Continue VRd as
maintenance for minimum
of 1 year
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Terapi Pemeliharaan
• Bertujuan untuk mempertahankan remisi, sesuai NCCN :
• lenalidomide (category 1);
• Bortezomib
Untuk MM yang kambuh setelah 6 bulan , terapi induksi boleh diulangi
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Paradigma baru
• Kombinasi dengan obat baru memberikan disease kontrol yang lebih baik.
• Pemberian kemoterapi dosis tinggi ( BMT) memberikan complete remission and very good partial response.
• Consolidation therapy and maintenance therapy memperbaiki progression free survival.
• Five year survival is approaching 81%.
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Prognosa
• Heterogen, dengan kelangsungan hidup mulai dari 1 tahun hingga lebih dari 10 tahun.
• Tingkat kelangsungan hidup relatif 5 tahun adalah 46,6%.
• Kelangsungan hidup lebih tinggi pada orang yang lebih muda dan lebih rendah pada orang tua.
• Besar tumor dan tingkat proliferasi adalah dua indikator kunci untuk prognosis pada pasien MM.
• Banyak skema untuk membantu menentukan prognosis.
• protein C-reaktif (CRP) dan beta-2 mikroglobulin (yang merupakan ekspresi dari besar tumor) :
• Jika kadar kedua protein kurang dari 6 mg / L: kelangsungan hidup rata-rata adalah 54 bulan.
• Jika hanya satu komponen < 6 mg / L: kelangsungan hidup rata-rata adalah 27 bulan.
• Jika kadar kedua nilai protein > 6 mg / L, kelangsungan hidup rata-rata adalah 6 bulan.
• Faktor prognostik yang buruk termasuk yang berikut:
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Prognosis jelek
• Massa tumor
• Hiperkalsemia
• Bence Jones proteinemia
• Kerusakan ginjal (yaitu, penyakit stadium B atau tingkat kreatinin> 2 mg / dL saat diagnosis)
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Prognosis yang dikaitkan dengan pengobatan
• Terapi konvensional: kelangsungan hidup sekitar 3 tahun, dan kelangsungan hidup bebas peristiwa kurang dari 2 tahun.
• Kemoterapi dosis tinggi dengan transplantasi stemcell: Tingkat kelangsungan hidup > 50% pada 5 tahun.
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Komplikasi
• Penyakit infeksi. • Antibodi tidak mampu mengenali antigen yang masuk.
• Gangguan pada tulang. • nyeri pada tulang, pengeroposan tulang, dan mudah terjadi fraktur (patah tulang)
• Penurunan fungsi ginjal. • Didapatkan pada 25% pasien MM• Gangguan fungsi ginjal• protein antibodi yang tidak normal• peningkatan kadar kalsium dalam darah akibat pengeroposan tulang.
• Anemia. • Kadar sel darah merah yang rendah dan tidak dapat mengangkut oksigen dengan
sempurna
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Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah pengobatan?
• Rutin kontrol ke Dokter
Pada pasien dengan multiple myeloma, kontrol jangka panjang diperlukan untuk mendeteksi penyakit kambuh sebelum muncul gejala baru.
• Kembali ke aktivitas sehari-hari
Diagnosis multiple myeloma dapat menyebabkan perubahan pada kehidupan sehari-hari dan juga dalam kegiatan sehari-hari dari mereka yang dekat dengan pasien. Kelompok pendukung pasien dapat membantu pasien untuk mengatasi perubahan ini.
Multiple myeloma: a guide for patients - Information based on ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines - v.2017.1
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Terimakasih atas perhatiannya
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Diagnosis Banding
• Primary (Malignant) Lymphoma of Bone
• Metastatic Bone Disease
• Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance
• Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
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Guideline Diagnosis
• International Myeloma Working Group [117]
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) [2]
• European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)
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Diagnostic criteria
Multiple myeloma is defined as smoldering (asymptomatic) or active (symptomatic).
• The NCCN criteria for smoldering multiple myeloma are as follows [2] :• Serum monoclonal protein: IgG or IgA ≥3 g/dL, atau
• Bence Jones protein ≥500 mg/24 h dan/atau
• Clonal bone marrow plasma cells 10%–60% dan
• Absence of myeloma-defining events or amyloidosis
• bone survey is negative (whole-body or skeletal MRI, with contrast, or whole-body PET/CT )
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Panduan NCCN untuk active multiple myeloma • Kriteria CRAB (hyperCalcemia, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesions) for
end-organ damage.
• Bone marrow clonal plasma cells ≥10% or plasma sell tulang dan extramedullary plasmacytoma (biopsi)
• One or more myeloma-defining events.
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myeloma-defining events.
• Kadar Ca >0.25 mmol/L (>1 mg/dL) lebih tinggi dari batas normal atau > 2.75 mmol/L (>11 mg/dL)
• Renal insufficiency (creatinine >2 mg/dL [>177 μmol/L] atau creatinine clearance < 40 mL/min)
• Anemia (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL atau hemoglobin >2 g/dL dibawah hargabatas normal)
• Satu atau lebih lesi osteolitik tulang dengan foto skeletal radiography, CT, atau PET-CT
• Clonal bone marrow plasma cells ≥ 60%• Abnormal serum free light chain (FLC) ratio ≥100 (involved kappa) or < 0.01
(involved lambda)• Satu atau lebih lesi fokal > 5 mm pada MRI
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Diagnosis menurut The International Myeloma Working Group ,nopember 2014• CRAB
• Bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) ≥60%
• Involved/uninvolved serum free light chain ratio ≥100
• Abnormal MRI dengan 1 lesi fokal @ >5 mm
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Stadium
Berdasarkan kriteria ISS dan the R-ISS:
• Beta-2 microglobulin ≤3.5 g/dL and albumin ≥3.5 g/dL
• Standard risk for CA
• Normal LDH
Stage I tak ada kriteria diatas
Stage II :bukan stdium I atau III
Stage III :
• Beta-2 microglobulin of 5.5 g/dL or more, and either
• High risk for CA or high LDH
Median progression-free survival is as follows:
• Stadium I : 66 bulan
• stadium II: 42 bulan
• stadium III: 29 bulan