Treating Natural Leather and woven fabrics with … 445 International Journal of Scientific Research...

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445 International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882

Volume 6, Issue 5, May 2017

Treating Natural Leather and woven fabrics with Nano zinc oxide on the properties of

clothing comfort

RehamYehia, Dr. Al-Amir Emam, Dr. Eman Raafat, Dr. Bahira Gabr, Dr. Abd Elreheem Ramadan

Abstract:

The indigenous leather clothes lack access to variety in designs and comfortable to wear properties, this limits the ability of

leather products to meet the demands of the market.Leather garments are the protective layer for human body from the external

environment surrounding it, through this study it was found that nano zinc oxide treatment is easily processed, and improving the

mechanical and comfortable properties. Experiment took place on the un-dyed natural goatskin leather as outer layer, as well as

textile materials of 100% cotton, 100% Polyester and blended 50%cotton, 50% polyester woven fabrics which were considered as

lining layer.In the first experiment, leather and woven textiles were immersed separately in the nano zinc oxide solution using

pad-dry-cure method.In the second experiment, leather and woven textiles were coated separately on both sides by the nano zinc

oxide solution using spray – dry cure method under tension. Both cases the treated leather was rinsed to remove excess chemicals

and then dried. The resulting work of pad – dry – cure treatment method did not drained, and was found to be durable.

Experiments proved that nano zinc oxide could be used for leather clothes their textile linings to improve the mechanical and

comfortable properties.

Keywords: Nano Zinc Oxide, Retanning Agent, Leather, goat skin, Thermal comfort.

1. Introduction:

Garments are the protective layer between the human body and the external environment surrounding it, the air temperature and

relative humidity. Leather is used extensively in the field of apparel and which should be provide thermal comfort while being

worn at the same time achieve the balance between the human body heat transmission rate, and the ability of the clothing thermal

insulation and environmental temperature. This thermal equilibrium depends on several factors: the human body activity, clothing

components and factors of the surrounding environment (temperature, wind, solar radiation, humidity) and in order to remain

comfortable must maintain a skin temperature 34 ° C must be maintained, human body generates heat even while sitting, and the

heat generated is lost through evaporation ethnicity or breathing. (1)

Tanned leather preserves the characteristics of flexibility and durability also continues to ' breathe ',allow water vapor to pass

through its porous but endure insulation from water droplets in rainy conditions. It is this characteristic counts for comfort, leather,

footwear and clothing. In addition, the tanning process adds heat-resistant feature. This is an important factor in the many uses for

leather, in conjunction with the process of leather processing to add color, texture and maintain, and improve appearance. Natural

leather characterized by thermal comfort , first because of the good reflection of sunlight characteristics , and the second because

the skin is characterized by water vapor permeability and can absorb sweat easily.

Nano structure are capable of enhancing the physical properties of conventional textiles, as anti-microbial properties, water

repellence, soil resistance, antistatic, anti-infrared and flame retardant properties, dye-ability, color fastness and strength of textiles

and leathers. (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

In this work an attempt has been made to apply ZnOnano particles tonatural goat leather, pure cotton, pure polyester and blended

cotton/ polyester fabric by pad-dry-cure technique and by spray-dry-cure technique, to improve the quality of ready- made

clothing performance made from local natural leather and lined with woven fabrics while retaining the functional properties.(8, 9)

The change in mechanical properties has been evaluated in terms of tensile strength, elongation and crease recovery angle. Among

the four common comfort parameters such as psychological comfort, tactile comfort and thermal comfort, psychological comfort

has no quantitative relationship with fabric properties; this is mainly related to the fashions prevailing in a particular society.

Tactile comfort mainly depends upon mechanical properties and surface characteristics of fabric. Mechanical properties such as

stretching, bending, shearing and compression at low stress levels predict the tactile comfort properties.However, thermal comfort

is related to the fabric’s transmission behaviors, namely thermal resistance, water vapor transmission and air permeability. (11, 12,

13, 14)

2. Materials and Methods:

2.1. Materials

Specifications of leather and fabric are given in table 1. Fabrics and leather were procured from local textile market.

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Table 1: Fabric specifications

Sample Material Specification

Weave Weight

g/m2

Thickness

(mm)

100% polyester Plain 115 0.02

100% cotton Plain 115 0.02

50%cotton, 50%polyeater

Plain 115 0.03

Natural goat leather natural 281.25 0.08

Table (1) the material weight and thickness

2.2. Chemicals

Zinc oxide nano particles with average size less than 100 nm, poly-ethylene glycol and acrylic binder.

2.3. Experimental Methods

2.3.1 Application of Nano zinc oxide on natural goat leather and woven Fabric

Application of zinc oxidenano particles was done on natural goat leather, 100%cotton, 100% polyester and

50%cotton/50%polyester woven fabric by pad-dry-cure method, and spray-dry-cure method.

a) Preparation of nanozinc oxidepadding and spraying liquor: Nano zinc oxide solution was prepared using concentrations of 3%

added to 0.25% Polyethylene glycolsurfactant and 1% acrylic binder. The mixture was then stirred using magnetic stirrer for

60minutes at 65oCtemperature.

b) Application to samples by pad dry cure method: natural goat leather, 100%cotton, 100% polyester and

50%cotton/50%polyester woven fabrics were immersed in padding liquor at room temperature for 15 minutes and then passed

through a two bowl laboratory padding mangle, which was running at a speed of 15 rpm with a pressure of 1.75 Kg/cm2 using 2-

dip 2-nip padding sequence at 70% expression, then the each sample padded again for 1 min thensqueezed.

The padded substrate was dried at 110oC for 5 minutes and curing using thermosetting at 160oC temperature for 3 minutes.

c) Application to samples by spray dry cure method: natural goat leather, 100%cotton, 100% polyester and

50%cotton/50%polyester woven fabrics were sprayed under tension bythe same preparedliquor at room temperature and then

dried at 110oC for 5 minutes and curing using thermosetting at 160oC temperature for 3 minutes.

2.4.3.2 Testing and Analysis

a) Measurement of mechanical properties:

Tensile strength tester, elongation tester, is done according to, EN ISO 13934 – 1999 (Maximum Force and Elongation – Stripe

Method)(15)

Crease recovery tester, is done according to, BS 3086 – 1972(16)

b) Analysis of thermo comfort properties:

Water vapor transfer rate test, is done according to ASTM F 1249 test method(17)

Air permeability test,is done according to, ASTM: D 737 – 04(2008).(18)

Thermal transmission test,is done according to, ASTM: D 1518. (19)

Wettability test, is done according to, B.S. 3449:1961.(20)

Wick-ability test, is done according to, ASTM: D 4772. (21)

3. Results and Discussion:

3.1 Effect of Nano zinc oxide Treatment on natural leather:

a) Mechanical Properties:

1. Tensile strength

natural goat leather treatment type

tensile strength kg/cm2

before washing


after washing

untreated 228.50 228.50

padding 235.10 235.90

spraying 240.00 230.20

Table (2) tensile strength for natural goat leather


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Figure (1) The difference between the padding and spraying treatments methods on tensile strength for natural goat leather

Sample tensile strength is measured by the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before

breaking. Table 2 shows tensile strength of (untreated, padded and sprayed) natural un-dyed goat leather. Before washing, both

pad and spray methods show increasing in tensile strength when compared to the untreated sample. Before washing, tensile

strength of nano zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows that the sprayed sample increased in tensile strength to be 240

kg/cm2 more than the padded sample to be 235.10 kg/cm2, while the untreated sample has 228.50 kg/cm2. The increasing of

sprayed sample due to the creation of coated layer on the surface of face and back of the leather sample. After washing, both

treatments caused decrease in tensile strength compared to that of the untreated sample. The spraying method showed a loss of

about 4 % from its tensile strength, and the padded method loss of about 3.9 % from its tensile strength, approximately similar.

This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished leather by padded method shows the less decreasing in tensile strength after

washing by 0.1% than the sprayed method. (OmidZabihi et al.2011) and (M. Przybyszewska, M. Zaborski,2009)

2. Elongation at break

natural goat

leather treatment type

Elongation

at break % before washing

Elongation

at break % after washing

untreated 13.45 13.45

padding 14.50 14.00

spraying 14.74 13.95

Table (3) elongation at break percent for natural goat leather

Figure (2) The difference between the padding and spraying

treatments methods on elongation at break percent for natural goat leather

Sample elongation at break, also known as fracture strain, it expresses the capability of a material to resist changes of shape

without crack formationTable 3 showselongation at break of (untreated, padded and sprayed) natural un-dyed goat leather. Before

washing, elongation at break of nano zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows that the sprayed sample increased in

elongation at break to be 14.74% more than the padded sample to be 14.50%, both treatment cause the increase inelongation at

break compared to that of the untreated sample which has 13.45%. After washing, elongation at break of nano zinc oxide finished

natural leather samples shows that the sprayed sample increase in elongation at break to be 13.95% less than the padded sample to

be 14%, both treatments causes increase in elongation at break compared to that of the untreated sample. This would imply that

nano zinc oxide finished leather by padding method shows the more durable.(M. Przybyszewska, M. Zaborski,2009)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28mechanics%29

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603111002218

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3. Crease Recovery Angle

natural goat leather

treatment type

Crease

RecoveryAngle (W+F)O

before washing

Crease

RecoveryAngle (W+F)O

after washing

untreated 100 100

padding 95 66

spraying 80 50

Table (4) crease recovery angle for natural goat leather

Figure (3) The difference between the padding and spraying treatments

methods on crease recovery angle for natural goat leather

Sample crease recovery angle, the property to recover from creases by measurement of the recovery angle.Table 4 shows crease

recovery angle of (untreated, padded and sprayed) natural un-dyed goat leather. Before washing, crease recovery angle of nano

zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows that the sprayed sample decreased recovery angle to be 80o less than the padded

sample to be 95o, both treatment cause decrease in crease recovery angle compared to that of the untreated sample which has 100

o. After washing, crease recovery angle of nano zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows that the sprayed sample

decrease in recovery angle to be 50o less than the padded sample to be 66 o, both treatments cause the decrease in crease recovery

angle compared to that of the untreated sample. It is clear that the padded sample can recovery its crease more easily than the

sprayed sample, this is because the imparting of nano zinc oxide particles to the natural goat leather porosity, which cause durable

padding treatment and better crease recovery. This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished leather by padding method shows

the more increasing recovery angle and better handle than the sprayed sample.(M. Przybyszewska, M. Zaborski,2009)

b) Comfort properties:

1. Water vapor transmission


treatment type

water vapor permeability % before washing

water vapor permeability % after washing

untreated 9.2 9.2

padding 11 13.3

spraying 9.5 10.23

Table (5) water vapor transmission rate for natural goat leather


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treatmentsmethods on water vapor transmission rate for natural goat leather

Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of a sample denotes the extent to which the water vapor gets passed on to the atmosphere

through the sample. Table 5 shows water vapor permeability of (untreated, padded and sprayed) natural un-dyed goat leather.

Before washing, both padding and spraying shows high water vapor permeability when compared to the untreated sample, this is

due to the compact structure help increasing water vapor permeability, as water vapor transmission rate of nano zinc oxide

finished natural leather samples shows that the padded sample increase water vapor transmission rate to be 11 more than the

sprayed sample to be 9.5. After washing, water vapor transmission rate of nano zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows

that the padded sample increased the water vapor transmission rate to be 13.3 more than the sprayed sample to be 10.23, both

treatment cause the increasing of water vapor transmission rate compared to that of the untreated sample and the treated sample

before washing. After washing, the padded sample increased by 20 % and sprayed sample increased by 7.68 %. This would imply

that nano zinc oxide finished leather by padding method shows the maximum water vapor transmission rate which is comfortable

to wear and more durable.(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)

2. Air permeability

natural goat leather treatment

type

air permeability cm3/cm2/sec

before washing

air permeabilitycm3/cm2/sec

after washing

untreated 0.22 0.22

padding 0.37 0.54

spraying 0.29 0.42

Table (6) air permeability for natural goat leather


treatments methods on air permeability for natural goat leather


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Air permeability is another property deciding the comfort of the fabric. Table 6 shows air permeability of (untreated, padded and

sprayed) natural un-dyed goat leather. Before washing, air permeability of nano zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows

that the padded sample increase air permeability to be 0.37 more than the sprayed sample to be 0.29, both treatment cause the

increase in air permeability compared to that of the untreated sample. After washing, air permeability of nano zinc oxide finished

natural leather samples shows that the padded sample increase air permeability to be 0.59 more than the sprayed sample to be

0.42, both treatment cause the increase in air permeability compared to that of the untreated sample. After washing the padded

sample increased by 31.48 % and the sprayed sample increased by 31%, both increased by approximate the same ratio, but still

padding samples shows higher air permeability than the sprayed sample even after washing. This would imply that nano zinc

oxide finished leather by padding method shows the maximum air permeability which is comfortable to wear and more durable.

(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)

3. Thermal conductivity

natural goat leather treatment type

thermal conductivity tog before washing

thermal conductivity tog after washing

untreated 0.94 0.94

padding 1.45 1.5

spraying 1.29 1.4

Table(7) Thermal conductivity for natural goat leather


treatmentsmethods on thermal conductivity for natural goat leather

Thermal conductivity of leather denotes the extent to which the heat gets passed on to the atmosphere through the sample. It is the

property of a material to conduct heat.Materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and

materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation.Table 7 shows thermal conductivity of (untreated, padded and

sprayed) natural un-dyed goat leather. Before washing, both padding treatment sample with 1.45 and spraying treatment sample

with 1.5, shows higher thermal conductivity compared to the untreated sample which has 0.94. After washing, thermal

conductivity of nano zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows that the padded sample increasein heat transmission to be

1.5 more than the sprayed sample to be 1.4, both treatment cause increase in thermal conductivity compared to that of the

untreated sample and the treated sample before washing. This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished leather by padding

method shows the maximum thermal conductivity which is comfortable to wear and durable. (OmidZabihiet al.2011) and


4. Wettability

natural goat leather treatment

type

Wettability after 200 sec.

Before washing

Wettability after 200 sec.

after washing

untreated 60 60

padding 49 33

spraying 55 45

Table (8) wettability for natural goat leather


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_materials_properties

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation


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Figure (7) The difference between the padding and

spraying treatments methods on wettability for natural goat leather

Wettability is another property deciding the comfort of the fabric. Table 8 shows wettability of (untreated, padded and sprayed)

natural un-dyed goat leather.Before washing padding sample absorbs water drop within 49 seconds, while the sprayed sample

absorbs water drop within 55 seconds, which shows that padded method gives high absorbency, while sprayed method makes a

layer on the surface of the leather which delay absorbency to take 55 seconds. After washing, wettability of nano zinc oxide

finished natural leather samples shows that the padded sample decrease wettability time needed to absorb water drop to be 33

seconds less than the sprayed sample to be 45 seconds to absorb water drop, both treatment cause the decrease in wettability time

compared to that of the untreated sample. This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished leather by padding method shows better

wettability which is comfortable to wear and durable.(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)

5. Wick ability


treatment type

wickability mm before washing

Wickability mm after washing

untreated 7 7

padding 0 8

spraying 0 6.5

Table (9) wick ability for natural goat leather


spraying treatments methods on wick ability for natural goat leather

Wick ability is another property deciding the comfort of the fabric. The movement of liquids in leather by wicking which

manufacturers claim imparts great personal comfort to the wearer. This Comfort is said to be due to the leather's ability to wick

perspiration away from the skin, leaving the wearer dry and warm. Table 9 shows wick ability of (untreated, padded and sprayed)

natural un-dyed goat leather.

Before washing, both padded treated sample and sprayed treated sample did not absorb water, while the untreated sample has 7

cm. But after washing, wick ability of nano zinc oxide finished natural leather samples shows that the sprayed sample decrease


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wick ability to be 6.5 mm less than the padded sample to be 8 mm wick ability distance. Padded treatment method cause the

increase in wick ability compared to the untreated sample. This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished leather by padding

method shows the better wick ability which is comfortable to wear and more durable. (EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)

3.2 Effect of Nano zinc oxide Treatment on Woven Fabrics:

a) Mechanical Properties:

1. Tensile strength

sample treatment type


before

washing

after

washing

100% cotton untreated 106.9 106.9

100% cotton padding 100 83.6

100% cotton spraying 105 99.4

100% polyester untreated 220.3 220.30

100% polyester padding 245 238.30

100% polyester spraying 260 259.60

50%cotton, 50%polyester untreated 215.5 215.50

50%cotton, 50%polyester padding 230 220.90

50%cotton, 50%polyester spraying 240 231.80

Table (10) tensile strength for different woven fabrics

Sample tensile strength is measured by the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before

breaking. Table 16 shows tensile strength of (untreated, padded and sprayed) different woven fabric as 100% cotton, 100%

polyester and 50%cotton, 50% polyester.

Figure (9) The difference between the padding and spraying treatment methods on tensile strength for 100% cotton

Tensile strength for nano zinc oxide finished woven fabric samples shows that treating woven fabrics with nano zinc oxide affect

the tensile strength. Before washing, by comparing the treated sample with the 100% Cotton untreated that has 106.9 kg/cm2

found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment decreased tensile strength to be 100kg/cm2 , and the sample sprayed at the

face and back decreased to be 105 kg/cm2. After washing, by comparing the treated sample with the 100% Cotton untreated that

has 106.9 kg/cm2 found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment decreased tensile strength to be 83.6 kg/cm2, and the

sample sprayed at the face and back decreased to be 99.4 kg/cm2 (as shown in figure 9). (OmidZabihi et al.2011) and (M.

Przybyszewska, M. Zaborski,2009)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28mechanics%29


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treatment methods on tensile strength for 100% polyester

For a sample 100% Polyester (as shown in figure 10) found increase in the tensile strength.Before washing, compared to 100%

polyester untreated sample 220.30 kg/cm2 to increase the tensile strength to be 245 kg/cm2 for 100% polyester dipped sample and

for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back increased to be 260 kg/cm2. After washing, compared to

100% polyester untreated sample 220.30 kg/cm2 to increase the tensile strength to be 238.30 kg/cm2 for 100% polyester dipped

sample and for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back increased to be 259.60 kg/cm2.(OmidZabihi

et al.2011) and (M. Przybyszewska, M. Zaborski,2009)


treatmentmethods on tensile strength for 50% cotton, 50% polyester

The woven fabrics blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample found that measuring of tensile strength for the untreated sample

215.50 kg/cm2 and the treatment with nanozinc oxide influenced the tensile strength, before washing cause to the increase tensile

strength to be 230 kg/cm2 mm for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and increase the tensile strength to

be 240 kg/cm2 for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back. After washing cause to the

increase tensile strength to be 220.90 kg/cm2 mm for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and increase the

tensile strength to be 231.80 kg/cm2 for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back (as shown in

figure 11). This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven fabrics by spraying method for the blended 50% Cotton, 50%

Polyester woven fabric shows the best tensile strength which is comfortable to wear.(OmidZabihi et al.2011) and (M.


2. Elongation at break


Elongation at break

%

before

washing

after

washing


100% cotton padding 11.78 10.50




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100% cotton spraying 11.95 10.67


100% polyester padding 13 12.39

100% polyester spraying 15 14.88


50%cotton, 50%polyester padding 15.1 14.93

50%cotton, 50%polyester spraying 16.24 15.36

Table (11) elongation at break for different woven fabrics

Sample elongation at break, also known as fracture strain, it expresses the capability of a material to resist changes of shape

without crack formation. Table 11 shows elongation at break of (untreated, padded and sprayed) different woven fabric as 100%

cotton, 100% polyester and 50%cotton, 50% polyester.


treatmentmethods on elongation at break for 100% cotton

Elongation at break for nano zinc oxide finished woven fabric samples shows that, after treating woven fabrics with nano zinc

oxide affect the elongation at break. Before washing and by comparing the treated sample with the 100% Cotton untreated that has

9.32% found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment increased elongation at break to be 11.78 %, and the sample sprayed

at the face and back increased to be 11.95% . After washing and by comparing the treated sample with the 100% Cotton untreated

that has 9.32% found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment increased elongation at break to be 10.50 %, and the sample

sprayed at the face and back increased to be 10.67% (as shown in figure 12). (OmidZabihi et al.2011) and (M. Przybyszewska, M.

Zaborski,2009)

Figure (13) The difference between the padding and spraying treatment methods on elongation at break for 100% polyester

for a sample 100% Polyester (as shown in figure 13) found increase in the elongation at break compared to 100% polyester

untreated sample 12.30 % , before washing, it increased the elongation at break to be 13 % for 100% polyester dipped sample and

for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back increased to be15 %. After washing, it increased the



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elongation at break to be 12.39 % for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at

the face and back increased to be14.88 %. (OmidZabihi et al.2011) and (M. Przybyszewska, M. Zaborski,2009)

Figure (14) The difference between the padding and spraying treatment

methods on elongation at break for 50% cotton, 50% polyester

The woven fabrics blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample found that measuring of elongation at break for the untreated

sample 14.33% and the treatment with nano zinc oxide influenced the elongation at break. Before washing, elongation at break

increased to be 15.1 % for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and increase in elongation at break to be

16.24 % for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back. After washing, elongation at break

increased to be 14.93 % for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and increase the elongation at break to be

15.36 % for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back (as shown in figure 14). This would

imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven fabrics by spraying method for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester woven fabric

shows the best elongation at break which is comfortable to wear. (OmidZabihi et al.2011) and (M. Przybyszewska, M.

Zaborski,2009)

3. Crease Recovery Angle


Crease Recovery

Angle (W+F)O

before

washing

after

washing

100% cotton untreated 120 120

100% cotton padding 80 125

100% cotton spraying 90 115

100% polyester untreated 105 105

100% polyester padding 85 110

100% polyester spraying 95 100

50%cotton, 50%polyester untreated 125 125

50%cotton, 50%polyester padding 90 130

50%cotton, 50%polyester spraying 95 105

Table (12) crease recovery for different woven fabrics

Sample crease recovery angle, the property to recover from creases by measurement of the recovery angle. Table 12 shows crease

recovery angle of (untreated, padded and sprayed) different woven fabric as 100% cotton, 100% polyester and 50%cotton, 50%

polyester.



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treatmentmethods on crease recovery for 100% cotton

Crease recovery angle for nano zinc oxide finished woven fabric samples shows that, after treating woven fabrics with nano zinc

oxide affect thecrease recovery angle. Before washing, by comparing the treated sample with the 100% Cotton untreated that has

120 found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment decreased crease recovery angle to be 80, and the sample sprayed at the

face and back increased to be 90.After washing, by comparing the treated sample with the 100% Cotton untreated that has 120

found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment decreased crease recovery angle to be 125, and the sample sprayed at the

face and back increased to be 115(as shown in figure 15).(M. Przybyszewska, M. Zaborski,2009)


treatment methods on crease recovery for 100% polyester

For a sample 100% Polyester (as shown in figure 16) Before washing, found an decrease in the crease recovery angle compared to

100% polyester untreated sample 105 to increase the crease recovery angle to be 85 for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the

sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back decreased to be 95. After washing, found an increase in the

crease recovery angle compared to 100% polyester untreated sample 105 to increase the crease recovery angle to be 110 for 100%

polyester dipped sample and for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back increased to be 100. (M.



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treatment methods on crease recovery for 50% cotton, 50% polyester

The woven fabrics blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample found that measuring of crease recovery angle for the untreated

sample 125 and the treatment with nano zinc oxide influenced the crease recovery angle. Before washing, treatment caused to the

decrease crease recovery angle to be 90 for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and decrease the crease

recovery angle to be 95 for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and backAfter washing, treatment

caused to increase crease recovery angle to be 130 for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and

decreasecrease recovery angle to be 105 for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back (as

shown in figure 17).This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven fabrics by spraying method for the blended 50%

Cotton, 50% Polyester woven fabric shows the best crease recovery angle which is comfortable to wear. (M. Przybyszewska, M.

Zaborski,2009)

b) Comfort properties:

1. Water vapor transmission rate


water vapor transmission

rate g/m2

before

washing

after

washing





100% polyester padding 1.9 1.7

100% polyester spraying 1.8 1.5




Table (13) water vapor transmission rate for different woven fabrics

Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of a sample denotes the extent to which the water vapor gets passed on to the atmosphere

through the sample. Table 20 shows water vapor transmission rate of (untreated, padded and sprayed) different woven fabric as

100% cotton, 100% polyester and 50%cotton, 50% polyester.


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Figure (18) The difference between the padding and spraying treatment

methods on water vapor transmission rate for 100% cotton

Water vapor permeability of nano zinc oxide finished woven 100% cotton fabric samples shows that, by using pad method the

water vapor permeability increased and by using spraying face and back method the water vapor permeability decreased, (as

shown in figure 18). Before washing, treating woven fabrics with nano zinc oxide affect the water vapor permeability and

comparing the treated sample with the untreated that has 2.8 g/m2 found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment increased

in 3.2 g/m2 water vapor permeability, and the sample sprayed at the face and back decreased to 2.2 g/m2 . After washing, treating

woven fabrics with nano zinc oxide affect the water vapor permeability and comparing the treated sample with the untreated that

has 2.8 g/m2 found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment increased in 3.7 g/m2 water vapor permeability, and the sample

sprayed at the face and back decreased to 2.6 g/m2 .(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


treatment methods on water vapor transmission rate for 100% polyester

For 100% Polyester sample (as shown in figure 19) before washing, found that the percentage of water vapor permeability

increased compared to the untreated sample 2 g/m2 to decrease to become 1.9 g/m2 for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the

sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back decreased to become 1.8 g/m2 . After washing, both treatment

methods cause decreasing in water vapor permeability when compared to the untreated sample which has 2 g/m2 so the padded

sample decreased to become 1.7 g/m2 and for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back decreased to

become 1.5 g/m2.(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


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treatmentmethods on water vapor transmission rate for 50% cotton, 50% polyester

The woven blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester fabric samples found that measuring of water vapor permeability increased by

both treatment methods (as shown in figure 20).Before washing, the untreated sample water vapor permeability was 3.1 g/m2 and

the pad treatment with nano zinc oxide influenced the water vapor permeability cause increase in water vapor permeability to 4

g/m2 and for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back caused increase in water vapor

permeability to 3.3 g/m2. After washing, the untreated sample water vapor permeability was 3.1 g/m2 and the pad treatment with

nano zinc oxide influenced the water vapor permeability cause increase in water vapor permeability to 4.3 g/m2 and for the

blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back cause increase in water vapor permeability to 3.5 g/m2.

This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven fabrics by padding method for the blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester

woven fabric shows the maximum water vapor transmission rate which is comfortable to wear and it is durable to use and

wash(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)

2. Air permeability


air permeability

cm3/cm2/sec

Before

washing

after

washing










Table (14) air permeability for different woven fabrics

Air permeability is another property deciding the comfort of the fabric. Table 14 shows air permeability of (untreated, padded and

sprayed) different woven fabric as 100% cotton, 100% polyester and 50%cotton, 50% polyester.


treatmentmethods on air permeability for 100% cotton


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Air permeability for nano zinc oxide finished woven fabric samples shows that, after treating woven fabrics with nano zinc oxide

affect the air permeability (as shown in figure 21). Before washing, the untreated 100% cotton fabric sample has 5.143 cm/cm2

/sec and the 100% cotton dipped treatment sample increased to be 5.182 cm/cm2 /sec air permeability, and the sprayed at the face

and back sample decreased to 4.805 cm/cm2 /sec. Before washing, the untreated sample has 5.143 cm/cm2 /sec and the 100%

cotton dipped treatment sample increased to be 5.475 cm/cm2/sec air permeability, and the sprayed at the face and back sample

increased to 5.122 cm/cm2 /sec.(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


treatmentmethods on air permeability for 100% polyester

for 100% Polyester sample (as shown in figure 22) before washing, found a decrease in the percentage of air permeability

compared to untreated sample 6.33 cm/cm2 /sec to decrease to become 5.676 cm/cm2 /sec for 100% polyester dipped sample and

for 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back sample decreased to become 4.256 cm/cm2 /sec. After washing,

found a decrease in the percentage of air permeability compared to untreated sample 6.33 cm/cm2 /sec to decrease to become 6.2

cm/cm2 /sec for 100% polyester dipped sample and for 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back sample decreased

to become 5.03 cm/cm2 /sec. (EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


treatment methods on air permeability for 50% cotton, 50% polyester

The woven fabrics blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample found that measuring of air permeability for the untreated sample

7.136 cm/cm2 /sec and before washing the treatment with nano zinc oxide influence air permeability cause increase in air

permeability to 7.237 cm/cm2 /sec for the padded blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester sample and on the contrary cause

decrease in air permeability to 6.78 cm/cm2 /sec for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and

back(as shown in figure 23). After washing the treatment with nano zinc oxide influenced the air permeability cause increase in

air permeability to 7.65 cm/cm2 /sec for the padded blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester sample. Also increase in air

permeability to 7.225 cm/cm2 /sec for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back(as shown in

figure 23). This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven fabrics by padding method for the blended 50% cotton and 50%

polyester woven fabric shows the air permeability which is comfortable to wear and durable.(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


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3. Thermal conductivity


thermal conductivity

before

washing

after

washing









50%cotton, 50%polyester spraying 2.43 2.29 Table (15) thermal conductivity for different woven fabrics

Thermal conductivity of a fabric denotes the extent to which the heat gets passed on to the atmosphere through the sample. It is

the property of a material to conduct heat. Materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and

materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation.Table 15 shows thermal conductivity of (untreated, padded

and sprayed) different woven fabric as 100% cotton, 100% polyester and 50%cotton, 50% polyester.

Figure (24) The difference between the padding and spraying treatment methods on thermal conductivity for 100% cotton

Thermal conductivity for nano zinc oxide finished woven fabric samples shows that, after treating woven fabrics with nano zinc

oxide affect the thermal conductivity. Before washing the100% Cotton untreated sample has 1.7, and found that the 100% Cotton

dipped treatment sample decrease to be 1.62 thermal conductivity, and the sample sprayed at the face and back decrease to be 1.56

(as shown in figure 24). After washing the100% Cotton untreated sample has 1.7, and found that the 100% Cotton dipped

treatment sample decrease to be 1.66 thermal conductivity, and the sample sprayed at the face and back decreased to 1.65 (as

shown in figure 24). (OmidZabihiet al.2011) and (EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


treatment methods on thermal conductivity for 100% polyester


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_materials_properties

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation


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for the 100% Polyester samples (as shown in figure 25) before washing found an decrease in the thermal conductivity compared to

100% polyester untreated sample 1.93 to increase to become 2.11 for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the sample 100%

Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back increased to become 1.95.After washing found a decrease in the thermal

conductivity compared to 100% polyester untreated sample 1.93 to increase to become 2.20 for 100% polyester dipped sample

and for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back increased to become 1.99.


treatment methods on thermal conductivity for 50% cotton, 50% polyester

The woven blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester fabric samples found that measuring of thermal conductivity for the untreated

sample 1.98.Before washing the treatment with nano zinc oxide influenced the thermal conductivity cause increasing to be 2.28

for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and increase the thermal conductivity to 2.43 for the blended 50%

Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back (as shown in figure 26). After washing the treatment with nano zinc

oxide influenced the thermal conductivity caused to the increasing to be 2.33 for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50%

polyester and decrease the thermal conductivity to 2.29 for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and

back. This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven fabrics by padding method for the 100% polyester woven fabric

shows the best thermal conductivity which is comfortable to wear. (OmidZabihiet al.2011) and (EMILIA VISILEANU et al,

2014)

4. Wettability


wettability sec.

Before

washing

After

washing


100% cotton padding 45 37

100% cotton spraying 50 40


100% polyester padding 120 80

100% polyester spraying 150 95

50%cotton, 50%polyester untreated 50 50

50%cotton, 50%polyester padding 45 40

50%cotton, 50%polyester spraying 60 46

Table (16) wettability for different woven fabrics

Wettability is another property deciding the comfort of the fabric. Table 16 shows wettability of (untreated, padded and sprayed)

different woven fabric as 100% cotton, 100% polyester and 50%cotton, 50% polyester.



www.ijsret.org




treatment methods on wettability for 100% cotton

Wettability for nano zinc oxide finished woven fabric samples shows that, after treating woven fabrics with nano zinc oxide affect

the wettability. Before washing, and by comparing the 100% cotton treated sample with the100% Cotton untreated that has 40

seconds found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment increased wettability to be absorbed in 45 seconds, and the sample

sprayed at the face and back increased to be absorbed in 50 seconds (as shown in figure 27). After washing, and by comparing the

treated sample with the100% Cotton untreated that has 40 seconds found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment decreased

wettability to be absorbed in 37 seconds, and the sample sprayed at the face and back increased to be absorbed in 43 seconds (as

shown in figure 27).(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


treatment methods on wettability for 100% polyester

For a sample 100% Polyester (as shown in figure 28) found decrease in the wettability compared to 100% polyester untreated

sample 105 seconds, before washing it decreases to be absorbed in 120 seconds for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the

sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the face and back decreased to be absorbed in 150 seconds. But after washing it

increases to be absorbed in 80 seconds for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment

at the face and back increased to be absorbed in 95 seconds.(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


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treatment methods on wettability for 50% cotton, 50% polyester

The woven fabrics blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample found that measuring of wettability for the untreated sample 50

seconds. Before washing, the treatment with nano zinc oxide influenced the wettability caused to the decreased wettability to be

absorbed in 45 seconds for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and increase the wettability to be absorbed

in 60 seconds for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back. After washing, the treatment with

nano zinc oxide influenced the wettability caused to the decreased wettability to be absorbed in 40 seconds for the padded sample

blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and decreased the wettability to be absorbed in 46 seconds for the blended 50% Cotton,

50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back (as shown in figure 29). This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven

fabrics by padding method for the 100% cotton woven fabric shows the best wettability which is comfortable to wear and durable.


5. Wick ability


Wick ability cm

before

washing

after

washing


100% cotton padding 5 5.1








Table (17) wick ability for different woven fabrics

Wick ability is another property deciding the comfort of the fabric. Table 17 shows wick-ability of (untreated, padded and

sprayed) different woven fabric as 100% cotton, 100% polyester and 50%cotton, 50% polyester.


treatment methods on wick ability for 100% cotton


www.ijsret.org



wick-ability for nano zinc oxide finished woven fabric samples shows that, after treating woven fabrics with nano zinc oxide

affect the wick-ability and compared the treated sample with the100% Cotton untreated that has 3cm, before washing found that

the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment increased wick-ability to be absorbed for 5cm, and the sample sprayed at the face and

back decreased to be absorbed 1.9cm, after washing found that the sample 100% Cotton dipped treatment increased wick-ability

to be absorbed for 5.1cm, and the sample sprayed at the face and back decreased to be absorbed 2.3cm (as shown in figure

30).(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


treatment methods on wick ability for 100% polyester

for a sample 100% Polyester (as shown in figure 31) found increase in the wick-ability compared to 100% polyester untreated

sample 1.3cm, the absorbed distance to be 1.34cm for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the sample 100% Polyester with

spray treatment at the face and back decreased to be absorbed for 1.1cm before washing. After washing, found an increase the

absorbed distance to be 1.4cm for 100% polyester dipped sample and for the sample 100% Polyester with spray treatment at the

face and back decrease to be absorbed for 1.2cm(EMILIA VISILEANU et al, 2014)


treatment methods on wickability for 50% cotton, 50% polyester The woven fabrics blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample found that measuring of wick-ability for the untreated sample

1.5cm. Before washing the treatment with nano zinc oxide influenced the wick-ability caused to the increase wick-ability to be

absorbed for 3cm and for the padded sample blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and decrease the wick-ability to be absorbed

for 1.6cm for the blended 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back. After washing the treatment with nano

zinc oxide influenced the wick-ability caused to the increase wick-ability to be absorbed for 4.7cm and for the padded sample

blended 50% cotton and 50% polyester and decrease the wick-ability to be absorbed for 1.8cm for the blended 50% Cotton, 50%

Polyester sample sprayed at the face and back (as shown in figure 32). This would imply that nano zinc oxide finished woven

fabrics by padding method for the 100% cotton woven fabric shows the best wick-ability which is comfortable to wear.(EMILIA

VISILEANU et al, 2014)

4. Conclusion:

All results show that the Nano zinc oxide particles treatment affected mechanical and comfort properties of natural un-dyed

natural goat leather and various woven fabrics.These properties enhanced after theNano zinc oxide treatment by either pad-dry-

cure method under tension or spraying under tension for face and back surface. After washing, all results proved that the padding

treatment method results are more durable than the spraying for face and back surface method. This is due to that the Nano zinc


www.ijsret.org



oxide particles make a coating layer on the surface and very small amount can deposit within the spacing pores, but it is not

strongly bonded to the material, making it easily drained while washing, therefore the spraying method is not durable enough for

garment use.

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