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Travel Opportunity!Travel Opportunity! March 6th : Trip to Dallas
Visit the new Perot Perot
Museum of Museum of Nature & Nature &
ScienceScience &
Museum Museum of of
Biblical Biblical ArtArt
hosted by Babs Cape
signup in Lobby
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Ancient Pathways Ancient Pathways Ancient PeoplesAncient Peoples
websites: www.SeniorUniv.org www.VagabondGeology.com
Week 2: into Africa
Week 1: beginning in East Africa
Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia
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websites: www.SeniorUniv.org www.VagabondGeology.com
Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia
Week 2: into Africa
Week 1: beginning in East Africa
Week 6: into Americas Week 5: across Beringia
Across BeringiaAcross Beringia- Stone Age Timeline- Stone Age Timeline- Beringia: an Ice Age- Beringia: an Ice Age- Ages of Human Development- Ages of Human Development
SESSION 5SESSION 5
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Homo group sapiens
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
2.5 MILLION
2 MILLION
Australopithecus
1.4 MILLION
Paranthropus
3.5M – footprin
ts
Week 1Week 1 (Tanzania)(Tanzania)- Laetoli- Laetoli- Oldupai Gorge- Oldupai Gorge
Week 2Week 2(South Africa)(South Africa)- Cradle of Humk’dCradle of Humk’d
300,000 YBP
EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire
2.5M – ‘Little Foot’, ‘M
s Ples’
1.8M – ‘Nutcracker M
an’
1.7M – ‘Handy M
an’
Week 3Week 3
What pre-humans lived then?
What pre-humans lived then?
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The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
Homo group sapiens
2.5 MILLION
2 MILLION
Australopithecus
1.4 MILLION
Paranthropus
3.5M – footprin
ts
Week 1Week 1 (Tanzania)(Tanzania)- Laetoli- Laetoli- Oldupai Gorge- Oldupai Gorge
Week 2Week 2(South Africa)(South Africa)- Cradle of Civil’nCradle of Civil’n
300,000 YBP
EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire
2.5M – ‘Little Foot’, ‘M
s Ples’
1.8M – ‘Nutcracker M
an’
1.7M – ‘Handy M
an’
Week 3Week 3
20,000 YBP
30,000 YBP
40,000 YBP
50,000 YBP
(Late Stone Age)- symbolic thought- language- domesticated dogs
10,000 YBP
4000 YBP
(New Stone Age)- pottery- farming- livestock
Upper Paleolithic Neolithic
(France)(France) - Lascaux- Lascaux
Week 3Week 3 Week Week 44 (China)(China) - Banpo - Banpo People People
6,700 – Banpo this weekthis week (Beringia)(Beringia) - Prince of - Prince of Wales Is.Wales Is.
10,000 – On-Your-Knees
It started with an
It started with an
Ice Age!Ice Age!
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Ice AgesIce Ages - long term reduction in temperature of earth’s surface and atmosphere - presence or expansion of:
• polar ice sheets• continental ice sheets• glaciers
- intermittent pulses of extra cold (glacials) & warmer periods (inter-glacials) within a Glacial Age
Glacial Ages
Let’s look at the big
Let’s look at the big
picture. . . picture. . .
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- long term reduction in temperature of earth’s surface and atmosphere - presence or expansion of:
• polar ice sheets• continental ice sheets• glaciers
- intermittent pulses of extra cold (glacials) & warmer periods (inter-glacials) within a Glacial Age
Let’s look at the big
Let’s look at the big
picture. . . picture. . .
650 mya
today
Glacial AgesGeologic Time Scale
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today650 mya
Glacial Ages
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Glacial Ages
today650 mya
Huronian & Sturtian/Marinoan
Andean-Saharan Karoo
Pliocene-Quarternary
GLACIAL AGES
63o
average global temperature
72o
54o
300mya
450 mya
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Glacial Ages
54o
72o
63o
began: 2.6 mya
Let’s look at details . . .the last Let’s look at details . . .the last Glacial AgeGlacial Age
Pliocene-QuarternaryLast 4 glacial pulses: 650,000 years ago
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Ice Ages & GlaciersIce Ages & GlaciersLast 4 Glacial Pulsestoday
-650,000
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Last 4 Glacial Pulses
focus on the last 2 glacial pulses
- 180,000 0
focus on the last 2 glacial pulses
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- 180,000 0
focus on the last 2 glacial pulses
What did North
What did North
America America
look like look like
during these pulses.
during these pulses.
. . . .
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- 180,000- 180,000
presentpresent
TIMETIME
GLACIALGLACIALOROR
INTER-GLACIALINTER-GLACIAL
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- 180,000 0
How do these pulses
How do these pulses
influence human
influence human
migration?
migration?
focus on the last 2 glacial pulsesHuman Migration into North America!
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. . . starting in East Africa
Human Migration into North America!Migration into Asia . . .
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Two theories on migration into the Americas
continued across Asia into the Americas . .
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continued across Asia into the Americas . .
Two theories on migration into the Americas
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Two theories on migration into the Americas
THEORYTHEORY
Land RouteLand Route
Coastal RouteCoastal Route
How can geology
How can geology help?help?
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in the last 50,000 years . . . when did events favor migration?
- 180,000 0
Human Migration into North America . . .
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-50,000
0best chance duringglacial recessions
glacial
- 35000-13000
Human Migration into North America . . .interglacialinterglacial
Let’s go & Let’s go & look look Keep in mind . . .Keep in mind . . . Pre-Clovis: < Pre-Clovis: < 13,00013,000 Clovis: > Clovis: > 13,00013,000
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ClovisClovis
XXmust cross
Bering Strait53 miles
BeringiaLand Bridge
Pre-Pre-ClovisClovis
humans??humans??
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Two theories on migration into the Americas
Coastal RouteCoastal Route
Land RouteLand Route
What were these routes like?
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http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land RouteLand Routesurface view
betweenthe glacier & the
ice sheet
Two theories on migration into the Americas
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cold, hostile climate!
edge of the ice sheet
and over icy rivers!and over icy rivers!
treking south through mountainstreking south through mountains
North South
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http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land RouteLand Route
surface view
Sea RouteSea Route
along 100’s of milesof frozen coastline
Two theories on migration into the Americas
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Sea RouteSea Route
along 100’s of milesof frozen coastline
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Two theories on migration into the Americas awesome challenge of migrating by sea
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awesome challenge of migrating by sea
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land RouteLand Route
Sea RouteSea Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA
Land RouteLand Route
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http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land RouteLand Route
Sea RouteSea Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA
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Siberia Alaska
Arctic Ocean
Yukon
Pacific Ocean
Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA53 miles 53 miles of waterof water
Bering StraitBering StraitTodayToday
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Siberia Alaska
Arctic Ocean
Yukon
Pacific Ocean
Beringia
Land Bridge
Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA during the last ice age . . . vast glaciers formed . . . .
. . . sea level dropped 400 feet . . . . . . exposing the floor of the Bering Sea
. . . connecting Siberia & Alaska
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AlaskaYukon
Beringia
Land Bridge
Land Route: BERINGIALand Route: BERINGIA
Siberia
Whitehorse
Whitehorse
Beringia Interpretive Center
The Land RouteThe Land Route
. . . Beringia was grassland steppe . . .. . . with light snowfall . . . . and much plant & animal life
during the last ice age . . . vast glaciers formed . . . .
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Beringia Interpretive Center
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Beringia Interpretive Center
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Beringia Interpretive CenterThe Wooly ManmonthThe Wooly Manmonth
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The Wooly Manmonth- 14 feet tall, 8 tons - 700 lbs of grasses/day- adapted to extreme cold temperature- 11,000 YBP: extinct in eastern Beringia- 3,700 YBP: extinct in northern Siberia
Beringia Interpretive Center
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The Wooly Manmonth- 14 feet tall, 8 tons - 700 lbs of grasses/day- adapted to extreme cold temperature- 11,000 YBP: extinct in eastern Beringia- 3,700 YBP: extinct in northern Siberia
Giant Beavers
Beringia Interpretive Center
- 8 feet long- 480 lbs- shoebox size teeth- extinct: 10,000 YBP
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Giant Beavers - 8 feet long- 480 lbs- shoebox size teeth- extinct: 10,000 YBP
Giant Flat Faced Bear- 5 feet tall
- 1500 lbs- largest land predator of the Ice Age- almost exclusively carnivorous
Beringia Interpretive Center
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Giant Flat Faced Bear
Beringia Interpretive Center Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?
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Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?
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- ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation - blood type, linguistics, & DNA confirm common ancestry with the Siberian Yupiks
Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens?
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North
Pole
Canada
Russia
ALASKA SIBERIA
Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens? - ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation
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North
Pole
Canada
Russia
ALASKA SIBERIA
LAND BRIDGE
ik
Alaskan Yupik
Siberian Yupik
about 10,000 YPB
Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens? - ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation
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Who were these Stone Age Homo sapiens? - ancestors of the Alaskan Yupik Nation
LAND BRIDGE
Alaskan Yupik
Siberian Yupik
about 10,000 YPB
ik
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land RouteLand Route
Sea RouteSea Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas
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http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land RouteLand Route
Sea RouteSea Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST
Sea RouteSea Route
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Sea RouteSea Route
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Alaska
Panhandle
Alaska Panhandle
Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST
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Alaska Panhandle
Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST
CANADA
ALASKA
MOUNTAINS
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Alaska Panhandle
Prince of Wales Island
Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST
On-your-knees Cave
MOUNTAINS
1996: Alaskan paleontologist found human remains 10,300 years old 2008: DNA testing found genetic relatives along the western coast
Alaska -- California – tip of Argentina
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Alaska Panhandle
On-your-knees Cave
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Sea RouteSea Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas
1996: Alaskan paleontologist found human remains 10,300 years old Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST
2008: DNA testing found genetic relatives along the western coast Alaska -- California – tip of Argentina
STUDY CONCLUSION:STUDY CONCLUSION: “ “an ancient pathway south . . . a an ancient pathway south . . . a coastalcoastal migration” migration”
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Alaska Panhandle
Tlingits in Ketchikan
Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COASTDNA also confirmed that the Tlingit Native Americans are
descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ cave man
On-your-knees Cave
The ancient remains were transferred to the Tlingits
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Alaska Panhandle
Tlingits in Ketchikan
DNA also confirmed that the Tlingit Native Americans are descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ cave man
The ancient remains were transferred to the Tlingits
arriving in Ketchikan today . . . visiting a Tlingit Village
Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST
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visiting a Tlingit VillageNathan Jackson a famous Tlingit carver
Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COAST
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Sea Route: ALONG THE COASTSea Route: ALONG THE COASTTlinglet Totem poles
made by descendants of ‘On-Your-Knees’ Cave Man
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Two theories on migration into the Americas
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http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpg
Land RouteLand Route
Sea RouteSea Route
Two theories on migration into the Americas
http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namQ.jpgour family tree . . . .our family tree . . . .
TlingitsTlingits
across Beringia
along the coast
ANCESTORS?ANCESTORS?
YupiksYupiks
Two theories on migration into the Americas
?
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homo
3.5M YBP 3.5M YBP Laetoli SiteLaetoli SiteTanzania Tanzania
Cradle of Cradle of Humankind Humankind
South AfricaSouth Africa2.5M YBP2.5M YBP
STONE AGE
STONE AGE
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)
ParanthropusParanthropus
‘Little Foot’‘Ms Ples’(africanus)
Australopithecus
Homo
1.8M YBP 1.8M YBP Oldupai Oldupai GorgeGorge
Tanzania Tanzania
‘Nutcracker Man’ (boisei)
XX
??
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homo
????
Homo
The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present) Homo Genus
1.9M 1.9M YBP YBP
Cradle of Cradle of HumankindHumankind
South South Africa Africa
Oldupai Oldupai GorgeGorge
TanzaniaTanzania1.7M 1.7M YBPYBPX
Homo
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Homo Genus homoHomo
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Homo Genus AFRICA ASIAEUROPE
sapien
‘‘Peking man’ (erectus)
Peking man’ (erectus) 750,000
Homo (gautengensis)?
1,900,000
‘Handy-man’ (habilis)
1,700,000
‘‘Java man’ (erectus)
Java man’ (erectus)
1,600,000
‘‘Heidelberg man’ (heidelberg)
Heidelberg man’ (heidelberg)
700,000‘Cro-magnon man’ (sapien)
28,000
‘Banpo’ (sapien)
6,400 ‘On-Your-Knees’
(sapien)
10,300
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NEXT WEEK . . .NEXT WEEK . . .
Week 2: into AfricaWeek 1: beginning in East Africa
Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into AsiaWeek 4: into AsiaWeek 5: across BeringiaWeek 6: into Americas
Meet the Texans!Meet the Texans!
Please return all borrowed Please return all borrowed books!books!
today - sign up to buy a today - sign up to buy a geology book!geology book! - sign up for the trip to - sign up for the trip to
Dallas!Dallas!
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REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithichttp://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-family-treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cavehttp://orgs.usd.edu/esci/alaska/oykc.htmlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/http://sepmstrata.org/history/vail.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level#Sea_level_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_agehttp://science.discovery.com/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-periodic-ice-age.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Range_Archttp://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/pachuta1/page1.htm - videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranehttp://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/Pangaea.html map w/terraneshttp://muller.lbl.gov/papers/scicorr.htmhttp://www.dggs.alaska.gov/webpubs/usgs/of/text/of89-0554.PDFhttp://www.burkemuseum.org/static/geo_history_wahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cavehttp://orgs.usd.edu/esci/alaska/oykc.htmllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupik_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo
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TRAVEL INFORMATIONTRAVEL INFORMATIONOUR TRAVEL WEBSITESOUR TRAVEL WEBSITES WORLDWIDE HOUSING
www.VRBO.com (individual owners within site)www.homeaway.com (individual owners within site)
AFRICA Housing:
www.villa-st-leon.co.za/ (private home - owner: Babel Schumacher)www.christinesbeachcottage.com (private home - owner: Dan & Christine Carter)
http://www.sa-venues.com (individual owners within site) Safari Travel:
www.Africa-Adventure.com (US based safari company – excellent small group tours)http://www.classicafricansafaris.com/ (Kenya: Hamish Grant -private safari guide) http://www.arptravelgroup.com/arp/(Tanzania: Ranger Ltd- private and group safaris) www.CCAfrica.com (up-scale safaris w/conservation focus)www.sanparks.org (direct booking for South Africa National Parks)
CHINA www.cits.net (China International Travel Service)Guilin: http://en.guilincits.com (agents: Christine, Shelley)
FRANCEHousing: http://www.rentapart.com (agent: Annebelle) http://www.parisattitude.com (agent: Sylvain Guilemin)
Houseboat rental: http://alpha-croisiere.com Language Classes: OISE Paris website: www.paris.oise.com , phone: 30(0)1-42-22-01-98 SPAIN Spanish Paradors (hotels) websites: www.parador.es, http://www.paradores-spain.com
central reservations: +34 91-516 6666, PORTUGAL [email protected] Portugal private house rental: Carole & Kenneth Parr http://www.pousadas.pt Portuguese Posadas (hotels) : phone: +351 218 442 001
http://www.pousadasofportugal.com/ phone:351-258-82-7151 Language Classes: Cambridge School website: www.cambridge.pt, phone: 351-213-124-600