1. Living in the Digital World 3: Global and International

2. Project OverviewExamine and argue the case of todaysCulture of Trauma through; Considering how a national identity canbe constructed or imagined through thebloodshed of war Looking at political, social histories, postwar reconstruction Exploring Western/alternativerepresentations of the war throughculture and media. 3. Ethics & Sensitivity It is essential to recognize the importance of participating with the observed on a simply human levelhe must sharesentiments and feelings with the observed on a sympathetic level. School procession celebrating (Shwartz andIndependence Day (29-02-2012)Shwartz 1955: 147). 4. Research QuestionHow is the Trauma of conflict influenced bysocio-cultural, geographic and politicalfactors and how it is reflected in western &indigenous forms of new and traditionalmedia? 5. MethodsSecondary resources:-Historical/Cultural Artefacts -Theoretical Texts -News articles-Documentaries-Online sourcesThe sudden change of ambience in a street within the space of a fewmeters; the evident division of a city into zones of distinct psychicatmospheres; the path of least resistance which is automatically followedin aimless strolls (and which has no relation to the physical contour of theground) ; the appealing or repelling character of certain places- all thisseems to be neglected (Debord 1995: #6). 6. Methods Primary Research: -Unstructured/Informal - Interviews -Participant Observation -Debord and the DeriveDetail and perceptions ofof & city spaceResponses are open ended Sarajevo Evaluate keyto nature the informal Best suited features ProjectWithin field research for the greater part of his informationthe investigator must find his own witnesses, induce them totalk, and embody the gist of this oral testimony on his sheetof notes. This is the Method of the Interview, or conversationwith a purpose, a unique instrument of the socialinvestigator (Webb and Webb 1932: 130) 7. History of Conflict in Bosnia & HerzegovinaThe bridge that changed the world Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand wasassassinated on this bridge, sparking off World War I. An epitome ofSarajevos long history of conflict. 8. Josip Broz Tito: Dual Perception (1945-1980)Tito, a savior.-Yugoslavias nostalgia: unityand identity-Represented freedom andindependence during WWIIand the Cold War-High standard of living Josip Broz Tito 9. Josip Broz Tito: Dual Perception (1945-1980)Tito, a dictator-Serbian matter-Internal Demarcation-False democracyFormer Yugoslavia 10. From Former Yugoslavian State to an Undecided Fate For some, it is difficult to imagine how the war started. Simplistically explained, after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina began acting towards independence, which was favoured by all except the Serbian Party. Prof. MirkoGraffiti on a Sarajevan wall Pejanovic explains how thisreading legal criminals! honor? was the spark igniting all the underlying differences. 11. Refusal of Acceptancedestruction of thestatehood of Bosnia andHerzegovina and its ethnicdivision. 12. Trauma and ConflictJeffrey Alexander (2003) Trauma is a scientificconcept that occurs whenthe identity of a collective ischanged, which imprints onthe memory of thecollective as a result ofdisastrous events, in thiscase; the Siege of Sarajevo.Headstone in the Jewish Cemetery,the main Sniper quarter during theSiege (02-03-12) 13. Trauma Through Remembrance One of the walls surrounding the old Yugoslavian National Army Barracks. DOSTA means enough, while PAZI, METAK! means look out, bullet. Sniper Alley, (29-02-12) 14. Distraction of Well-being To what extent does the experience of a severely damaged built environment, the overwhelming sight of so many wrecked buildings, emphasize and contribute to creating and intensifying trauma? How do people cope with these concrete embodiments of conflict andS. Looking at a list of victims of the violence? (Hoorn, M.D:Siege that he almost died in (02-03-12)2009) 15. Trauma as Experienced During the FieldTrips Bomb that killed 67 civilians in Sarajevo central Market. Encased in glass, its still kept in itsLife and death juxtaposed: war original state; behind, a memorial wall has beenmemorial and lively market built. 16. Sarajevo in the New York Times & Guardianthe new way of life has come with the first tenuoussteps towards peace, and all around the Bosnian capitalthere are signs that the city is beginning to blossom againwhile destitution and fear are on the wane. Repairs havebegun on shells holes, and work is being done on thetrolley system and then pipes that it is now hoped willsoon pump gas into Sarajevos homes. Electricity isexpected by the end of the month. (New York Times,1995) 17. Sarajevo in the New York Times &GuardianWhile the city still shows the damage of war, with shrapnel-pocked walls and ruined buildings, much has been rebuilt. Themuch-shelled Holiday Inn has been reincarnated, bright as achilds Lego tower, in blocks of vivid yellow. The airport, wherepassengers used to be warned to sit on their flak jackets fortakeoff and landing in case of upward-aimed sniper fire, has asmart new terminal. Sycamore and birch saplings line thestreets, replacing trees that were cut down for fuel during thecruel winters of the siege. (The Guardian, 2002) 18. Indigenous Representation-Sarajevo ConferenceCourage, sustainability, selforganisation, of the SarajevoResidents received the supportof the entire European and theworld. Solidarity came fromnumerous European countriesand democratic governments,influenced the creation ofpublic opinion, which putexerted additional pressure onthe leading world powers toinsist on lifting the siege of Sarajevo conference, 29 February-1Sarajevo (Prof Dr. Mirko March 2012Pejanovic) 19. Main Points Expressedthe international community were blind and deaf, especially the Europeancountries like France, Great Britain and Germany. They pursued absoluteillegitimate policy to allow the Serb forces to kill as many people as they wanted,while the protection forces did not intervene at any time to protect the lives of thecivilians or their property, although it was their primary function and although theyhad mandate to act and stop the war activities (Prof. dr. Muhamed Filipovic:2012). UNIVERSITY OF SARAJEVOINSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAWINTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFICCONFERENCEPOLITICAL AND MILITARY RELEVANCE OF THE DEFENSE OFSARAJEVO 1992-1995CANTON SARAJEVO GOVERNMENTMINISTRY FOR WAR VETERANSSarajevo conference, 29 February-1 March 2012 20. Edward Said: AppliedAll cultures have a view ofother cultures that maybe exotic and harmless tosome extentwhen this view is takenby a militarily andeconomically dominantculture against another asit can lead to disastrousresults.Edward Said- Writer of Orientalism 21. City Habitus and Hexis BodySoul 22. Topography of Life andDeath. It is the onlyMap in the world thathas made a visualreference to the tragedyof a besieged Europeancity at the end of 20thcentury (mappery.com)By virtue of being the most remote western frontieroverlooking the east, and the eastern overlooking the west,Bosnia has always been the crossroads of different interestsand the dividing line of various influences (Dizdar. M: 2002) 23. Habitus and HexisBombing scar on apartment building in Sarajevo 24. Mismatched Objects Come Together Bosnia as part of Greater Serbia (aspiration) according to the Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causesand Conduct of the Balkan Wars. (1914) 25. Cultural Heritage Significant buildings that hold the cities cultural heritage; places of which held the history and personality of the city, were targeted and destroyed. (Marple-Cantrell: 2008)Sarajevos University Library in ruins 26. Warchitecturea name for the catastrophic destruction of architectureduring the 1992-1996 siege of the city. (Herscher, A: 2008) 27. WarchitectureIt is not only my worldthat has been destroyedbut language as well. Alibrary, for example, is nolonger a building filledwith books but a burnt-outruin (SemezdinMehmedinovic: 1999) 28. WarchitectureHospital that was bombed and sniped at during the siege, which is against military rules 29. Reproduction of Cultural Heritage inDigital MediaEven the most perfectreproduction of a work of art islacking in one element: itspresence in time and space, itsunique existence at the placewhere it happens to be... Thisincludes the changes which itmay have suffered in physicalcondition over the years as wellas the various changes in itsownership it is impossible toperform on a reproductionVirtual Museum- Reproduction of(Walter: 2008)Cultural Heritage http://h.etf.unsa.ba/srp/vmuzej/index-e.htm 30. LiminalityBy virtue of being the most remote western frontier overlooking theeast, and the eastern overlooking the west, Bosnia has always been thecrossroads of different interests and the dividing line of variousinfluences (Dizdar, M:2002). 31. Architectural LiminalityRuined building on the outskirts of The Oslobodenje building rebuilt Sarajevointo a hotel 32. LiminalityRuined building in the centreof SarajevoThe Yugoslavian National Army Barracks,still in ruin in Sarajevo 33. Not a long distance from here [Istanbul] there is a province sobackward that you can hardly imagine. Just over there [] yourbrothers live like beggars. We belong to no one, we are always in atwilight zone, always used as someones dowry. Is it then surprising thatwe are so poor? For centuries, weve been trying to find and defineourselves, and it seems that soon we will not even know who we are.We are already forgetting what we want because others are doing usthe favour of leading us under their banner since we dont have ourown. Others tempt us to join [] and then they simply dispose of us. Thesaddest province in the world, the saddest people in the world. Wevelost our face without being able to fake someone elses. We areabandoned without being adopted, which alienates us from everyone,including those who are our own kinsfolk, yet they dont consider us assuch. We live in the frontier of different worlds, in the border zones ofother peoples lands. We are always in someones way, always led bysomeone else, always guilty to someone. The waves of history breakagainst us, as waves break against the cliffs. We are revolted with thosein power, so weve created virtue out of our misery and become nobleout of defiance (Mesa Selimovic : 47) 34. Complication of Liminal CharacterIf you play with lines on the map of Europe, you will have to find Sarajevo. It isrevealed where the lines cross over the Balkans. First, you draw a line fromParis, through Venice and then to Istanbul, and it is the closest East that Europehas ever known. A second line starts in Northern Europe, goes between Berlinand Warsaw, through the Mediterranean and then to Africa. These lines meetover Bosnia and Herzegovina. In fact, they cross over Sarajevo. (SarajevoSurvival Guide: 45) 35. To Conclude Project has been based on to position and Looked at our subject our primary as secondary resources and subjective positions as students emerged in a western cultureresearchers The stories we encountered were extraordinaryChallenging as due to formitself with all its of and humbling and the city of perspectivesa city in the wake of bloodshedhistorys and complexities remains and intriguing and beautiful cityWe do not claim to have formed any definitiveThe cultures of Sarajevo and the peopleconclusionencountered were continuously honest and welcoming 36. References Alexander, Jeffrey C. (2003) Meanings of Social Life : A Cultural Sociology. Oxford University Press, USA. Brooks, G. (2002) Back to life. The Guardian. [online] 5 February. Available from [29 April 2012] Burgess, GR (1991) Field Research; A Sourcebook and Field Manual, Routeledge, London Central Intelligence Agency (2012) The World Fact book: Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina [online] available from< https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html > [25 April 2012] Debord, G E (1955) Introduction to a Critique of Urban Geography, Les Levres Nues #6 Filipovic, M (2012) Relevance and the Role of the Defense of Sarajevo during the war against the Serbian and Croatian Aggression against Bosnia andHerzegovina, International Scientific Conference; Political and Military Relevance of the Defense of Sarajevo 1992-1995 Friedman, A. (1996) $5 Billion Question Worries Aid Planners : Rebuilding Bosnia. The New York Times. [online] 20 February. Availablefrom< http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/20/news/20iht-build.t.html?scp=15&sq=Sarajevo%20reconstruction&st=cse> [29 April 2012] Hedges, C. (1999) Sarajevo Is at Peace, but Its Old Zest Is Lost. The New York Times. [online] 10 August. Avalible from [29 April 2012] Herscher, A. (2008) Warchitectural Theory. Journal of Architectural Education. 35-43 Hoorn, M. D (2009) Indispensable Eyesores: An Anthropology of Undesired Buildings (Remapping Cultural History). Berghahn Books. Kifner, J. (1994) Sarajevo Cleans Up, Trolleys Roll, But It Remains a City Under Siege The New York Times. [online] 10 March. Availablefrom< http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/10/world/sarajevo-cleans-up-trolleys-roll-but-it-remains-a-city-under-siege.html > [29 April 2012] Marple-Cantrell, K (2008) Phoenix or Phantom: Residents and Sarajevos Post-War Changes. Columbia, Columbia University. Roane, K. (1995) Sarajevo Streets Are Humming Happily Again The New York Times. [online] 2 October. Available from [29 April2012] Report of the International Commission ( 1914 ) Map of Greater Serbia Including Bosnias Territory. [online] available from [01 May 2012] Saco, D (2002) Cybering Democracy: Public Space and the Internet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Said, E W (1978) Orientalism, Routeledge, St Ives Sarajevo Official Website (2010) Demography. [online] available from < http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=142 > [25 April 2012] Schwartz, M S, Schwartz C G (1955) Problems in Participant Observation, American Journal of Sociology, vol 60, no.4 pp718-26 Sudetic, C. (1994) U.S. Renews Pledge to Aid Bosnias Recovery After Peace Pact. The New York Times. [online] 31 March. Avalible from [29 April 2012] Walter, B (2008) The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Translated by Underwood, JA. Penguin Publications. Webb, S, Webb, B (1932), Methods of Social Study, Longmans Green, LondonField trip conducted managed by Louise and Chanelle &Margoux.Archive by: Sabina, Helen, Ravinder, Marie 37. Thank youfor listening