Transportation Services

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Transportation Services


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Transposition and Travel

EvolutionTransportation and Travel have undergone many

changes. A review of the history of transportation

and travel shows that the evolution took seven

eras:

1. Pre-industrial travel system era

2. Early industrial travel system era

3. Mature-railway system era

4. Express travel system era

5. Automobile-based travel system era

6. Modern-tourism travel system era

7. Post-mobility adjustment era


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Pre-Industrial Travel System Era

This was the period before the widespreadindustrialization in Europe and North America.

It was before the development of railways in the

two continents.

There were few common carriers. There were almost no regularly scheduled

transportation services.

There was a little travel.

Travelers made their own arrangements withseveral suppliers.

It was the era of stagecoach and wayside inn.

Only few people had money and reason to travel.


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Early-Industrial travel System Era

During the era, the road improvement such asrailways, canals, and steamship services were

brought about due to rapid industrialization and

advances in transportation technology.

Common carriers came into existence and beganto offer regularly scheduled transportation services.

Travel increased because more people had money

to travel.


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Mature-Railway System Era

This era was characterized by railway which expanded their operationsby running hotels and providing other related services. Travel agencies and

tour companies were formed. More people traveled in this era than the later

ones.

Thomas Cookinnovator; began his company activity in the UK in 1840.


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Express-Travel System Era

During this era, express services

increased. Trains and other forms oftransportation did not stop at every station

or terminal but only at the major ones.

This increased the speed of travel and

encouraged more travel than before.

Automobile-Based Travel System

EraThis influence of the privately-ownedautomobile was enhanced in North America andEurope from 1920 onwards. Motorways, interstate

highways, and other trunk highways were

developed in the latter half of this era which was

from 1920-1974. The automobile was predominantover other travel modes from 1920 to 1945.


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Automobile-Based Travel System Era


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Modern Tourism Travel System Era

The period from 1945-1974 is known as he modern tourism travel

system era. Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate, mainly at the

expense of long-distance rail travel. Mass air travel was another post WorldWar II occurrence. The introduction of wide-bodied jets in 1970 greatly

increased air travel. The mass tourism philosophy and marketing approaches

were prevalent during 1950s and 1960s.

Post-Mobility Adjustment EraThis era began in 1973-1974 as a result of the oil embargo generated by

OPEC and the resulting of increase in fuel prices. The events of the energy crisisbasically changed the travel patterns throughout the world. The present era isone in which travelers continue to look to alternative group oriented modes oftransportations.


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Selection of Transportation Modes

Reasons why people select one transportation mode for their travels:

1. Cost

2. Traveling time

3. Safety

4. Convenience

5. Comfort

6. Availability

7. Frequency of trips

8. Ground services

9. Terminal facilities and locations

10. Status and prestige

11. Departure and Arrival times

Jagdish Shethdeveloped a theory identifying transportation variables and the

value of travelers. Factors are: functional, aesthetics/emotional,

social/organizational, situational and curiosity.


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Travel by Train

Trains stimulated travel within United States, Canada, and Europe in 19thand

early 20thcenturies.

The first transcontinental route in United States was completed in 1869.

In 1863, long distance rail travel boosted when George M. Pullman built the

Pullman coach, a luxury first-class sleeping and dining facility.

in 1929, US railroads carried 77 percent of the nations passenger traffic.

1950, the growth of private automobile ownership and usage declined to

46%.

Rail Passenger Service Act became a law in Octeber 1970 to save the

railroad industry.The negative factors of rail travel are:

Slowness in reaching the destination

Inflexible departure times

Lack of quality in food services


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Travel by Ship

Travel by sheep preceded travel by train not until the middle of 19thcentury

that travel by ocean liners became prominent.

Oceans liners used to provide an important link to passengers betweencontinents.

1840, steamship era began when Sir Samuel Cunard pioneered the first

transatlantic-scheduled liner trips.

1960s, travel by ships expired, cruises took over the place of regularly

scheduled passenger ships.

Cruise ShipA Cruise ship is both a floating hotel and resort

Three Types:

1. Short Cruisesone or less week accommodation

2. Intermediate-long Cruisesone to four weeks accommodation

3. Long Cruisesone to three months accommodationFerry/Ferrying

This is a type of cruise travel which only last for one day or less and is

usually used for short duration sightseeing.


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Travel by Automobile

Carl Benz, real inventor of automobile. He was from Mannheim, Germany.

Henry Ford produced his Model T car with mass production in 1908.

The advent of the automobile spread the benefits of tourism more widely and

enabled people to travel individually or in private small groups.

Two Aspects of Automobile Travel

1. Recreation Vehicles

2. Car Rentals

Travel by Bus/Motor coach

>Bus travel is the most flexible and economical form of transportation.

Early 1900s busses were first used to carry passengers intercity.

1928, Greyhound Company, the largest privately-owned bus company in theworld was established.

Charter and tour services is the fastest growing segment of the bus or motor

coach industry.


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Travel by Air

Travel by airplane had a revolutionary impact on tourism from World War II

onwards.

1927, the air industry developed regularly-scheduled passenger tripsbetween Boston and New York.

1920s government helped the development of air travel by subsidizing air

companies.

Varney(now United Airlines) was one of the mail carrying airlines which

began in April 1926.

April 19, 1926 Western Airlines began its passenger service when it carried a

woman passenger along with the mail.

1927, American Airways had its first flight when it carried mail from Key West,

Florida to Havana, Cuba.

World War II influenced the development of the airline Industry. It helped to

further improve airplanes by accelerating technological research to improve

their size and speed.

late1950s and early1960s , commercial jet aircrafts were introduced

increasing the speed of travel, creating smoother flights and greater seating

capacity for passengers.

1970, the commercial airline industry improved with the introduction of wide-

bodied aircrafts.


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Travel by AirBermuda Agreement and the 8 freedoms of the air:

1. First freedom: The right of the airline to overfly one country to get to another.

2. Second freedom: The right of an airplane to land in another country fortechnical stopover but does not pick up or drop off traffic.

3. Third freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off

traffic from country X to country Y.

4. Fourth freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X to

carry back traffic to country X from country Y.

5. Fifth freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collecttraffic in country Y and fly on to country Z, so long, as the flight either

originates or terminates in country X.

6. Sixth freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic

to a gateway(a point in country X) and then abroad. The traffic has neither

its origin nor ultimate destination in country X.

7. Seventh freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate

entirely outside of country X in carrying traffic between two other countries.

8. Eight freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic

between any points in some foreign country; also known as cabotage.


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Travel by Air

Airline Deregulation:

1978, U.S. congress passed Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 which

provided for the gradual phasing-out of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)and removed many of the regulations governing air carrier routes and fares.

Before 1978, the CAB set airline fares according to route distances and the

industry average. By the end of 1982, all official controls and domestic U.S.

air fares were abandoned. Today, no airline has exclusive right to any market

in the United States.

Deregulationis a critical factor affecting airline operations.Deregulationis spreading throughout the world. In Europe, it is called

l iberat ion.


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Transportation Services

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