Transport Protocols for Sensor Networks

April 19, 2023 1

Transport Protocols for Sensor Networks

Nischal M. Piratla

Sangeetha L. Bangolae

Tarun Banka

Computer Networking Research Laboratory

Colorado State University

April 19, 2023 2

Motivation

What is expected out of a transport protocol for sensor networks ? Reliability, congestion control, mux/demux,……

Why can’t we use the existing protocols ?Resource constraints – power, storage, computation

complexity, data rates, … Are these constraints common for all sensor

networks ? No, they are application specific.

April 19, 2023 3

Motivation ..contd.

Any application can have a union of the constraints that we know or yet to figure out

Spectra for known constraints:Low data Rate High data Rate

Power limited Not Power limited

Storage limited Not Storage limited

Bursty samples Periodic samples

April 19, 2023 4

Motivation ..contd.

General notion for sensor networks

Low data Rate High data Rate

Power limited Not power limited

Storage limited Not storage limited

Sink

user

April 19, 2023 5

Motivation ..contd.

Radar application:

Range of Transport protocols is yet to be explored

ESRT, PSFQ, CODA …….……!!!!………..TRABOL

Low data Rate High data Rate

Power limited Not Power limited

Storage limited Not storage limited

High data RateNot Power limited

Not Storage limited

April 19, 2023 6

Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT) for Wireless Sensor Networks

Salient Features: Event-to-sink reliability Self-configuration Energy awareness [low power

consumption requirement!] Congestion Control Variation in complexity at source and

sink. [computation complexity]

S

April 19, 2023 7

ESRT’s Definition of Reliability

Reliability is measured in terms of the number of packets received. Or reporting frequency i.e., number of packets/decision interval.

Observed reliability: number of received data packets in decision interval at the sink.

Desired reliability: number of packets required for reliable event detection.

Normalized reliability = observed/desired.

April 19, 2023 8

ESRT operation

April 19, 2023 9

Algorithm for ESRT

If congestion and low reliability: decrease reporting frequency aggressively. (exponential decrease)

If congestion and high reliability: decrease reporting to relieve congestion. No compromise on reliability (multiplicative increase)

If no congestion and low reliability: increase reporting frequency aggressively (multiplicative increase)

If no congestion and high reliability: decrease reporting slowing (half the slope)

April 19, 2023 10

Components of ESRT

In sink: Normalized reliability computation A congestion detection mechanism

In source: Listen to sink broadcast Overhead free local congestion detection mechanism

E.g., buffer level monitoring, CN – Congestion Notification

April 19, 2023 11

Analytical Results

Analytical results (intuitive yet useful) .. We will skip this slide

Starting from no congestion, high reliability and with linear reliability behavior when the network is not congested, the network state remains unchanged until ESRT converges

Starting from no congestion, high reliability, and with linear reliability behavior when the network is congested, ESRT converges to optimum operating range in t[log2((-1)/)]

With linear reliability behavior when the network is not congested, the network state transition from congestion, high reliability to no congestion, low reliability.

April 19, 2023 12

Performance Results (based on simulations)

please refer to the paper for graphs .. They may not be legible here

Starting with no congestion and low reliability:

April 19, 2023 13

Performance Results contd… (based on simulations)

Starting with no congestion and high reliability:

April 19, 2023 14


please refer to the paper for graphs

Starting with congestion and high reliability:

April 19, 2023 15



Starting with congestion and low reliability:

April 19, 2023 16



Average power consumption while starting with no congestion and high reliability:

April 19, 2023 17

Challenges with ESRT

Multiple concurrent events. Congestion may be due to all sensor nodes.

Can there be a better way to slow down the nodes causing the congestion ?

Buffer occupancy and congestion.

We will now move to TRABOL.

April 19, 2023 18

Gigabit Networking: Digitized Radar Data Transfer and Beyond

Sangeetha L.Bangolae, Anura P. Jayasumana, V. Chandrasekar

Sangeetha L. Bangolae

(Sang)

Computer Networking Research Lab

Colorado State University

April 19, 2023 19

Motivation

Present a new class of high-bandwidth (64 – 384 Mbps) application – VCHILL radar

Discuss the transport protocols to satisfy real-time radar data transfer over high-speed links

Congestion Control to be TCP-friendly

* VCHILL – Virtual CHILL

April 19, 2023 20

Gigabit Networking Applications

Digital Earth Bio-medical Tele Immersion NASA

Virtual MechanoSynthesis Digital Sky

VCHILL

April 19, 2023 21

VCHILL Radar Application

AIM Transfer and Display of Digitized Radar Signals

in real-time over the NGI (Next Generation Internet)

Remote Control of the radar

April 19, 2023 22

VCHILL Radar Application

CHARACTERISTICS High-bandwidth requirement for best operation; A

high responsiveness to available bandwidth. Satisfactory operation with a minimum bandwidth

threshold possible; Yet increase in bandwidth provides a better display image.

Tolerance to losses and end-to-end delay high, compared to audio and video streaming media.

Smoothness (delay jitter) not critical for proper functioning.

April 19, 2023 23

CSU-CHILL Doppler Radar

11 cm wavelengthDual-polarizationRadar

April 19, 2023 24

Current Status

Remote Client

Shared MemoryDigitized

Radar Signal

Internet

Internet

TCPServer

MulticastServer

RDP(TRABOL)

Server

SignalProcessing

RadarDisplay

End UserApplication

High Speed Link400/800 Mbps

Real-time video

Display: PPI/RHI (Plan Position Indicator/Range Height Indicator)End stations: Sun Solaris basedSignal Processing: DSP Software based

April 19, 2023 25

Radar Data Format

Gate1 VVI(1)VVQ(1) VVI(2)VVQ(2) VVI(3)VVQ(3) VVI(4)VVQ(4) HHI(1)VVQ(1) HHI(2)VVQ(2) HHI(3)HHQ(3) HHI(4)HHQ(4)


Gate3 VVI(1)VVQ(1) VVI(2)VVQ(2) VVI(3)VVQ(3) VVI(4)VVQ(4) HHI(1)VVQ(1) HHI(2)VVQ(2) HHI(3)HHQ(3) HHI(4)HHQ(4) | | | | | | | |


1st Sample 2nd Sample 3rd Sample 4st Sample

Each Sample size: 16000 bytes

One Ray of DRS Data

April 19, 2023 26

Radar Parameter Display Image

UDP-based (RDP) DRS Transfer with no losses* RDP: Radar Data transfer Protocol

April 19, 2023 27

Radar Parameter Display Image

UDP-based (RDP) DRS Transfer with 90% losses

April 19, 2023 28

VCHILL Application TCP – too conservative, not suitable for real-

time UDP – Suitable for real-time, but No congestion

control, flow control

Require a transport protocol for real-time data transfer - With Congestion control!

Transport protocols and Congestion Control

April 19, 2023 29

VCHILL UDP-based DRS Transfer Architecture

Feedback Sender

Feedback Manager

Data Transmission

Data Reception

Parameter Estimation

DISPLAY

DRS Client

64 – 384 Mbps Radar

NGI/I2

DRS Server

Data Acquisition

Data Control

Application Layer

Transport Layer (UDP)

Congestion Manager

April 19, 2023 30

TRABOL: TCP-friendly Rate Adaptation Based On Loss

Source-based Rate Control based on AIMD If (Congestion)

Decrease sending rate to MIN_RATE If (No Congestion)

Increase sending rate towards TARGET_RATE in steps

Congestion policies based on feedback from receiver

April 19, 2023 31

Feedback Mechanism

April 19, 2023 32

Performance Evaluation

0 5 10 15 20 250

20

40

60

80

100

120RDP Transmission rate and Loss rate without rate control

Time in seconds -->

RD

P T

ran

sm

iss

ion

ra

te i

n M

bp

s -

->

Transmission rate

0 5 10 15 20 250

20

40

60

80

Lo

ss

ra

te i

n %

-->

Time in seconds -->

Loss rate

Datagram size = 32 KB

Sending rate (Mbps) and Loss rate (%) forRadar Application without rate control

April 19, 2023 33

Performance Evaluation (contd…)

Sending rate (Mbps) and Loss rate (%) forRadar Application with memory-based TRABOL

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

20

40

60

80

100RDP Transmission rate w/memory and Loss rate

Tra

ns

mis

sio

n R

ate

in

Mb

ps

-->

Time in seconds -->

Transmission Rate

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time in seconds -->

Lo

ss

Ra

te i

n %

-->

Loss Rate

Datagram size = 32K, MIN RATE = 25 Mbps, Step size = 12 Mbps

April 19, 2023 34

VCHILL as a NGI application Current Status of the Project Transport protocols for the application UDP-based Radar data transfer protocol Need for congestion Control TRABOL and Performance Evaluation

Summary

April 19, 2023 35

Thank you

Questions!

Transport Protocols for Sensor Networks

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