Transponder .

126
• transponder https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder- toolkit.html

Transcript of Transponder .

Page 1: Transponder .

• transponder

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

Page 2: Transponder .

Key (lock) - Transponder key

1 Transponder keys may also be called “chip keys”. Transponder keys are

automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.

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Key (lock) - Transponder key

1 When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer

transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit

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Key (lock) - Transponder key

1 On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System)

during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be

transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the

blade of the key

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Transponder (aviation)

1 Aircraft have transponders to assist in identifying them on air traffic

control radar; and Airborne Collision Avoidance System|collision

avoidance systems have been developed to use transponder transmissions as a means of

detecting aircraft at risk of colliding with each other.Peppler, I.L.: From The Ground Up, pages 238–239

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Transponder (aviation)

1 Air traffic control units use the term squawk when they are assigning an

aircraft a transponder code, e.g., Squawk 7421. Squawk thus can be

said to mean select transponder code or squawking to mean I have selected transponder code xxxx.

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Transponder (aviation) - History

1 The aviation transponder was originally developed during World War II by the British and American

military as an Identification friend or foe (IFF) system to differentiate

friendly from enemy aircraft on radar. The concept became a core of

NORAD technology in the defence of North America during the Cold War.

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Transponder (aviation) - History

1 This concept was adapted in the 1950s by civil air traffic control using secondary surveillance radar (beacon

radar) systems to provide traffic services for general aviation and

commercial aviation.

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Transponder (aviation) - Secondary Surveillance Radar

1 SSR uses an active transponder (beacon) to transmit a response to

an interrogation by a secondary radar

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Transponder (aviation) - Operation

1 A pilot may be requested to squawk a given code by the air traffic

controller via the radio, using a phrase such as Cessna 123AB,

squawk 0363. The pilot then selects the 0363 code on their transponder and the track on the radar screen of the air traffic controller will become

correctly associated with their identity.

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Transponder (aviation) - Operation

1 Similarly, the Traffic collision avoidance system|Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) installed on some aircraft needs the altitude

information supplied by transponder signals.

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Transponder (aviation) - Ident

1 All mode A, C, and S transponders include an IDENT button, which activates a special

thirteenth bit on the mode A reply known as IDENT, short for identify. When radar

equipment receives the IDENT bit, it results in the aircraft's blip blossoming on the radar scope. This is often used by the controller to

locate the aircraft amongst others by requesting the ident function from the pilot,

e.g., Cessna 123AB, squawk 0363 and ident.

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Transponder (aviation) - Ident

1 Ident can also be used in case of a reported or suspected radio failure to

determine if the failure is only one way and whether the pilot can still transmit or receive, but not both, e.g., Cessna 123AB, if you read,

squawk ident.

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Transponder (aviation) -

1 Transponder codes are four digit numbers transmitted by the transponder in an aircraft in response to a secondary

surveillance radar interrogation signal to assist air traffic controllers in traffic

separation. A discrete transponder code (often called a squawk code) is assigned

by air traffic controllers to uniquely identify an aircraft. This allows easy

identification of aircraft on radar.

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Transponder (aviation) -

1 Additionally, modern digital transponders are operated by buttons to avoid this problem.

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Transponder (aviation) -

1 The use of the word squawk comes from the system's origin in the World

War II Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system, which was code-named

Parrot.

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Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC

1 Most codes above can be selected by aircraft if and when the situation

requires or allows it, without permission from ATC. Other codes are

generally assigned by ATC units.

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Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC

1 For IFR flights, the squawk code is typically assigned as part of the

departure clearance and stays the same throughout the flight.

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Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC

1 VFR flights, when in uncontrolled airspace, will squawk VFR (or conspicuity code in the

UK)[http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/aip/current/enr/EG_ENR_1_6_en.pdf ENR 1.6.2 — SSR

Operating Procedures](1200 in the U.S., 7000 in Europe). Upon contact with an ATC unit,

they will be told to squawk a certain unique code. When changing frequency, for instance

because the VFR flight leaves controlled airspace or changes to another ATC unit, the VFR flight will be told to squawk VFR again.

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Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC

1 In order to avoid confusion over assigned squawk codes, ATC units will typically be allocated blocks of squawk codes, not overlapping with the blocks of nearby ATC units, to

assign at their discretion.

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Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC

1 Not all ATC units will use radar to identify aircraft, but they assign squawk codes nevertheless. As an example, London

Information— the Flight Information Service station that covers the lower half of the UK—

does not have access to radar images, but does assign squawk code 1177 to all aircraft that

receive a FIS from them. This tells other radar equipped ATC units that that specific aircraft is

listening on the London Information radio frequency, in case they need to contact that

aircraft.

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Page 22: Transponder .

Sonar - Transponder

1 This is an active sonar device that receives a stimulus and immediately

(or with a delay) retransmits the received signal or a predetermined

one.

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Page 23: Transponder .

Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders

1 At this stage, some details concerning Wavelength Converting

Transponders should be discussed, as this will clarify the role played by current DWDM technology as an

additional optical transport layer. It will also serve to outline the

evolution of such systems over the last 10 or so years.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

Page 24: Transponder .

Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders

1 As stated above, wavelength converting transponders served originally to translate the transmit wavelength of a client-layer

signal into one of the DWDM system's internal wavelengths in the 1550nm band

(note that even external wavelengths in the 1550nm will most likely need to be

translated, as they will almost certainly not have the required frequency stability

tolerances nor will it have the optical power necessary for the system's EDFA).

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

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Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders

1 In the mid-1990s, however, wavelength converting transponders

rapidly took on the additional function of signal regeneration.

Signal regeneration in transponders quickly evolved through 1R to 2R to

3R and into overhead-monitoring multi-bitrate 3R regenerators. These

differences are outlined below:

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Page 26: Transponder .

Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders

1 ; 1R: Retransmission. Basically, early transponders were garbage in garbage out in

that their output was nearly an analogue 'copy' of the received optical signal, with little

signal cleanup occurring. This limited the reach of early DWDM systems because the signal had to be handed off to a client-layer

receiver (likely from a different vendor) before the signal deteriorated too far. Signal monitoring was basically confined to optical domain parameters such as received power.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

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Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders

1 ; 2R: Re-time and re-transmit. Transponders of this type were not very common and utilized a quasi-

digital Schmitt trigger|Schmitt-triggering method for signal clean-

up. Some rudimentary signal quality monitoring was done by such

transmitters that basically looked at analogue parameters.

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Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders

1 Some vendors offer 10 Gbit/s transponders, which will perform

Section layer overhead monitoring to all rates up to and including OC-192.

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Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders

1 ; Muxponder: The muxponder (from multiplexed transponder) has different names

depending on vendor

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Page 30: Transponder .

Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 * Transceivers – Since communication over a single

wavelength is one-way (simplex communication), and most practical communication systems require two-

way (duplex communication) communication, two wavelengths will

be required (which might or might not be on the same fiber, but

typically they will be each on a separate fiber in a so-called fiber

pair)

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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers:Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.

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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 Transponders that don't use an intermediate electrical signal (all-

optical transponders) are in development.

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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 See also Transponders#Optical_communicatio

ns|transponders (optical communications) for different

functional views on the meaning of optical transponders.

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Page 34: Transponder .

Commercialization of space - Transponder leasing

1 Businesses that operate satellites often lease or sell access to their

satellites to data relay and telecommunication firms. This service is often referred to as

transponder leasing. Between 1996 and 2002, this industry experienced

a 15 percent annual growth. The United States accounts for about 32 percent of the world’s transponder

market.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

Page 35: Transponder .

Transponder

1 In telecommunication, a 'transponder' is one of two types of devices. In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a transponder is a

device that emits an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal. In

a communications satellite, a transponder gathers signals over a range of uplink

frequencies and re-transmits them on a different set of downlink frequencies to receivers on

Earth, often without changing the content of the received signal or signals.

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Transponder

1 The term is a portmanteau for Transmitter-responder. It is variously abbreviated as XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR

or TP[ http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.co

m/TP TP]).

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Transponder - Satellite/broadcast communications

1 This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite, rather than paying for a whole transponder, or

using landlines to send it to an Earth station (communications)|earth

station for multiplexing with other stations.

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Page 38: Transponder .

Transponder - Optical communications

1 In optical fiber communications, a transponder is the element that

sends and receives the optical signal from a fiber. A transponder is

typically characterized by its data rate and the maximum distance the

signal can travel.

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Transponder - Optical communications

1 Different descriptions, with important functional differences, might be

implicitly assumed across various academic and commercial literature:

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Transponder - Optical communications

1 In this view, transponders provide easier to handle lower-rate parallel

signals, but are bulkier and consume more power than transceivers.

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Transponder - Optical communications

1 As such, transponders can be considered as two transceivers placed back-to-back

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Transponder - Optical communications

1 As a result, difference in transponder functionality also might influence the

functional description of related optical modules like transceivers and

muxponders.

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Page 43: Transponder .

Transponder - Aviation

1 Secondary radar overcomes these limitations but it depends on a

transponder in the aircraft to respond to interrogations from the ground station to make the plane more

visible.

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Transponder - Aviation

1 Mode S transponders are 'backwards compatible'

with Modes A C

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Transponder - Marine

1 In addition, navigational aids often have transponders called Racon|

RACON (radar beacons) designed to make them stand out on a ship's

radar screen.

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Transponder - Automotive

1 Transponder keys have no battery; they are energized by the radio signal itself.

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Transponder - Road

1 Electronic toll collection systems such as E-ZPass in the eastern United

States use RFID transponders to identify vehicles. The Ontario

Highway 407|Highway 407 in Ontario is one of the world's first completely

automated toll highways.

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Page 48: Transponder .

Transponder - Motorsport

1 Transponders are used in motorsport for lap timing purposes. A cable loop

is dug into the race circuit near to the start/finish line. Each car has an active transponder with a unique id

code. When the racing car passes the start/finish line the lap time and the racing position is shown on the score

board.

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Transponder - Motorsport

1 Passive and active RFID systems are used in off road events such as

Enduro and Hare and Hound (Motorcycle Race)|Hare and Hounds

racing, the riders have a transponder on their person, normally on their

arm. When they complete a lap they swipe or touch the receiver which is

connected to a computer and log their lap time. The Casimo Group Ltd

make a system which does this.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

Page 50: Transponder .

Transponder - Motorsport

1 NASCAR uses transponders and cable loops placed at numerous points

around the track to determine the lineup during a caution period. This

system replaced a dangerous Racing back to the caution|race back to the

start-finish line.

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Page 51: Transponder .

Transponder - Underwater

1 Sonar transponders operate under water and are used to measure distance and form the basis of underwater location marking,

position tracking and navigation.

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Page 52: Transponder .

Transponder - Gated communities

1 Transponders may also be used by residents to enter their gated

community|gated communities. However, having more than one transponder causes problems.

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Page 53: Transponder .

Transponder timing

1 'Transponder timing' (also called 'chip timing' or 'RFID timing') is a

technique for measuring performance in sport events. A transponder working on a radio-

frequency identification (RFID) basis is attached to the athlete and emits a unique code that is detected by radio

receivers located at the strategic points in an event.

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Page 54: Transponder .

Transponder timing

1 Prior to the use of this technology, races were either timed by hand

(with operators pressing a stopwatch) or using video camera

systems.

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Transponder timing - Transponder systems

1 Generically, there are two types of transponder timing systems; active and passive. An active transponder consists of a Battery (electricity)|

battery-powered transceiver, connected to the athlete, that emits

its unique code when it is interrogated.

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Transponder timing - Transponder systems

1 A passive transponder does not contain a power source inside the

transponder. Instead, the transponder captures

electromagnetic energy produced by a near-by transmitter|exciter and

utilizes that energy to emit a unique code.

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Page 57: Transponder .

Transponder timing - Transponder systems

1 In both systems, an antenna is placed at the start, finish, and in some cases,

intermediate time points and is connected to a decoder. This decoder identifies the

unique transponder code and calculates the exact time when the transponder passes a

timing point. Some implementations of timing systems require the use of a mat on the ground at the timing points while other systems implement the timing points with

vertically oriented portals.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

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Transponder timing - History

1 Active transponder systems continued to mature and despite

their much higher cost they retained market share in the high speed

sports like motor racing, cycling and ice skating

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Page 59: Transponder .

Transponder timing - History

1 The low cost meant that transponders were now fully

disposable and did not need to be returned to the organizers after the

event.

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Page 60: Transponder .

Transponder timing - Usage

1 Very large running events (more than 10,000) and triathlons were the first events to be transponder (or chip) timed because it is near impossible

to manually time them

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Page 61: Transponder .

Transponder timing - Usage

1 Because these UHF tags are made in huge volumes for industrial

applications, their price is much lower than that of conventional re-usable transponders and the race does not bother to collect them

afterwards.

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Page 62: Transponder .

Transponder timing - Usage

1 For active systems a simple wire loop is all that is needed since the

transponder has its own power source and the loop serves as a

trigger to turn on the transponder, then receive the relatively strong

signal from the transponder

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Page 63: Transponder .

Transponder timing - Usage

1 The software relates the raw transponder code and timestamp

data to each entrant in a database and calculates gun and net times of runners, or the splits of a triathlete

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Radio navigation - Transponder systems

1 Positions can be determined with any two measures of angle or distance. The

introduction of radar in the 1930s provided a way to directly determine the distance

to an object even at long distances. Navigation systems based on these

concepts soon appeared, and remained in widespread use until recently. Today they are used primarily for aviation, although

GPS has largely supplanted this role.

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Radio navigation - Radar and transponders

1 Understanding transponder systems is simple when one considers the operation of

conventional radar.

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Page 66: Transponder .

Radio navigation - Radar and transponders

1 Early systems, like the UK's Chain Home, consisted of large

transmitters and separate receivers. The transmitter periodically sends

out a short pulse of a powerful radio signal, which is sent into space

through broadcast antennas. When the signal reflects off a target, some of that signal is reflected back in the direction of the station, where it is

received. The received signal is a tiny fraction of the broadcast power, and

has to be powerfully amplified in order to be used.

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Radio navigation - Radar and transponders

1 The same signals are also sent over local electrical wiring to the

operator's station, which is equipped with an oscilloscope

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Page 68: Transponder .

Radio navigation - Radar and transponders

1 Transponders were initially used as the basis for early Identification

friend or foe|IFF systems; aircraft with the proper transponder would appear on the display as part of the normal radar operation, but then the signal from the transponder would

cause a second blip to appear a short time later

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Page 69: Transponder .

Radio navigation - Radar and transponders

1 In comparison, transponder-based systems measure the timing between two signals, and the accuracy of that measure is largely a function of the

equipment and nothing else

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Page 70: Transponder .

Amateur radio repeater - Linear transponders

1 An example of an inverting transponder would be a 70

centimeters|70cm to 2 meters|2m transponder which receives on the

432.000MHz to 432.100MHz frequencies and transmits on the

146.000MHz to 146.100MHz frequencies by inverting the

frequency range within the band

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Page 71: Transponder .

Open-road tolling - Transponders

1 Most current AVI systems rely on radio-frequency identification, where

an antenna at the toll gate communicates with a transponder on the vehicle via dedicated short-range

communications (DSRC)

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Page 72: Transponder .

CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders

1 At this stage, some details concerning wavelength-converting

transponders should be discussed, as this will clarify the role played by current DWDM technology as an

additional optical transport layer. It will also serve to outline the

evolution of such systems over the last 10 or so years.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

Page 73: Transponder .

CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders

1 As stated above, wavelength-converting transponders served

originally to translate the transmit wavelength of a client-layer signal

into one of the DWDM system's internal wavelengths in the 1,550nm

band (note that even external wavelengths in the 1,550nm will

most likely need to be translated, as they will almost certainly not have

the required frequency stability tolerances nor will it have the optical

power necessary for the system's EDFA).

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

Page 74: Transponder .

CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders

1 ; 1R: Retransmission. Basically, early transponders were garbage in

garbage out in that their output was nearly an analogue copy of the

received optical signal, with little signal cleanup occurring. This limited

the reach of early DWDM systems because the signal had to be handed

off to a client-layer receiver (likely from a different vendor) before the signal deteriorated too far. Signal

monitoring was basically confined to optical domain parameters such as

received power.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

Page 75: Transponder .

CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders

1 ; Muxponder: The muxponder (from multiplexed transponder) has different names

depending on vendor

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Page 76: Transponder .

CWDM - Transceivers versus transponders

1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers: Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.

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Page 77: Transponder .

Automatic Identification System - Vessel-based AIS transponders

1 The 2002 IMO SOLAS Agreement included a mandate that required

most vessels over 300GT on international voyages to fit a Class A

type AIS transceiver. This was the first mandate for the use of AIS

equipment and affected approximately 100,000 vessels.

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Page 78: Transponder .

Automatic Identification System - Vessel-based AIS transponders

1 In 2006, the AIS standards committee published the Class B type AIS transceiver specification, designed to enable a simpler and

lower cost AIS device. In 2006, SRT Marine Technology of the UK

developed and released the world's first Class B transceiver. The

introduction of low cost Class B transceivers has triggered multiple additional national mandates from

Singapore, China and Turkey by making large scale rollout of AIS devices onto vessels of all sizes

commercially viable.

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Automatic Identification System - Vessel-based AIS transponders

1 Since 2006, the AIS technical standard committees have continued

to evolve the AIS standard and product types to cover a wide range

of applications from the largest vessel to small fishing vessels and

life boats

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Page 80: Transponder .

Transponder (aeronautics) - History

1 The aviation transponder was originally developed during World War II by the British and American

military as an identification, friend or foe (IFF) system to differentiate

friendly from enemy aircraft on radar. The concept became a core of

NORAD technology in the defence of North America during the Cold War.

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Page 81: Transponder .

Transponder (aeronautics) - Secondary surveillance radar

1 SSR uses an active transponder (beacon) to transmit a response to

an interrogation by a secondary radar

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Page 82: Transponder .

Transponder (aeronautics) - Ident

1 All mode A, C, and S transponders include an IDENT button, which activates a special

thirteenth bit on the mode A reply known as IDENT, short for identify. When ground-based

radar equipment receives the IDENT bit, it results in the aircraft's blip blossoming on the radar scope. This is often used by the controller to locate the aircraft amongst

others by requesting the ident function from the pilot, e.g., Cessna 123AB, squawk 0363

and ident.

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Transponder (aeronautics) -

1 Additionally, modern digital transponders are operated by buttons to avoid this problem.

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Transponder (aeronautics) - Codes assigned by air traffic control

1 Most codes in the following table can be selected by aircraft if and when the situation requires or allows it,

without permission from ATC. Other codes are generally assigned by ATC

units.

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Transponder (aeronautics) - Codes assigned by air traffic control

1 VFR flights, when in uncontrolled airspace, will squawk VFR (or

conspicuity code in the UK,[http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/ai

p/current/enr/EG_ENR_1_6_en.pdf ENR 1.6.2 — SSR Operating

Procedures] 1200 in the U.S., 7000 in Europe). Upon contact with an ATC unit, they will be told to squawk a

certain unique code. When changing frequency, for instance because the VFR flight leaves controlled airspace or changes to another ATC unit, the VFR flight will be told to squawk VFR

again.

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Transponder (aeronautics) - Codes assigned by air traffic control

1 Not all ATC units will use radar to identify aircraft, but they assign squawk codes nevertheless. As an example, London

Information– the flight information service station that covers the lower half of the UK–

does not have access to radar images, but does assign squawk code 1177 to all aircraft that

receive a FIS from them. This tells other radar equipped ATC units that that specific aircraft is

listening on the London Information radio frequency, in case they need to contact that

aircraft.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

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Transponder car key

1 A transponder chip disarms a vehicle immobiliser when the car key is used to start the engine. The majority of keys to cars built after 1995 contain transponder Integrated circuit|chips.

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Transponder car key - Function

1 When the car key is turned in the ignition, the engine control unit (ECU) on the car

sends an electronic message to the key, and it will allow the car to start only provided it

receives the correct message back. So, even for a simple car key without any

buttons, the key must be cut correctly to turn the locks, and also programmed

correctly to disarm the immobiliser. Car keys with chips can be programmed using special

equipment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

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Transponder car key - Transponder

1 The word came into use around 1944. In basic terms a transponder is

a miniaturized electronic chip that has what is called non-volatile

memory. Non-volatile memory is the type of memory that does not need constant energy for retention. Along with that electronic chip is a set of

windings; very fine wire coiled around a tube. These windings look similar to the windings you would

find in an electric motor.

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Transponder car key - Transponder

1 There are two basic types of transponders. The first are the electric coupled transponder

systems. Electric coupled transponder systems are not limited to small areas for transmission but

can transmit messages or signals for different ranges of distance including

several inches to miles, as used in satellites and airplanes. These

systems require large amounts of constant electricity to operate.

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Transponder car key - Transponder

1 Since this is a radio frequency it can penetrate materials that would make the transponder not directly visible, such as the plastic or rubber in the

bow of a key.

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Transponder car key - Transponder

1 The windings in the transponder chip absorb that energy and power the

electronic chip to emit a signal

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Transponder car key - Transponder

1 Immobiliser systems based on Transponders may not be as safe as

they are considered to be. Some immobiliser systems tend to

remember last key code for so long that they may even accept a non-transponder key even after a few

minutes of taking out the original key from

ignition.[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4fYDbQD8Q0 Volkswagen

Immobiliser Failure]

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Transponder car key - Programming

1 Remote keyless entry Security token|fobs emit a radio frequency with a designated, distinct digital identity

code

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Transponder car key - Programming

1 As remote keyless system fobs have become more prevalent in the

automobile industry a secondary market of unprogrammed devices

have sprung up. Some web sites sell steps to program fobs for individual models of cars as well as accessory kits to remotely activate other car

devices.

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 A communications satellite's 'transponder' is the series of

interconnected units that form a communications channel between the receiving and the transmitting

antennas.

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 It is mainly used in satellite communication to transfer the received signals.

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 * An input low-noise amplifier (LNA), designed to amplify the (normally very weak, because of the large

distances involved) signals received from the earth station

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 * A frequency translator (normally composed of an oscillator and a

frequency mixer) used to convert the frequency of the received signal to

the frequency required for the transmitted signal

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 * An output band pass filter

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 * A power amplifier (this can be a traveling-wave tube or a solid state amplifier)

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 This type, called a regenerative transponder, has many advantages, but is much more

complex.

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 With data compression and multiplexing, several video (including

digital video) and sound reproduction|audio channels may

travel through a single transponder on a single wideband carrier wave|

carrier.

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite, rather than paying for a whole transponder, or

using landlines to send it to an Earth station (communications)|earth

station for multiplexing with other stations

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Transponder (satellite communications)

1 NASA distinguishes between a transponder and a transceiver, where

the latter is simply an independent transmitter and receiver packaged in

the same unit, and the former derives the transmit carrier

frequency from the received signal

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Unified S-band - Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking

1 Allocating uplink/downlink frequency pairs in a fixed ratio of 221/240 permitted the use of coherent

transponders on the spacecraft. The spacecraft tracked the uplink carrier with a phase locked loop and, with a

series of frequency dividers and frequency multiplier|multipliers,

multiplied the uplink carrier frequency by the ratio 240/221 to produce its own downlink carrier

signal.

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Unified S-band - Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking

1 When no uplink was detected, the transponder downlink carrier was

generated from a local oscillator at the nominal frequency.

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Unified S-band - Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking

1 This two-way technique allowed extremely precise relative velocity measurements (in centimeters/sec) by observing the Doppler shift of the

downlink carrier without a high accuracy oscillator on the spacecraft, although one was still needed on the

ground.

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Valet key - Transponder key

1 On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System)

during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be

transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the

blade of the key

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Astra 2F - Active Transponders

1 In the list, channels broadcast with a one-hour delay are shown Channel +1hr. Where both the original and the delayed channel are broadcast from the same transponder, this is

shown in one entry as Channel [also +1hr].

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Cab signalling - Transponder

1 While similar to intermittent inductive systems, transponder

based cab signalling transmit more information and can also receive information from the train to aid

traffic management

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 The Transponder receives the two phase-coherent X-band cw signals

transmitted from the ground equipment. A klystron with a 68MHz coherent frequency offset is phase

locked to each of the received signals. These klystrons provide the phase coherent return transmission. There are two separate phase locked

loops, continuous and calibrate.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 :;Operating Frequencies (Nominal)

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 :Input power - 5.25 amps maximum from 25.2 to

32.2 V DC

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 :Output power - 500 mW min/channel

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 :Warmup time - 1 minute maximum at 0 degrees Celsius or

above

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 :Acquisition Time - 0.1 second maximum

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 ::Waveguide ports: Two reduced height X-band (1 Xmit;

1 Rcv)

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MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder

1 ::Life: 3 years. Operating 500

hours.

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Radio-navigation - Radar and transponders

1 Transponders were initially used as the basis for early Identification

friend or foe|IFF systems; aircraft with the proper transponder would appear on the display as part of the normal radar operation, but then the signal from the transponder would

cause a second blip to appear a short time later

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Precision approach radar - Non-traditional PAR using SSR transponder reply

1 There are systems that provide PAR functionality without using primary

radar. These non-traditional PAR systems use transponder

multilateration, triangulation and/or trilateration.

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Precision approach radar - Non-traditional PAR using SSR transponder reply

1 One such system, Transponder Landing System (TLS) precisely

tracks aircraft using the mode 3/A transponder response received by antenna arrays located near the

runway

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Precision approach radar - Non-traditional PAR using SSR transponder reply

1 The signal strength for the secondary surveillance radar subsystem of a

non-traditional PAR is not attenuated by rain since the frequency is within

the long range band, L-band. Therefore a non-traditional PAR does not experience noticeable rain fade and in the case of the TLS has an

operational range of 60nm.

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SARAL - Solid State C-band Transponder (SCBT)

1 Is from ISRO and intended for ground RADAR calibration. It is a

continuation of such support provided by C-Band Transponders

flown in the earlier IRS-P3 and IRS-P5 missions.

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SARAL - Solid State C-band Transponder (SCBT)

1 The payloads of SARAL are accommodated in the Indian Mini

Satellite bus|Indian Mini Satellite-2 bus, which is built by ISRO.

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