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Transcript of Transponder .
• transponder
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Key (lock) - Transponder key
1 Transponder keys may also be called “chip keys”. Transponder keys are
automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Key (lock) - Transponder key
1 When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer
transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit
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Key (lock) - Transponder key
1 On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System)
during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be
transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the
blade of the key
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Transponder (aviation)
1 Aircraft have transponders to assist in identifying them on air traffic
control radar; and Airborne Collision Avoidance System|collision
avoidance systems have been developed to use transponder transmissions as a means of
detecting aircraft at risk of colliding with each other.Peppler, I.L.: From The Ground Up, pages 238–239
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Transponder (aviation)
1 Air traffic control units use the term squawk when they are assigning an
aircraft a transponder code, e.g., Squawk 7421. Squawk thus can be
said to mean select transponder code or squawking to mean I have selected transponder code xxxx.
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Transponder (aviation) - History
1 The aviation transponder was originally developed during World War II by the British and American
military as an Identification friend or foe (IFF) system to differentiate
friendly from enemy aircraft on radar. The concept became a core of
NORAD technology in the defence of North America during the Cold War.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) - History
1 This concept was adapted in the 1950s by civil air traffic control using secondary surveillance radar (beacon
radar) systems to provide traffic services for general aviation and
commercial aviation.
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Transponder (aviation) - Secondary Surveillance Radar
1 SSR uses an active transponder (beacon) to transmit a response to
an interrogation by a secondary radar
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Transponder (aviation) - Operation
1 A pilot may be requested to squawk a given code by the air traffic
controller via the radio, using a phrase such as Cessna 123AB,
squawk 0363. The pilot then selects the 0363 code on their transponder and the track on the radar screen of the air traffic controller will become
correctly associated with their identity.
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Transponder (aviation) - Operation
1 Similarly, the Traffic collision avoidance system|Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) installed on some aircraft needs the altitude
information supplied by transponder signals.
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Transponder (aviation) - Ident
1 All mode A, C, and S transponders include an IDENT button, which activates a special
thirteenth bit on the mode A reply known as IDENT, short for identify. When radar
equipment receives the IDENT bit, it results in the aircraft's blip blossoming on the radar scope. This is often used by the controller to
locate the aircraft amongst others by requesting the ident function from the pilot,
e.g., Cessna 123AB, squawk 0363 and ident.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) - Ident
1 Ident can also be used in case of a reported or suspected radio failure to
determine if the failure is only one way and whether the pilot can still transmit or receive, but not both, e.g., Cessna 123AB, if you read,
squawk ident.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) -
1 Transponder codes are four digit numbers transmitted by the transponder in an aircraft in response to a secondary
surveillance radar interrogation signal to assist air traffic controllers in traffic
separation. A discrete transponder code (often called a squawk code) is assigned
by air traffic controllers to uniquely identify an aircraft. This allows easy
identification of aircraft on radar.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) -
1 Additionally, modern digital transponders are operated by buttons to avoid this problem.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) -
1 The use of the word squawk comes from the system's origin in the World
War II Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system, which was code-named
Parrot.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC
1 Most codes above can be selected by aircraft if and when the situation
requires or allows it, without permission from ATC. Other codes are
generally assigned by ATC units.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC
1 For IFR flights, the squawk code is typically assigned as part of the
departure clearance and stays the same throughout the flight.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC
1 VFR flights, when in uncontrolled airspace, will squawk VFR (or conspicuity code in the
UK)[http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/aip/current/enr/EG_ENR_1_6_en.pdf ENR 1.6.2 — SSR
Operating Procedures](1200 in the U.S., 7000 in Europe). Upon contact with an ATC unit,
they will be told to squawk a certain unique code. When changing frequency, for instance
because the VFR flight leaves controlled airspace or changes to another ATC unit, the VFR flight will be told to squawk VFR again.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC
1 In order to avoid confusion over assigned squawk codes, ATC units will typically be allocated blocks of squawk codes, not overlapping with the blocks of nearby ATC units, to
assign at their discretion.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aviation) - Codes assigned by ATC
1 Not all ATC units will use radar to identify aircraft, but they assign squawk codes nevertheless. As an example, London
Information— the Flight Information Service station that covers the lower half of the UK—
does not have access to radar images, but does assign squawk code 1177 to all aircraft that
receive a FIS from them. This tells other radar equipped ATC units that that specific aircraft is
listening on the London Information radio frequency, in case they need to contact that
aircraft.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Sonar - Transponder
1 This is an active sonar device that receives a stimulus and immediately
(or with a delay) retransmits the received signal or a predetermined
one.
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Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders
1 At this stage, some details concerning Wavelength Converting
Transponders should be discussed, as this will clarify the role played by current DWDM technology as an
additional optical transport layer. It will also serve to outline the
evolution of such systems over the last 10 or so years.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders
1 As stated above, wavelength converting transponders served originally to translate the transmit wavelength of a client-layer
signal into one of the DWDM system's internal wavelengths in the 1550nm band
(note that even external wavelengths in the 1550nm will most likely need to be
translated, as they will almost certainly not have the required frequency stability
tolerances nor will it have the optical power necessary for the system's EDFA).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders
1 In the mid-1990s, however, wavelength converting transponders
rapidly took on the additional function of signal regeneration.
Signal regeneration in transponders quickly evolved through 1R to 2R to
3R and into overhead-monitoring multi-bitrate 3R regenerators. These
differences are outlined below:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders
1 ; 1R: Retransmission. Basically, early transponders were garbage in garbage out in
that their output was nearly an analogue 'copy' of the received optical signal, with little
signal cleanup occurring. This limited the reach of early DWDM systems because the signal had to be handed off to a client-layer
receiver (likely from a different vendor) before the signal deteriorated too far. Signal monitoring was basically confined to optical domain parameters such as received power.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders
1 ; 2R: Re-time and re-transmit. Transponders of this type were not very common and utilized a quasi-
digital Schmitt trigger|Schmitt-triggering method for signal clean-
up. Some rudimentary signal quality monitoring was done by such
transmitters that basically looked at analogue parameters.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders
1 Some vendors offer 10 Gbit/s transponders, which will perform
Section layer overhead monitoring to all rates up to and including OC-192.
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Dense WDM - Wavelength converting transponders
1 ; Muxponder: The muxponder (from multiplexed transponder) has different names
depending on vendor
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 * Transceivers – Since communication over a single
wavelength is one-way (simplex communication), and most practical communication systems require two-
way (duplex communication) communication, two wavelengths will
be required (which might or might not be on the same fiber, but
typically they will be each on a separate fiber in a so-called fiber
pair)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers:Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 Transponders that don't use an intermediate electrical signal (all-
optical transponders) are in development.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 See also Transponders#Optical_communicatio
ns|transponders (optical communications) for different
functional views on the meaning of optical transponders.
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Commercialization of space - Transponder leasing
1 Businesses that operate satellites often lease or sell access to their
satellites to data relay and telecommunication firms. This service is often referred to as
transponder leasing. Between 1996 and 2002, this industry experienced
a 15 percent annual growth. The United States accounts for about 32 percent of the world’s transponder
market.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder
1 In telecommunication, a 'transponder' is one of two types of devices. In air navigation or radio frequency identification, a transponder is a
device that emits an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal. In
a communications satellite, a transponder gathers signals over a range of uplink
frequencies and re-transmits them on a different set of downlink frequencies to receivers on
Earth, often without changing the content of the received signal or signals.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder
1 The term is a portmanteau for Transmitter-responder. It is variously abbreviated as XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR
or TP[ http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.co
m/TP TP]).
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Transponder - Satellite/broadcast communications
1 This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite, rather than paying for a whole transponder, or
using landlines to send it to an Earth station (communications)|earth
station for multiplexing with other stations.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder - Optical communications
1 In optical fiber communications, a transponder is the element that
sends and receives the optical signal from a fiber. A transponder is
typically characterized by its data rate and the maximum distance the
signal can travel.
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Transponder - Optical communications
1 Different descriptions, with important functional differences, might be
implicitly assumed across various academic and commercial literature:
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Transponder - Optical communications
1 In this view, transponders provide easier to handle lower-rate parallel
signals, but are bulkier and consume more power than transceivers.
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Transponder - Optical communications
1 As such, transponders can be considered as two transceivers placed back-to-back
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Transponder - Optical communications
1 As a result, difference in transponder functionality also might influence the
functional description of related optical modules like transceivers and
muxponders.
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Transponder - Aviation
1 Secondary radar overcomes these limitations but it depends on a
transponder in the aircraft to respond to interrogations from the ground station to make the plane more
visible.
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Transponder - Aviation
1 Mode S transponders are 'backwards compatible'
with Modes A C
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Transponder - Marine
1 In addition, navigational aids often have transponders called Racon|
RACON (radar beacons) designed to make them stand out on a ship's
radar screen.
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Transponder - Automotive
1 Transponder keys have no battery; they are energized by the radio signal itself.
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Transponder - Road
1 Electronic toll collection systems such as E-ZPass in the eastern United
States use RFID transponders to identify vehicles. The Ontario
Highway 407|Highway 407 in Ontario is one of the world's first completely
automated toll highways.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder - Motorsport
1 Transponders are used in motorsport for lap timing purposes. A cable loop
is dug into the race circuit near to the start/finish line. Each car has an active transponder with a unique id
code. When the racing car passes the start/finish line the lap time and the racing position is shown on the score
board.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder - Motorsport
1 Passive and active RFID systems are used in off road events such as
Enduro and Hare and Hound (Motorcycle Race)|Hare and Hounds
racing, the riders have a transponder on their person, normally on their
arm. When they complete a lap they swipe or touch the receiver which is
connected to a computer and log their lap time. The Casimo Group Ltd
make a system which does this.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder - Motorsport
1 NASCAR uses transponders and cable loops placed at numerous points
around the track to determine the lineup during a caution period. This
system replaced a dangerous Racing back to the caution|race back to the
start-finish line.
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Transponder - Underwater
1 Sonar transponders operate under water and are used to measure distance and form the basis of underwater location marking,
position tracking and navigation.
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Transponder - Gated communities
1 Transponders may also be used by residents to enter their gated
community|gated communities. However, having more than one transponder causes problems.
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Transponder timing
1 'Transponder timing' (also called 'chip timing' or 'RFID timing') is a
technique for measuring performance in sport events. A transponder working on a radio-
frequency identification (RFID) basis is attached to the athlete and emits a unique code that is detected by radio
receivers located at the strategic points in an event.
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Transponder timing
1 Prior to the use of this technology, races were either timed by hand
(with operators pressing a stopwatch) or using video camera
systems.
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Transponder timing - Transponder systems
1 Generically, there are two types of transponder timing systems; active and passive. An active transponder consists of a Battery (electricity)|
battery-powered transceiver, connected to the athlete, that emits
its unique code when it is interrogated.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder timing - Transponder systems
1 A passive transponder does not contain a power source inside the
transponder. Instead, the transponder captures
electromagnetic energy produced by a near-by transmitter|exciter and
utilizes that energy to emit a unique code.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder timing - Transponder systems
1 In both systems, an antenna is placed at the start, finish, and in some cases,
intermediate time points and is connected to a decoder. This decoder identifies the
unique transponder code and calculates the exact time when the transponder passes a
timing point. Some implementations of timing systems require the use of a mat on the ground at the timing points while other systems implement the timing points with
vertically oriented portals.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder timing - History
1 Active transponder systems continued to mature and despite
their much higher cost they retained market share in the high speed
sports like motor racing, cycling and ice skating
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Transponder timing - History
1 The low cost meant that transponders were now fully
disposable and did not need to be returned to the organizers after the
event.
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Transponder timing - Usage
1 Very large running events (more than 10,000) and triathlons were the first events to be transponder (or chip) timed because it is near impossible
to manually time them
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Transponder timing - Usage
1 Because these UHF tags are made in huge volumes for industrial
applications, their price is much lower than that of conventional re-usable transponders and the race does not bother to collect them
afterwards.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder timing - Usage
1 For active systems a simple wire loop is all that is needed since the
transponder has its own power source and the loop serves as a
trigger to turn on the transponder, then receive the relatively strong
signal from the transponder
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Transponder timing - Usage
1 The software relates the raw transponder code and timestamp
data to each entrant in a database and calculates gun and net times of runners, or the splits of a triathlete
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Radio navigation - Transponder systems
1 Positions can be determined with any two measures of angle or distance. The
introduction of radar in the 1930s provided a way to directly determine the distance
to an object even at long distances. Navigation systems based on these
concepts soon appeared, and remained in widespread use until recently. Today they are used primarily for aviation, although
GPS has largely supplanted this role.
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Radio navigation - Radar and transponders
1 Understanding transponder systems is simple when one considers the operation of
conventional radar.
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Radio navigation - Radar and transponders
1 Early systems, like the UK's Chain Home, consisted of large
transmitters and separate receivers. The transmitter periodically sends
out a short pulse of a powerful radio signal, which is sent into space
through broadcast antennas. When the signal reflects off a target, some of that signal is reflected back in the direction of the station, where it is
received. The received signal is a tiny fraction of the broadcast power, and
has to be powerfully amplified in order to be used.
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Radio navigation - Radar and transponders
1 The same signals are also sent over local electrical wiring to the
operator's station, which is equipped with an oscilloscope
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Radio navigation - Radar and transponders
1 Transponders were initially used as the basis for early Identification
friend or foe|IFF systems; aircraft with the proper transponder would appear on the display as part of the normal radar operation, but then the signal from the transponder would
cause a second blip to appear a short time later
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Radio navigation - Radar and transponders
1 In comparison, transponder-based systems measure the timing between two signals, and the accuracy of that measure is largely a function of the
equipment and nothing else
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Amateur radio repeater - Linear transponders
1 An example of an inverting transponder would be a 70
centimeters|70cm to 2 meters|2m transponder which receives on the
432.000MHz to 432.100MHz frequencies and transmits on the
146.000MHz to 146.100MHz frequencies by inverting the
frequency range within the band
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Open-road tolling - Transponders
1 Most current AVI systems rely on radio-frequency identification, where
an antenna at the toll gate communicates with a transponder on the vehicle via dedicated short-range
communications (DSRC)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders
1 At this stage, some details concerning wavelength-converting
transponders should be discussed, as this will clarify the role played by current DWDM technology as an
additional optical transport layer. It will also serve to outline the
evolution of such systems over the last 10 or so years.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders
1 As stated above, wavelength-converting transponders served
originally to translate the transmit wavelength of a client-layer signal
into one of the DWDM system's internal wavelengths in the 1,550nm
band (note that even external wavelengths in the 1,550nm will
most likely need to be translated, as they will almost certainly not have
the required frequency stability tolerances nor will it have the optical
power necessary for the system's EDFA).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders
1 ; 1R: Retransmission. Basically, early transponders were garbage in
garbage out in that their output was nearly an analogue copy of the
received optical signal, with little signal cleanup occurring. This limited
the reach of early DWDM systems because the signal had to be handed
off to a client-layer receiver (likely from a different vendor) before the signal deteriorated too far. Signal
monitoring was basically confined to optical domain parameters such as
received power.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
CWDM - Wavelength-converting transponders
1 ; Muxponder: The muxponder (from multiplexed transponder) has different names
depending on vendor
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
CWDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1 ** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers: Channel 17 to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Automatic Identification System - Vessel-based AIS transponders
1 The 2002 IMO SOLAS Agreement included a mandate that required
most vessels over 300GT on international voyages to fit a Class A
type AIS transceiver. This was the first mandate for the use of AIS
equipment and affected approximately 100,000 vessels.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Automatic Identification System - Vessel-based AIS transponders
1 In 2006, the AIS standards committee published the Class B type AIS transceiver specification, designed to enable a simpler and
lower cost AIS device. In 2006, SRT Marine Technology of the UK
developed and released the world's first Class B transceiver. The
introduction of low cost Class B transceivers has triggered multiple additional national mandates from
Singapore, China and Turkey by making large scale rollout of AIS devices onto vessels of all sizes
commercially viable.
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Automatic Identification System - Vessel-based AIS transponders
1 Since 2006, the AIS technical standard committees have continued
to evolve the AIS standard and product types to cover a wide range
of applications from the largest vessel to small fishing vessels and
life boats
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aeronautics) - History
1 The aviation transponder was originally developed during World War II by the British and American
military as an identification, friend or foe (IFF) system to differentiate
friendly from enemy aircraft on radar. The concept became a core of
NORAD technology in the defence of North America during the Cold War.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aeronautics) - Secondary surveillance radar
1 SSR uses an active transponder (beacon) to transmit a response to
an interrogation by a secondary radar
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aeronautics) - Ident
1 All mode A, C, and S transponders include an IDENT button, which activates a special
thirteenth bit on the mode A reply known as IDENT, short for identify. When ground-based
radar equipment receives the IDENT bit, it results in the aircraft's blip blossoming on the radar scope. This is often used by the controller to locate the aircraft amongst
others by requesting the ident function from the pilot, e.g., Cessna 123AB, squawk 0363
and ident.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aeronautics) -
1 Additionally, modern digital transponders are operated by buttons to avoid this problem.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aeronautics) - Codes assigned by air traffic control
1 Most codes in the following table can be selected by aircraft if and when the situation requires or allows it,
without permission from ATC. Other codes are generally assigned by ATC
units.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aeronautics) - Codes assigned by air traffic control
1 VFR flights, when in uncontrolled airspace, will squawk VFR (or
conspicuity code in the UK,[http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/ai
p/current/enr/EG_ENR_1_6_en.pdf ENR 1.6.2 — SSR Operating
Procedures] 1200 in the U.S., 7000 in Europe). Upon contact with an ATC unit, they will be told to squawk a
certain unique code. When changing frequency, for instance because the VFR flight leaves controlled airspace or changes to another ATC unit, the VFR flight will be told to squawk VFR
again.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (aeronautics) - Codes assigned by air traffic control
1 Not all ATC units will use radar to identify aircraft, but they assign squawk codes nevertheless. As an example, London
Information– the flight information service station that covers the lower half of the UK–
does not have access to radar images, but does assign squawk code 1177 to all aircraft that
receive a FIS from them. This tells other radar equipped ATC units that that specific aircraft is
listening on the London Information radio frequency, in case they need to contact that
aircraft.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key
1 A transponder chip disarms a vehicle immobiliser when the car key is used to start the engine. The majority of keys to cars built after 1995 contain transponder Integrated circuit|chips.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Function
1 When the car key is turned in the ignition, the engine control unit (ECU) on the car
sends an electronic message to the key, and it will allow the car to start only provided it
receives the correct message back. So, even for a simple car key without any
buttons, the key must be cut correctly to turn the locks, and also programmed
correctly to disarm the immobiliser. Car keys with chips can be programmed using special
equipment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Transponder
1 The word came into use around 1944. In basic terms a transponder is
a miniaturized electronic chip that has what is called non-volatile
memory. Non-volatile memory is the type of memory that does not need constant energy for retention. Along with that electronic chip is a set of
windings; very fine wire coiled around a tube. These windings look similar to the windings you would
find in an electric motor.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Transponder
1 There are two basic types of transponders. The first are the electric coupled transponder
systems. Electric coupled transponder systems are not limited to small areas for transmission but
can transmit messages or signals for different ranges of distance including
several inches to miles, as used in satellites and airplanes. These
systems require large amounts of constant electricity to operate.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Transponder
1 Since this is a radio frequency it can penetrate materials that would make the transponder not directly visible, such as the plastic or rubber in the
bow of a key.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Transponder
1 The windings in the transponder chip absorb that energy and power the
electronic chip to emit a signal
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Transponder
1 Immobiliser systems based on Transponders may not be as safe as
they are considered to be. Some immobiliser systems tend to
remember last key code for so long that they may even accept a non-transponder key even after a few
minutes of taking out the original key from
ignition.[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4fYDbQD8Q0 Volkswagen
Immobiliser Failure]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Programming
1 Remote keyless entry Security token|fobs emit a radio frequency with a designated, distinct digital identity
code
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder car key - Programming
1 As remote keyless system fobs have become more prevalent in the
automobile industry a secondary market of unprogrammed devices
have sprung up. Some web sites sell steps to program fobs for individual models of cars as well as accessory kits to remotely activate other car
devices.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 A communications satellite's 'transponder' is the series of
interconnected units that form a communications channel between the receiving and the transmitting
antennas.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 It is mainly used in satellite communication to transfer the received signals.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 * An input low-noise amplifier (LNA), designed to amplify the (normally very weak, because of the large
distances involved) signals received from the earth station
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 * A frequency translator (normally composed of an oscillator and a
frequency mixer) used to convert the frequency of the received signal to
the frequency required for the transmitted signal
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 * An output band pass filter
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Transponder (satellite communications)
1 * A power amplifier (this can be a traveling-wave tube or a solid state amplifier)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 This type, called a regenerative transponder, has many advantages, but is much more
complex.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 With data compression and multiplexing, several video (including
digital video) and sound reproduction|audio channels may
travel through a single transponder on a single wideband carrier wave|
carrier.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite, rather than paying for a whole transponder, or
using landlines to send it to an Earth station (communications)|earth
station for multiplexing with other stations
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Transponder (satellite communications)
1 NASA distinguishes between a transponder and a transceiver, where
the latter is simply an independent transmitter and receiver packaged in
the same unit, and the former derives the transmit carrier
frequency from the received signal
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Unified S-band - Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking
1 Allocating uplink/downlink frequency pairs in a fixed ratio of 221/240 permitted the use of coherent
transponders on the spacecraft. The spacecraft tracked the uplink carrier with a phase locked loop and, with a
series of frequency dividers and frequency multiplier|multipliers,
multiplied the uplink carrier frequency by the ratio 240/221 to produce its own downlink carrier
signal.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Unified S-band - Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking
1 When no uplink was detected, the transponder downlink carrier was
generated from a local oscillator at the nominal frequency.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Unified S-band - Coherent transponders and Doppler tracking
1 This two-way technique allowed extremely precise relative velocity measurements (in centimeters/sec) by observing the Doppler shift of the
downlink carrier without a high accuracy oscillator on the spacecraft, although one was still needed on the
ground.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Valet key - Transponder key
1 On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System)
during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be
transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the
blade of the key
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Astra 2F - Active Transponders
1 In the list, channels broadcast with a one-hour delay are shown Channel +1hr. Where both the original and the delayed channel are broadcast from the same transponder, this is
shown in one entry as Channel [also +1hr].
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Cab signalling - Transponder
1 While similar to intermittent inductive systems, transponder
based cab signalling transmit more information and can also receive information from the train to aid
traffic management
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 The Transponder receives the two phase-coherent X-band cw signals
transmitted from the ground equipment. A klystron with a 68MHz coherent frequency offset is phase
locked to each of the received signals. These klystrons provide the phase coherent return transmission. There are two separate phase locked
loops, continuous and calibrate.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 :;Operating Frequencies (Nominal)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 :Input power - 5.25 amps maximum from 25.2 to
32.2 V DC
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 :Output power - 500 mW min/channel
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 :Warmup time - 1 minute maximum at 0 degrees Celsius or
above
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 :Acquisition Time - 0.1 second maximum
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 ::Waveguide ports: Two reduced height X-band (1 Xmit;
1 Rcv)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
MISTRAM - MISTRAM Transponder
1 ::Life: 3 years. Operating 500
hours.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Radio-navigation - Radar and transponders
1 Transponders were initially used as the basis for early Identification
friend or foe|IFF systems; aircraft with the proper transponder would appear on the display as part of the normal radar operation, but then the signal from the transponder would
cause a second blip to appear a short time later
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Precision approach radar - Non-traditional PAR using SSR transponder reply
1 There are systems that provide PAR functionality without using primary
radar. These non-traditional PAR systems use transponder
multilateration, triangulation and/or trilateration.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Precision approach radar - Non-traditional PAR using SSR transponder reply
1 One such system, Transponder Landing System (TLS) precisely
tracks aircraft using the mode 3/A transponder response received by antenna arrays located near the
runway
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
Precision approach radar - Non-traditional PAR using SSR transponder reply
1 The signal strength for the secondary surveillance radar subsystem of a
non-traditional PAR is not attenuated by rain since the frequency is within
the long range band, L-band. Therefore a non-traditional PAR does not experience noticeable rain fade and in the case of the TLS has an
operational range of 60nm.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
SARAL - Solid State C-band Transponder (SCBT)
1 Is from ISRO and intended for ground RADAR calibration. It is a
continuation of such support provided by C-Band Transponders
flown in the earlier IRS-P3 and IRS-P5 missions.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
SARAL - Solid State C-band Transponder (SCBT)
1 The payloads of SARAL are accommodated in the Indian Mini
Satellite bus|Indian Mini Satellite-2 bus, which is built by ISRO.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
For More Information, Visit:
• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-transponder-toolkit.html
The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com